• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1258-1265
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• 2007

Metabolizable energy (ME) required for basal metabolism, activity and growth was considered as the criterion for targeting specific increases in body weight (100 g/week) of broiler chicks during the grower phase (5-20 weeks) and its impact was evaluated on breeder performance. Broiler female chicks (460) from a synthetic dam line were randomly distributed to 4 test groups with 23 replicates of 5 birds each and housed in cages. The first group (ME-100) was offered a calculated amount of ME by providing a measured quantity of grower diet (160 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) which increased with age and weight gain (133-294 kcal/bird/day). The other three groups were offered 10 or 20% less ME (ME-90 and ME-80, respectively) and 10% excess ME (ME-110) over the control group (ME-100). From 21 weeks of age, a single breeder diet (170 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) was uniformly fed to all groups and the impact of grower ME restriction on breeder performance evaluated up to 58 weeks. The targeted body weight gain of 1,600 g in a 16-week period was achieved by pullets of the ME-100 group almost one week earlier by gaining 8.7 g more weight per week. However, pullets in the ME-90 group gained 1,571 g during the same period, which was closer to the targeted weight. At 20 weeks of age, the conversion efficiency of feed (5.21-5.37), ME (13.9-14.1 kcal/g weight gain) and protein (0.847-0.871 g/g weight gain), eviscerated meat yield, giblet and tibia weights were not influenced by ME restriction, but the weights of abdominal fat and liver were higher with increased ME intake. Reduction of ME by 10% in the grower period significantly delayed sexual maturity (169.3 d), but increased egg production (152.5 /bird) with better persistency. Improved conversion efficiency of feed, ME and protein per g egg content were also observed in this group up to 56 weeks. The fertility and hatchability at 58 weeks of age were higher in the ME-90 group compared to the control and 10% excess ME feeding. In conclusion, the present study revealed the possibility of achieving targeted weight gain in broiler growers by feeding measured quantities of ME during the rearing period with consequential benefits in breeder performance.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2013

본 시험은 토종오리 대형종의 산란초기 성적을 조사하기 위해 수행하였다. 공시동물은 A와 B계통의 20주령 토종오리 168수를 선별하여 이용하였다. 시험설계는 A와 B계통으로 나누어 비교하였으며, 계통 당 6반복, 반복 당 14수씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 시산일령은 평균 154.6일, A와 B계통이 각각 154.5일과 154.7일, 시산난중은 평균 67.3 g, 각각 69.1 g과 65.5 g, 시산 시 체중은 평균 3,146 g, 각각 3,187 g과 3,105 g으로 나타났다. 초산일령은 평균 173.7일, A와 B계통이 각각 175.8일과 171.5일, 초산난중은 평균 75.1 g, 각각 75.2 g과 74.9 g, 초산 시 체중은 평균 3,235 g, 각각 3,245 g과 3,225 g으로 나타났다. 시산일령, 시산 난중과 초산 난중, 시산 시와 초산 시의 체중은 A와 B계통 사이에서 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 초산일령은 B계통이 A계통에 비해 빠르게 나타났다(P<0.05). 체중 및 사료섭취량은 계통 간 유의차가 없었으나, 주령별 체중은 28주령에 가장 높았으며(P<0.05), 주령별 사료섭취량은 26주령 이후로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 평균난중은 사료섭취량과 마찬가지로 A와 B계통간 차이는 없었으며, 26주령 이후 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 산란율은 22~24주령에 B계통이 A계통에 비해 높게 나타났으나(P<0.05), 다른 주령에서는 A와 B계통 사이에서 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 산란수는 24주령 이후 30주령까지 B계통이 A계통에 비해 높았으며(P<0.05), 주령별 산란수는 주령에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 사료요구율은 22~24주령에 A와 B계통이 각각 10.7과 6.53으로 A계통이 B계통에 비해 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 주령별 사료요구율은 20~22주령이 가장 높았으며, 22~24주령까지 유의적으로 감소하였으나, 24주령부터 30주령까지는 낮게 유지되었다. 이런 결과들은 토종오리 대형종의 산란초기 성적에 대한 기초적인 자료로서 이용될 것이라 사료된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2011

Eotaxin is an important inflammatory chemokine in eosinophil chemotaxis and activation and, thus, is implicated in asthma. Recently, obesity was associated with an increased prevalence of asthma, but the relationship between obesity and eotaxin expression has only been partially understood in obese mice and human studies. Therefore, we studied the expression patterns of eotaxin in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes/adipocytes to determine whether eotaxin levels are influenced by body weight gain and/or reduction in diet-induced obese mice. First, we investigated eotaxin expression during differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Then, we treated 3T3-L1 preadipoeytes/adipoeytes with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), eotaxin, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, or leptin. To examine the effects of weight loss in high-fat diet induced obese mice, we fed C57BL/6 mice a high-fat diet or a normal diet for 26 weeks. Then, half of the high-fat diet group were fed a normal diet until 30 weeks to reduce weight. Epididymal adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, serum, and bronchoalveolar fluid of mice were examined for eotaxin expression. The results showed that eotaxin expression levels increased with adipocyte differentiation and that more eotaxin was expressed when the cells were stimulated with TNF-${\alpha}$, eotaxin, IL-4, IL-5, or leptin. An in vivo study showed that eotaxin levels were reduced in visceral adipose tissues when high-fat diet fed mice underwent weight loss. Taken together, these results indicate a close relationship between eotaxin expression and obesity as well as weight loss, thus, they indirectly show a relation to asthma.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.131-144
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• 2013

Objectives : To provide information on the safety of ACM, we carried out a single oral dose-increasing toxicity and 4-weeks repeated oral dose determining test of ACM in beagle dogs. Methods : In a single oral dose-increasing toxicity test, beagles were treated with ACM orally increasing dose level (1,000, 2,000, 5,000 mg/㎏) at interval of 3 days. After administration, signs of toxicity were observed for two weeks. In 4-weeks repeated oral dose determinating test, beagles were treated with ACM with oral dose 500, 1,000, 2,000 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food consumption, urinalysis, hematological and biochemical parameters, organ weights, necropsy findings, and histological findings were monitored during the study period. Results : In a single oral dose-increasing toxicity test, we found no mortality, abnormalities in clinical signs, body weight, and necropsy findings during the study period. In 4-weeks repeated oral dose determinating test, we found no mortality, abnormalities in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis, hematological and biological parameters, gross findings, organ weights, necropsy findings, and histopathological findings in any of the beagles tested. Conclusions : The results obtained in these studies suggest that maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of ACM in male and female beagle dogs was supposed to be over 5,000 mg/kg. For the future studies of toxicity, it is advisable that high dose and low dose are set at 2000 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, respectively.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.88-97
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• 2017

This study explored the physicochemical and nutritional changes associated with storage duration of fresh tomatoes. Fruits of the 'TY Megaton' and 'Yureka' tomato cultivars were harvested at the pink stage and stored at $12^{\circ}C$ for 20 days. During storage, firmness, weight loss, skin color (Hunter L, a, b, a / b values), soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), pH, antioxidant contents (lycopene, ascorbic acid, and total phenolics) and antioxidant activity were evaluated. Firmness was above the minimum marketable limit and fresh weight loss was below maximum acceptable weight loss after 3 weeks of storage, and no deleterious effect on antioxidant contents or activities were observed. Significant differences in SSC, TA, and pH were seen between varieties, but not between fruits stored for different durations. In both varieties, Hunter a values increased more than five-fold after 8 days of storage; this correlated with a more than four-fold accumulation of lycopene after two weeks of storage. The antioxidant activity of tomatoes was highest at the beginning of the storage period, likely because of the effective DPPH - reducing power of ascorbic acid and total phenolics. Antioxidant activity increased after 12 days of storage because of increasing lycopene content. Hence, this study indicates that pink - stage tomatoes may be stored at $12^{\circ}C$ for up to 3 weeks without affecting marketability or nutritional value.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2021

Purpose: The goal of this study was to see how different aerobic exercise intensities affected AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), reactive oxygen, and antioxidant enzymes in young mice during an 8-week period. Methods: Forty male C57BL/6 mice, aged seven weeks, were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control (n=10), low-intensity exercise (n=10), moderate-intensity exercise (n=10), and high-intensity exercise (n=10). For eight weeks, aerobic activity was performed once a day for 35-40 minutes, five days a week. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-squared tests, and the Tukey test in the SPSS/WIN 25.0 program. Results: Weight (p=.001) was substantially different between the moderate-intensity exercise group and the control group in AMPK (p<.001). In addition, there were no significant differences between the moderate-intensity exercise group and the control group in reactive oxygen malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p=.136) and antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (p=.521). Conclusion: These findings suggest that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise increased AMPK activation and helped young mice shed weight.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1331-1339
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• 2006

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of infant massage (auditory (mother's voice), tactile/ kinesthetic (massage) and visual (eye to eye contact) stimulation) on weight and height of infant and mother-infant interaction with normal infants over a period of 4 weeks. Method. This study was designed as a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The experimental group infants (aged 2-6 months) participated in one of the infant massage programs at the health district center for 4 weeks. The control group (N=26) was paired with the experimental group (N=26) by matching the infant's age and sex. Infant weight, height, and mother-infant interaction were measured two times and recordings of the mother-infant interaction were done using the video equipment in a room at the health center for 10 minutes. Results. After 4 weeks of massage, there were no significant differences weight gain and height increase between the two groups. Comparison of the total scores for the mother-infant interaction between the two groups showed a significant difference (t=5.21, p=.000). There were also significant differences on maternal response (t=3.78, p=000), infant response (t=5.71, p=000) and dyadic response (t=4.05, p=000) in the mother-infant interaction between the two groups. Conclusion. Overall, the results of this study reassure that infant massage facilitates the mother-infant interaction for infants and mothers who give massage to their baby.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.210-217
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate effects of the experimental mixture containing soybean peptides, L-carnitine and Garcinia Cambogia extract on body weight and lipid metabolism in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) of eight weeks old were raised for four weeks with high fat diet (40% fat as calorie) to induce obesity. After induction of obesity, rats were feed control (C) diet, containing either 0.16% (+1D), 1.6% (+10D), 8% (+50D) of experimental mixture for eight weeks. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and total protein and albumin concentration were not different among groups. The Body weight gain was significantly lower in experimental mixture diet group compared to control group. Weights of perirenal fat pad and epididymal fat pad in the +50D group were significantly lower than those in the +1D and +10D groups. Plasma total lipid and liver total cholesterol levels in the experimental groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. Fecal total lipid and total cholesterol excretions were highest in +50D group. These results suggest that the experimental mixture containing peptides, L-carnitine and Garsinia Canbogia extract is effective for reducing the body weight and adipose tissue weight which may be due to the modulation of lipid metabolism and the increased fecal excretion of lipid.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the anti-obesity effects in local area adipose tissue using by pharmacopuncture of Eriobotryae Folium on mice fed high fat diet. Methods : Male ICR mouse were divided into three groups. Normal diet group (N), High-fat diet(HFD) group, HFD+E(pharmacopuncture of the Eriobotryae Folium) group for 8 weeks. HFD+E group was injected in the concentration of 50 mg/kg once a day for 4 weeks and every other day during the next 4 weeks. We measured body weight, food intake, absolute weight and relative weight in the liver and adipose tissue. Also, we analyzed hematological levels and histopathological changes on adipose tissue. Results : 1. We observed no difference in food intake among three groups. 2. HFD+E group significantly decreased body weight gain and absolute weight and relative weight in the liver and adipose tissue compared with HFD group. 3. Blood AST and ALT were no differences among the experiment groups. However, HFD group was significantly increased higher TG, TC, HDL and LDL than in N group and HDL/LDL ratio was remarkably decreased. On the other hand, HFD+E group was significantly decreased in obesity markers and HDL/LDL ratio was remarkably increased. 4. Levels of adiponectin in serum of HFD+E group was remarkably increased compared with those of HFD group. 5. HFD group was significantly decreased compared with N group in adipocyte number. Compared with the HFD group, HFD+E group was displayed a significant increase by adipocyte number. Conclusions : We suggest that pharmacopuncture of the Leaves of Eriobotrya japonica can play the anti-obesity effects in local area adipose tissue.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.344-353
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Hydrolyzed formula is often fed to infants with gastrointestinal or immune issues, such as malabsorption or cow's milk allergy, because enzymatic treatment has rendered it more digestible and less allergenic than standard cow's milk formula (SF). Partially hydrolyzed formula (PHF) should be considered for those infants who are intolerant to extensively hydrolyzed formula. However, there are concerns about the nutritional insufficiencies of PHF. We aimed to evaluate the effects of PHF on the growth and health indicators in infants who were at high-risk of allergic disease and potential candidates for consuming PHF. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 83 infants aged 0-2 mon with a family history of allergies were assigned to consume either PHF or SF until 24 weeks of age. Anthropometric measures were obtained at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks; blood samples were drawn and evaluated at the end of the study. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in weight, height, and weight-for-height at any time point in each sex between the PHF and SF groups. At 24 weeks of age, the weight-for-age and height-for-age z-scores of the SF group were higher than those of the PHF group, but there was no significant difference in the weight-for-height z-score. There were no significant differences in levels of white blood cells, hemoglobin, ferritin, protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, eosinophil cationic protein, and immunoglobulin E. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, there were no differences in growth and blood panels between the infants consuming PHF or SF. Therefore, infants who are unable to tolerate SF can be fed PHF without nutritional concerns about growth.