• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2009

The most important component of wind turbine is rotor blades. The developing method of wind turbine was focused on design of rotor blade. By the way, the design of a rotating body is more decisive process in order to adjust the performance of wind turbine. For instance, the design allows the designer to specify the wind characteristics derived by topographical map. The iterative solver is then used to adjust one of the selected inputs so that the desired rotating performance which is directly related to power generating capacity and efficiency is achieved. Furthermore, in order to save the money for manufacturing the rotor blades and to decrease the maintenance fee of wind power generation plant, while decelerating the cut-in speed of rotor. Therefore, the design and manufacturing of rotating body is understood as a substantial technology of wind power generation plant development. The aiming of this study is building-up the profitable approach to designing of rotating body as a system for the wind power generation plant. The process was conducted in two steps. Firstly, general designing and it’s serial testing of rotating body for voltage measurement. Secondly, the serial test results above were examined with the CFD code. Then, the analysis is made on the basis of amount of electricity generated by rotor-blades and of cut-in speed of generator.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.138-152
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• 1996

Many studies of heat transfer on the swirling flow or unswirled flow in a abrupt pipe expansion are widely carried out. The mechanism is not fully found evidently due to the instabilities of flow in a sudden change of the shape and appearance of turbulent shear layers in a recirculation region and secondary vortex near the corner. The purpose of this study is to obtain data through an experimental study of the swirling flow and heat transfer downstream of an abrupt expansion in a circular pipe with uniform heat flux. Experiments were carried out for the turbulent flow nd heat transfer downstream of an abrupt circular pipe expansion. The uniform heat flux condition was imposed to the downstream of the abrupt expansion by using an electrically heated pipe. Experimental data are presented for local heat transfer rates and local axial velocities in the tube downstream of an abrupt 3:1 & 2:1 expansion. Air was used as the working fluid in the upstream tube, the Reynolds number was varied from 60, 00 to 120, 000 and the swirl number range (based on the swirl chamber geometry, i.e. L/d ratio) in which the experiments were conducted were L/d=0, 8 and 16. Axial velocity increased rapidly at r/R=0.35 in the abrupt concentric expansion turbulent flow through the test tube in unswirled flow. It showed that with increasing axial distance the highest axial velocities move toward the tube wall in the case of the swirling flow abrupt expansion. A uniform wall heat flux boundary condition was employed, which resulted in wall-to-bulk temperatures ranging from 24.deg. C to 71.deg. C. In swirling flow, the wall temperature showed a greater increase at L/d=16 than any other L/d. The bulk temperature showed a minimum value at the pipe inlet, it also exhibited a linear increase with axial distance along the pipe. As swirl intensity increased, the location of peak Nu numbers was observed to shift from 4 to 1 step heights downstream of the expansion. This upstream movement of the maximum Nusselt number was accompanied by an increase in its magnitude from 2.2 to 8.8 times larger than fully developed tube flow values.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국태양에너지학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.149-152
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• 2012

$Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$ (CIGS) is one of the most promising photovoltaic materials because of large conversion efficiency which has been achieved with an optimum Ga/(In+Ga) composition in $CuIn_{1-x}Ga_xSe_2$ (X~0.3). The Ga/(In+Ga) content is important to determine band gap, solar cell performances and carrier behaviors at grain boundary (GB). Effects of Ga/(In+Ga) content on physical properties of the CIGS layers have been extensively studied. In previous research, it is reported that GB is not recombination center of CIGS thin-film solar cells. However, GB recombination and electron-hole pair behavior studies are still lacking, especially influence of with different X on CIGS thin-films. We obtained the GB surface potential, local current and I-V characteristic of different X (00.7 while X~0.3 showed higher potential than 100 mV on GBs. Higher potential on GBs appears positive band bending. It can decrease recombination loss because of carrier separation. Therefore, we suggest recombination and electron-hole behaviors at GBs depending on composition of X.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2018년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.102-102
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• 2018

Electronic industry had required the finer size and the higher performance of the device. Therefore, 3-D die stacking technology such as TSV (through silicon via) and micro-bump had been used. Moreover, by the development of the 3-D die stacking technology, 3-D structure such as chip to chip (c2c) and chip to wafer (c2w) had become practicable. These technologies led to the appearance of HBM (high bandwidth memory). HBM was type of the memory, which is composed of several stacked layers of the memory chips. Each memory chips were connected by TSV and micro-bump. Thus, HBM had lower RC delay and higher performance of data processing than the conventional memory. Moreover, due to the development of the IT industry such as, AI (artificial intelligence), IOT (internet of things), and VR (virtual reality), the lower pitch size and the higher density were required to micro-electronics. Particularly, to obtain the fine pitch, some of the method such as copper pillar, nickel diffusion barrier, and tin-silver or tin-silver-copper based bump had been utillized. TCB (thermal compression bonding) and reflow process (thermal aging) were conventional method to bond between tin-silver or tin-silver-copper caps in the temperature range of 200 to 300 degrees. However, because of tin overflow which caused by higher operating temperature than melting point of Tin ($232^{\circ}C$), there would be the danger of bump bridge failure in fine-pitch bonding. Furthermore, regulating the phase of IMC (intermetallic compound) which was located between nickel diffusion barrier and bump, had a lot of problems. For example, an excess of kirkendall void which provides site of brittle fracture occurs at IMC layer after reflow process. The essential solution to reduce the difficulty of bump bonding process is copper to copper direct bonding below $300^{\circ}C$. In this study, in order to improve the problem of bump bonding process, copper to copper direct bonding was performed below $300^{\circ}C$. The driving force of bonding was the self-annealing properties of electrodeposited Cu with high defect density. The self-annealing property originated in high defect density and non-equilibrium grain boundaries at the triple junction. The electrodeposited Cu at high current density and low bath temperature was fabricated by electroplating on copper deposited silicon wafer. The copper-copper bonding experiments was conducted using thermal pressing machine. The condition of investigation such as thermal parameter and pressure parameter were varied to acquire proper bonded specimens. The bonded interface was characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscope) and OM (optical microscope). The density of grain boundary and defects were examined by TEM (transmission electron microscopy).

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-28
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• 2015

In this paper, the dynamic response of functionally gradient steel (FGS) composite cylindrical panels in steady-state thermal environments subjected to impulsive loads is investigated for the first time. FGSs composed of graded ferritic and austenitic regions together with bainite and martensite intermediate layers are analyzed. Thermo-mechanical material properties of FGS composites are predicted according to the microhardness profile of FGS composites and approximated with appropriate functions. Based on the three-dimensional theory of thermo-elasticity, the governing equations of motionare derived in spatial and time domains. These equations are solved using the hybrid Fourier series expansion-Galerkin finite element method-Newmark approach for simply supported boundary conditions. The present solution is then applied to the thermo-elastic dynamic analysis of cylindrical panels with three different arrangements of material compositions of FGSs including ${\alpha}{\beta}{\gamma}M{\gamma}$, ${\alpha}{\beta}{\gamma}{\beta}{\alpha}$ and ${\gamma}{\beta}{\alpha}{\beta}{\gamma}$ composites. Benchmark results on the displacement and stress time-histories of FGS cylindrical panels in thermal environments under various pulse loads are presented and discussed in detail. Due to the absence of similar results in the specialized literature, this paper is likely to fill a gap in the state of the art of this problem, and provide pertinent results that are instrumental in the design of FGS structures under time-dependent mechanical loadings.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.891-906
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• 2019

This study considers the instability behavior of sandwich plates considering magnetorheological (MR) fluid core and piezoelectric reinforced facesheets. As facesheets at the top and bottom of structure have piezoelectric properties they are subjected to 3D electric field therefore they can be used as actuator and sensor, respectively and in order to control the vibration responses and loss factor of the structure a proportional-derivative (PD) controller is applied. Furthermore, Halpin-Tsai model is used to determine the material properties of facesheets which are reinforced by graphene platelets (GPLs). Moreover, because the core has magnetic property, it is exposed to magnetic field. In addition, Kelvin-Voigt theory is applied to calculate the structural damping of the piezoelectric layers. In order to consider environmental forces applied to structure, the visco-Pasternak model is assumed. In order to consider the mechanical behavior of structure, sinusoidal shear deformation theory (SSDT) is assumed and Hamilton's principle according to piezoelasticity theory is employed to calculate motion equations and these equations are solved based on differential cubature method (DCM) to obtain the vibration and modal loss factor of the structure subsequently. The effect of different factors such as GPLs distribution, dimensions of structure, electro-magnetic field, damping of structure, viscoelastic environment and boundary conditions of the structure on the vibration and loss factor of the system are considered. In order to indicate the accuracy of the obtained results, the results are validated with other published work. It is concluded from results that exposing magnetic field to the MR fluid core has positive effect on the behavior of the system.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.107-115
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• 2002

본 논문은 한 쌍의 스테레오 영상으로부터 BDM(Bidirectional Disparity Morphing)을 이용하여 중간시점 영상을 보간하는 방법을 제안한다. 영상은 하나 이상의 계층으로 구성되어 있고 각각의 계층은 유사한 시차값을 갖기 때문에, 블록 단위의 시차 맵을 이용하는 것은 유용하다. 또한 블록 단위의 시차 맵은 시차계산을 위한 영상의 해상도를 줄여 계산량을 크게 감소시킨다. 그러나 서로 다른 계층이 겹쳐진 영역에서는 시차가 급격히 변화하여 정합 오차가 증가하고, 가려짐이 발생할 확률이 높다. 따라서 정합 결과에 따라 블록의 크기를 변화시켜 보다 정밀하게 대응 블록을 검색하여 잘못된 시차 계산을 막고, 아울러 가려진 영역을 검출할 수 있다. 가려진 영역의 시차는 가려짐 패턴을 이용하여 올바른 시차를 지정할 수 있어, 결과적으로 보다 정확한 중간 시점 영상을 생성할 수 있다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.744-751
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 PSO(Particle Swarm Optimizaation)를 이용하여 다층 구조(c-sandwich) 레이돔을 설계하고, 레이돔 특성을 분석하였다. PSO를 이용한 레이돔 설계는 두 경우를 바탕으로 설계되었다. 첫 번째는 c-sandwich 레이돔의 skin과 core의 물질이 정해진 상태에서 PSO를 이용하여 각 층들의 최적의 두께를 결정하였으며, 두 번째는 양쪽 skin의 물질과 두께는 고정하고, 가운데 3개의 층에 대해 물질 상수와 두께를 PSO를 이용하여 최적의 값을 결정하였다. 설계된 두 레이돔 모두 0.1 GHz에서 15 GHz 관심 주파수 대역 중, X-band에서 삽입 손실이 －0.3 dB 이내의 우수한 성능을 가짐을 알 수 있었다. 레이돔 설계에 PSO를 적용함으로써 빠르고 정확하게 설계 업무를 수행할 수 있음을 보였으며, 경사 입사에 대한 경우에도 최적의 레이돔을 설계할 수 있음을 보였다. 또한 다양한 파라미터의 조합에서도 요구 성능에 부합하는 최적의 값이 결정됨을 보였다. 본 논문의 결과로부터 레이돔을 설계하기 위한 복잡하고 많은 계산을 생략할 수 있으며, 다양한 성능을 가지는 레이돔 설계 및 개발에 활용 할 수 있다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2007

수중 산사태의 관측 및 조사는 산사태의 메커니즘의 이해, 설계 및 시공의 유용성, 그리고 손실 감소에 도움을 준다. 본 논문은 실험실 조건의 수중 산사태를 확인하기 위하여 전기저항, 초음파 반사 이미지, 그리고 전단파 토모그래피의 3가지 고해상도 지구물리탐사기법을 수행하였다. 전기저항 탐침에 의한 흙의 전기저항 프로파일은 밀리미터 단위의 해상도로 흙의 공간적 분포 평가를 위한 자세한 정보를 제공해 준다. 임피던스가 다른 물질의 경계면부터의 반사 자료에 의한 초음파 반사 이미지는 밀리미터 단위의 해상도로 사면 형상 및 시료 층상을 탐지해 낼 수 있다. 전단파 이동 시간으로부터 얻어지는 경계 정보의 역산에 의한 픽셀단위 수중 산사태의 이미지를 만들 수 있다. 실험결과 초음파 이미지와 전기저항은 서로 보완적인 정보를 제공할 수 있으며, 전단파 토모그래피 이미지와 연합하여 수중 산사태의 3차원 이미지를 얻을 수 있다. 본 연구는 지구물리탐사기법들이 수중 산사태 및 해안의 공간적 분포의 탐지에 효과적인 기법이 될 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.216-230
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• 2014

동해 울릉분지 북서 해역에서 취득한 3차원 탄성파 탐사자료의 해석에 의하면 연구해역 내 천부퇴적층은 광역반 사면에 의해 분리되는 5개의 탄성파 단위로 구분되며, 다수의 단층을 수반하는 배사구조가 발달한다. 가스하이드레이트 안정영역 내에는 높은 RMS 진폭을 보이는 해저모방반사면과 낮은 RMS 진폭을 보이는 음향공백대가 특징적으로 분포한다. 탄성파 속성 분석에 의하면 가스하이드레이트와 자유가스가 동시에 부존한 경우 그 경계를 따라 순간진폭이 높게 나타나며 하부에서 순간주파수가 급격히 감소한다. 반면 가스하이드레이트만 존재하는 경우에는 하부에서 순간진폭이 낮고 순간주파수가 감소하지 않는다. 해저모방반사면의 주파수 성분 분해 결과 특정 고주파수 영역에서 나타나는 강한 진폭은 하부 자유가스에 의한 튜닝효과를 지시한다. 가스하이드레이트, 자유가스 및 퇴적층의 경사를 고려한 네 가지 가스하이드레이트 부존모델을 제시하고 그 특징을 기술하였다.