• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to regulate the percentile of body fat percentage by Bioelectrical Impedence Analysis (BIA) in order to detect overweight and obesity in preschool children. Methods 1301 three to six year old children's height, weight, and body fat percentage using BIA was measured. Results: The percent of the boys with 85th percentiles of the body fat percentage were 22.3%(3years), 23.4%(3.5years), 23.9%(4years), 24.8%(4.5years), 22.8%(5years), 24.6%(5.5years) and 23.8%(6years). The percent of the girls with 95th percentiles of the body fat percentage were 24.9%(3years), 27.5%(3.5years), 27.3%(4years), 28.6%(4.5years), 28.1%(5years), 33.3%(5.5years) and 32.7%(6years). For the girls, the percent of girls with 85th percentiles of body fat percentage were 23.3%(3years), 24.4%(3.5years), 23.6%(4years), 23.7%(4.5years), 24.7%(5years), 26.0%(5.5years) and 28.1%(6years). And the 95th percentiles of the body fat percentage were 28.6%(3years), 27.3%(3.5years), 25.4%(4years), 28.0%(4.5years), 31.7%(5years), 33.5%(5.5years) and 36.4%(6years). Conclusions: The 85th percentiles of body fat percentage to classify as overweight and the 95th percentiles of body fat percentage to classify as obesity were accord with the Body Mass Index (BMI) criteria by the Korean pediatrics society in 2007.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.20 no.4 s.58
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• pp.21-30
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• 2005

This research was performed to measure the concentration distribution of bioaerosol in apartment houses in the region of Chungnam (Chunan, Asan) for 1 month, December, 2004. The results are as follows. 1. By using SDA method, the average concentration of total microbe and fungus in the air inside and outside apartment house below 4 years are $69,42cfu/m^3\;and\;15.66cfu/m^3$, while apartment house over 4 years, $214.58cfu/m^3\;and\;216.43cfu/m^3$, respectively With gravitational sedimentation method, the average concentration of total microbe and fungus of apartmenthouse below 4 years are $100.63cfu/m^3\;and\;22.83cfu/m^3$, while apartment house over 4 years, $216.43cfu/m^3\;and\;70.000cfu/m^3$, respectively. 2. The I/O ratio of floating germ of apartment house below 4 years and over 4 years are 2.87 and 5.12 for total microbe, and 3.32 and 8.28 for fungus, respectively. The I/O ratio of falling germ of apartment house below 4 years and over 4 years are 1.55 and 2.81 for total microbe, and 2.85 and 4.08 for fungus, respectively. The apartment house below 4 years shows a low I/O ratio in all cases. 3. The difference in concentration of microbe between inside master bedroom and living room of apartment house below 4 years is $13.183cfu/m^3$, total microbe, and $4.787cfu/m^3$, fungus, while, apartment house over 4 years, $43.531cfu/m^3$, total microbe, and $21.932cfu/m^3$, fungus. The measured differences are statistically significant. 4. Air sampler was used to verify the difference in concentration of microbe with the age of apartment house. The difference in concentration of total microbe and fungus for outside apartment house below 4 years and over 4 years are $49.82cfu/m^3$ and $3.78cfu/m^3$, respectively. The difference of inside living room shows $160.23cfu/m^3$ for total microbe and $28.01cfu/m^3$ for fungus, and the difference of inside master bedroom shows $225.43cfu/m^3$ for total microbe and $56.73cfu/m^3$ for fungus. The differences are statistically significant. The difference in concentration of outside apartment house below 4 years and years 4 years are $34.66cfu/m^3$, total microbe, and $15.66cfu/m^3$, fungus, while inside apartment house below 4 years and over 4 years, $196.93cfu/m^3,\;and\;78.67cfu/m^3$, respectively. The measured differences are statistically significant.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.808-823
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was to suggest the basic data to develop the national exam contents for dental hygiene by comparing with those of other country. Methods : Several dental hygiene education course results were reviewed, and analyzed the culture subjects, basic major subjects, educational subjects, national exam contents in 3 or 4 years dental hygiene curriculum. Results : In Korea, grades of culture subjects in dental hygiene curriculum were different between 3 and 4 years education course, mean grades were 10.4, and 34.5 respectively. While there were few different between 3 and 4 years education course, mean grades were 36, and 36.5 respectively in foreign country. In Korea, grades of major subjects in dental hygiene curriculum were similar between 3 and 4 years education course as mean grades of 110, while there were different between 3 and 4 years education course, mean grades were 60 and 80 respectively in foreign country. In Korea, number of major subject was higher in 4 years(n=61) than 3 years(n=54). However, it was lower in 4 years(n=27) than in 3 years(n=33) in foreign country. Total grade number was 129 in 3 years, and 145 in 4 years in Korea, while it was 97 in 3 years, and 116 in 4 years in foreign country. By analyzing 3 years education course, culture subject was 9.5%, basic health was 11.2%, oral biology was 11.2%, clinical dentistry was 20.7%, public oral health was 10.4%, oral hygiene care was 35.9%, management of dental clinic was 9.4%, education was 2.8% in Korea. In USA, dental hygiene examination contains practice work as major part, while theory was thought of as most important things in korea. Conclusions : It is necessary to improve learning course of dental hygiene curriculum on the basis of other country's system, and then it could be possible to development of good quality's national examination contents, thus good quality of dental hygiene personnel would be turned out in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.85-98
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate measures which could reduce the daily stress of 3-5-years-olds who are attending daycare centers, by examining the effects of 3-5-years-olds' time spent in daycare centers and peer competence on daily stress. To this end, two hundred and fifty 3-5-years-olds attending the same daycare for more than 6 months were selected from 5 daycare centers in Daejeon Metropolitan City and tested for their daily stress levels. In addition their teachers completed peer competence tests and a short questionnaire regarding the 3-5-years-olds. In terms of the results, those 3-5-years-olds who spent more than 7 hours or longer in daycare centers were found to have a higher level of daily stress than the 3-5-years-olds who spent less than 7 hours. Additionally, those 3-5-years-olds who returned home after 6 p.m were found to have a higher level of daily stress than the 3-5-years-olds who returned home before 6 p.m. Moreover, it was found that the more time 3-5-years-olds spent in daycare centers and the lower their peer competences were, the more daily stress they seemed to experience.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.218-225
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• 2004

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to find out static two-point discrimination (TPD) in fingertips. METHODS: This was a cross-section, measure study of static two-point discrimination involving healthy young adults. Measure was completed by 48 college students in Andong Science College from June 1 to 12, 2004. The minimal distance at which two-points could be discriminated was measured from thumb to little finger. RESULTS: For dermatomal regions of the fingertip, mean values ranged from 3.3mm to 4.9mm (thumb 3.6mm, index finger 3.3mm, middle finger 3.8mm, ring finger 4.2mm, and little finger 4.7mm in the left hand; thumb 3.7mm, index 3.5mm, middle 4.0mm, ring 4.3mm, and little 4.9mm in the right hand). A significant difference in discrimination ability was found between men and women, 3.5mm for women showed a greater sensitivity than 4.1mm for men in the left middle fingertip(p=0.0109), also 3.9mm for women showed a greater accuracy than 4.5mm for men in the left ring fingertip(p=0.0388). In the right index fingertip, women (3.1mm) have a narrow distance than men (3.6mm)(p=0.0329). The minimal distance of TPD was found a significant difference between 20 and 30 years in age. 4mm for 30 years showed a greater distance than 3.5mm for 20 years in the left thumb fingertip(p=0.0354), also, 3.8mm for 30 years showed a greater distance than 3.2mm for 20 years in the left index fingertip(p=0.0174), and 4.3mm for 30 years showed a greater distance than 3.7mm for 20 years in the left middle fingertip(p=0.0444). In the right index fingertip, 20 years (3.2mm) had also a narrow distance than 30 years (4.1mm)(p=0.0020), 20 years (3.9mm) showed a narrow distance than 30 years (4.6mm) in the right middle fingertip(p=0.0124), and 20 years (4.1mm) showed a greater sensitivity than 30 years (5.0mm) in the right ring fingertip(p=0.0070). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that distance of TPD in the both index fingertips for 20 years women was significantly narrowed.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.45-53
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• 2000

This study was carried out to determine the suitability of 3 months old bamboo species of Phyllostachys bambusoides S. et Z., Phyllostachys Pubescens Mazel and Phyllostachys nigra var henonis Stapf as raw materials for the manufacture of strandboard. Total of 108 strandboards were made using urea-formaldehyde resin content level of 12% and one percent of liquid wax emulsion. The strandboard consisted of three layers the top and the bottom layer of which were oriented to the same direction and weighted 25% of the strandboard each. The middle core layer weighed 50% of the board and was perpendicular to the outer top and bottom layers. Analysis was performed to determine the effect of strand lengths and Uowing years of 3 months, 2 years and 3 years on strandboard properties. The physical and mechanical properties of bamboo species and boards were measured and compared to the standard requirements of strandboards. The results are as follows; 1. The more the growing years the higher the density of bamboo. Top part of bamboo indicated higher density value than that of bottom part. 2. Bamboo showed higher static bending strength compared to the main wood species. Longer growing years of bamboo generally inclosed the static tending strength out there were no statistical significancies for Phyllostachys bmbusoides S. et Z. and Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel. 3. Strand length indicated no difference on density and moisture content of strandboard. 5 cm of strand length gave the best static bending strength and internal bonding strength. Bamboo strandboard exhibited lesser extents of thickness swelling than that of CSA standard. 4. 3 months old bamboo gave higher static bending strength of strandboard than those of 2 years and 3 years old bamboo. In case of Phyllostachys nigra var henonis Stapf, 3 months old bamboo indicated higher internal bonding strength than those of 2 years and 3years old bamboo. but in Phyllostachys bambusoides S. et Z., Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel, there were no difference among growing years. Growing years showed no different physical properties of bamboo strandboard.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 1974

Surveying the root resorption of the mandibular deciduous teeth in 967 children, (Male 493 Female 474) from 3 to 12 years old by orthopantomography, the author obtained the following results. 1) Female in the root resorption of the deciduous teeth was earlier than male. 2) The stages of initial resorption of the deciduous teeth were as follow. central incisor 4 years lateral incisor 4 years 2 months cuspid 6 years first decid uous molar 6 years second deciduous molar 6 years 5 months 3) The exfoliational stages ($R_5$) of the deciduous teeth were as follow. central incisor 6 years 8 months lateral incisor 7 years 2 months cuspid 9 years 10 months first deciduous molar 10 years 3 months second deciduous molar 11 years.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.361-375
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional status of 3~5 year old children attending kindergarten and childcare facilities in 2010 and 2014. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2010 and 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) and included 509 subjects aged 3~5 years old attending kindergarten and childcare facilities. Results: In 2014, rate of skipping meals by children was 16.2%, an increase of 5.5% compared with the rate of skipping meals by children in 2010. Calcium intake in 2014 was 397.41 mg at 3 years old, 419.27 mg at 4 years old, and 414.01 mg at 5 years old. For the mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) of subjects in 2010 and 2014, MAR at 3 years old (0.86) was significantly lower than those at 4 and 5 years old (0.90, 0.91) (p < 0.01). In 2010 and 2014, EAR intake at 3 years old (2.72) was significantly higher than those at 4 years old (2.14) and 5 years olds (1.92) (p < 0.01). Conclusion: As a result, compared with 2010 before establishment of the Children's foodservice management center, there was no improvement in the polarization of nutrient intake of children in 2014. Therefore, researchers believe that a continuous monitoring system developed by nutrition experts and children's foodservice management center are needed to improve the nutritional status of children. Of children between the ages of 3~5 years old, those with intakes under EAR were mostly 3 years old. Therefore, researchers suggest that the infant age group of KDRIs, which is classified as 1~2 years old and 3~5 years old, needs to be reestablished considering the growth and development of infants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.580-596
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• 2001

This study was performed to assess diet qualities by sexes and ages of adults over thirty years old in Jeon-ju area. Diet survey with one day 24-recall method was used done for 382 subjects(129 males & 253 females). Survey sample was divided into six groups by sex and age groups: male 30-49, male 50-64, male 50-64, male 65-79, female 30-49, female 50-64 and female 65-79 years. Diet quality was assessed by NAR(Nutrient Adequacy Ratio), MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio), INQ(Index of nutrition quality), KDDS(Koreans Dietary Diversity Score), Meal Balance, DVS(Dietary Variety Score), DQI(Diet Quality Index). The 5-point DQI assessed the important dietary guidelines for Koreans. The averages of energy, protein, P, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin and vitamin C intakes were higher than 70% of RDA. The averages intakes of Ca and vitamin A were very lower than RDA all groups. The averages of MAR were 0.78, 0.81, 0.83 in male 30-49, 50-64, 64-79 years, 0.73, 0.77, 0.71 and in female 30-49, 50-64, 65-79 years, respectively. The averages of MAR in female 30-49 years and female 65-79 years were significantly lower than the averages MAR of male 65-79 years. The averages of Sugars and Beverages intakes were significantly higher in male 30-49 years than others. Animal food intake ratio(% total food intake) in the male 65-79 years(16%) was significantly higher than male 30-49 years(11%). The averages of Nutrition intakes were higher in male compared to female. The subjects who consumed all of the major five food groups were 5% in male 30-49, 17.8% in male 50-64, 25.0% in male 65-79 years, 18.9% in female 30-49, 23.7% in female 50-64, 11.5% in female 65-79 years. The averages of KDDS were 3.5, 3.9, 3.9, 3.8, 3.8, 3.5, respectively. The averages of Meal Balance were 8.6, 9.1, 9.1, 8.3, 8.4, 7.8, respectively. The averages of DVS 20.1, 19.9, 19.9, 20.5, 19.0, 17.2, respectively. The averages of DQI were 1.7, 2.2, 2.1, 2.0, 2.1, 1.7, respectively. 81.8% of the subjects had KDDS scores of 2 to 4 and 87.3% of the subjects has Meal Balance scores 4 to 10. In contrast, 89.8% of the subjects had DQI scores of 0 to 3. In view of these facts there are few who observed the five dietary guidelines for Koreans. There findings suggest that dietary qualities were associated with nutrient intake the relation factors may vary by sex and age of adults over thirty years old in Jeon-ju area. Common problems were lack of Ca, vitamin A and dairy products intakes. Therefore adults over thirty years old in Jeon-ju area need the important nutrient management such as Ca, vitamin A. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 580~596, 2001)

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to search for changes of growth and pharmacological component contents by cultivation years in Artemisia capillaris. Percentage of ovenwintering in 1-year old was high as 95.3% but that in 2-years old was very low as 64.2%. Plant height was the highest in 2-years old among the treatments. By the way, number of stems and branches were shown wide difference by cultivation years, so those were the best in 3-years old. It was thought that 3-years old plants dispersed and used their nutrients by increasing branches. Fresh weight was the highest as 200.0 g in 3-years old, whereas weight of capitulum included scoparone, effective component, was the highest as 109.6 g in 2-years old and low as 96.4 g in 3-years old. In general components, crude protein and ash were more included in 1-year old and crude lipid and fiber were more included in 2 and 3-years old. Especially, content of crude fiber in stem was the highest in 3-years old. Pharmacological components were the most existed in capitulum of 2-years old, so contents of scoparone and capillarisin were 6.5 mg/g DW, 1.65 mg/g DW, respectively.