• 국제강구조저널
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1336-1349
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• 2018

Generally, a precast prestressed concrete (PSC) beam is used as girders for short-to-medium span (less than 30 m) bridges due to the advantages of simple design and construction, reduction of construction budget, maintenance convenience. In order to increase the span length beyond 50 m of precast PSC girder, PSC hollow box girder with unbonded prestressed H-type steel beam placed at the compressive region is proposed. The unbonded compressive prestressing in the H-type steel beams in the girder is made to recover plastic deflection of PSC girder when the pre-stressing is released. Also, the H-steel beams allow minimization of depth-to-length ratio of the girder by reducing the compressive region of the cross-section, thereby reducing the weight of the girder. A quasi-static 3-point bending test with 4 different loading steps is performed to verify safety and plastic deflection recovery of the girder. The experimental results showed that the maximum applied load exceeded the maximum design load and most of the plastic deflection was recovered when the compressive prestressing of H-type steel beams is released. Also using prestressed H-type steel as compression reinforcements in the upper part of cross section, repair and restoration difficulty and cost of PSC girders should be significantly reduced. The study result and analysis are discussed in detail in the paper.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.575-582
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• 2000

This investigation was designed to determine whether heat-pressing and/or simulated heat treatments affected the flexure strength and the microstructure of the lithium disilicate glass-ceramic in the IPS Empress 2 system. Four groups of the specimens were prepared as follows: group 1 - as-received material, group 2 - heat-pressed material; group 3 - heat-pressed and simulated initial heat-treated material; group 4 - heat-pressed and the simulated heat-treated material with full firings for a final restoration. The three-point bending test and the scanning elec-tron microscope (SEM) analysis was conducted for the purpose of this study. The flexure strength of group 2 was significantly higher than that of group 1. However, there were no significant differences in strength among group 2, 3, and 4, and between group 1 and 4. The SEM micrographs of the lithium disilicate glass-ceramic showed the closely packed, multi-directionally interlocking microstructure of numerous lithium disilicate crystals protruding from the glass matrix. The crystals of the heat-pressed materials (group 2, 3, and 4) were a little denser and about two times bigger than those of the as-received material (group 1). This change of microstructure is more obviously exhibited particularly between group 1 and 2. However, there was no a marked difference among group 2, 3, and 4 after the heat-pressing procedure. Although there were significant increase of the strength and some changes of the microstructure after the heat-pressing operation, the combination of the heat-pressing and the simulated subsequent heat treatments did not produce the increase of strength of IPS Empress 2 glass-ceramic.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.481-492
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• 2018

In this paper, a new hybrid fiber system (NHFS) is investigated for the application of slab. The steel fiber, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber and calcium carbonate ($CaCO_3$) whisker is added to form NHFS. The four-point bending test is carried out on the flexural properties of slab with plain, steel fiber, traditional hybrid fiber system (THFS) and NHFS reinforced cementitious composites. The flexural behavior is evaluated by ASTM C1018-97, JCI-SF4 and post-crack strength (PCS) technique. The evaluation parameters of flexural toughness such as toughness index (TI), equivalent flexural strength (EFS) and PCS are determined. The size of slab specimens is $15mm(thickness){\times}50mm(width){\times}200mm(length)$. The results show that adding $CaCO_3$ whisker to THFS can significantly improve the flexural strength, TI, EFS, PCS of the slab. The empirical relation between reinforcing index ($RI_v$) and flexural parameters show that flexural parameters of slabs increase first and then decrease; which indicates that optimum $RI_v$ values can be helpful in the considering the mix design of steel-PVA fibers-$CaCO_3$ whisker composites for achieving the desired flexural-related properties. The scanning electron microscopy is performed to observe the micro-morphological characteristics of the fracture surface, which proved the positive hybrid effect among the different fibers in cementitious composites. The NHFS can arrest the generation and propagation of the crack from micro to macro level.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2012

This study aims to investigate the effect of the post weld treatments on the fatigue life of T-type welded structure made by a SM50A steel material, generally used for excavators, because changes in the geometry, material and surface properties of welded regions affect the fatigue life of welded structures. T-type test specimens were prepared by the CO2 welding of rolled steel plates (SM50A steel) with a thickness of 10 mm at a welding speed of 30 cm/min and these Ttype welded specimens were further treated by UIT (Ultrasonic Impact Treatment) and/or toegrinding post welding treatment methods. In order to investigate improvements on the fatigue life of the samples. 3-point bending fatigue tests were conducted with a stress ratio of R=0.1 under a cyclic loading environment at a frequency of 5 Hz, via a hydraulic fatigue testing machine (${\pm}100\;kN$, MTS 809). The tests were performed at room temperature. The fatigue life of UIT specimens was approximately 25 times longer than that of as-welded specimens at a stress amplitude of 281 MPa, while toe-grinding specimens exhibited 4.15 times longer fatigue life. The current results could provide important guidelines to determine the proper post weld treatment methodologies of T-type welded parts for excavators with a satisfactory fatigue life although under severe operating conditions.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.662-667
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• 2009

Porous SiC candle filter preforms were fabricated by extrusion and ramming process. To fabricate SiC candle filter preform, commercially available 85 ${\mu}m\;{\alpha}-$-SiC powder and 44 ${\mu}m$ mullite, CaC$O_3$ powder were used as the starting materials. The candle type preforms were fabricated by vacuum extrusion and ramming process, and sintered at $1400{^{\circ}C}$ 2 h in air atmosphere. The effect of forming method on porosity, density, strength (flexural and compressive strength) and microstructure was investigated. Also, corrosion test of the sintered candle filter specimens as forming method was performed at $600{^{\circ}C}$ in IGCC syngas atmosphere. The sintered SiC filter which was formed by ramming process has more higher density and exhibit higher strength than extruded filter. Its maximum density and 3-point bending strength were 2.00 g/$cm^3$ and 45 MPa, respectively.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.823-832
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of 1) the diameter(0.7,1.0,1.2mm) and number(1,2,3) of commonly available orthodontic metal wires embedded in self-curing orthodontic acrylic resin specimens($64{\times}10{\times}3mm$) and 2) the use of chemical adhesive system(Silicoater, Metalprimer) to prevent slipping at the interface between the resin and the metal wire on reinforcement by using three-point bending test. From this study, the following results were obtained. 1. No statistically significant difference was found among the transverse strengths for the control without reinforcement, one 0.7mm wire, two 0.7mm wires, three 0.7mm wires, and one 1.0mm wire groups(P>.05). 2. In the groups with 1.0 or 1.2mm wires, the transverse strength increased in proportion to the increase of number of wires(P<.05). 3. In the groups with 0.7 or 1.0mm wires, neither of Silicoater and Netalprimer increased the transverse strength significantly(P>.05). 4. No statistically significant difference was found in transverse strength between Silicoater groups and Metalprimer groups with same diameter of wires(P.>05). From these result, it is concluded that diameter of wires is a primary considering factor to reinforce the acrylic resin effectively and, when this requirement is satisfied, increased number of wires or chemical adhesive systems can be expected to produce the additional reinforcing effect.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.419-430
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• 2023

In this study, the effect of two types of aggregates (fly ash aggregate and shale aggregate) on the density, strength, and durability of preplaced lightweight aggregate concrete (PLWAC) was studied. The results showed that the 7 - 28 days strength of concrete prepared with fly ash aggregates (high water absorption rate) significantly increased, which could attribute to the long-term water release of fly ash aggregates by the refined pore structure. In contrast, the strength increase of concrete prepared with shale aggregates (low water absorption rate) is not apparent. Although PLWAC prepared with fly ash aggregates has a lower density and higher strength (56.8 MPa @ 1600 kg/m³), the chloride diffusion coefficient is relatively high, which could attribute to the diffusion paths established by connected porous aggregates and the negative over-curing effect. Compared to the control group, the partial replacement of fly ash aggregates (30%) with asphalt emulsion (20% solid content) coated aggregates can reduce the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete by 53.6% while increasing the peak load obtained in a three-point bending test by 107.3%, fracture energy by 30.3% and characteristic length by 103.5%. The improvement in concrete performance could be attributed to the reduction in the water absorption rate of aggregates and increased energy absorption by polymer during crack propagation.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.187-200
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• 1995

국산 Ni-Ti합금 교정용 선재(ORTHOLLOY)의 특성을 평가하기 위하여 성분, 인장특성, 굽힘특성, 열처리성, 내식성, 이온용출 등에 대해 조사하고 외국산 Ni-Ti합금 선재(SENTALLOY)의 특성과 비교 분석한 결과는 다음과 같았다. ORTHOLLOY는 초탄성 효과를 나타내는 범위내에서의 Ni과Ti 함량을 포함하고 있었다. 인장실험에서 ORTHOLLOY는 연신율 $2\%$에서 $8\%$정도 범위내에서 하중의 변화가 거의 없는 초탄성 효과를 나타내었다. 3점 굴곡실험에서 ORTHOLLOY는 SENTALLOY 보다 같은 변위량에서 높은 하중값을 나타내었고, 초탄성을 나타내는 변위영역에서의 하중 범위는 ORTHOLLOY의 경우 0.014" 에서 80-100g, 0.016"에서 140-180g, 0.018" 에서 150-200g의 값을 나타내었다. $400^{\circ}C,\;500^{\circ}C$의 열처리에 의해 초탄성을 나타내는 하중범 위가 낮아졌고, 각 열처리 온도에서는 시간이 증가함에 따라 초탄성을 나타내는 하중값의 범위가 낮아졌으며 $600^{\circ}C$에서는 10분간의 열처리로 초탄성 효과가 소실되었다. 용출되어 나온 Ni 이온의 양은 SENTALLOY의 0.01ppm미만의 극소량에 비해 ORTHOLLOY에서는 0.3ppm 전후로 높게 나타났다. 침적 실험후 주사전자현미경 관찰을 통한 표면조직 소견은 SENTALLOY에서는 침적 전후 및 침적 시간의 경과에 관계없이 전체적으로 비교적 균일한 양상을 보였으나 ORTHOLLOY에서는 pitting corrosion양상을 보였다.

• 지질공학
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.587-598
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• 2015

이 연구에서는 기존의 다양한 미소파괴음(AE)의 신호 도달시간 결정방법을 검토한 후, 전산처리 프로그래밍이 용이하고 자료처리 속도가 빠른 가변 검출한계법을 개발하였다. 가변 검출한계법은 기존의 검출한계법을 수정한 것으로서, 검출한계 값을 하나로 고정하지 않고 측정된 모든 AE 신호마다 배경잡음 분석을 실시하여 각 신호에 맞는 검출한계 값을 결정하는 방법이다. 가변 검출한계법의 효과를 검토하기 위해 2차원과 3차원 음원추적 모델을 구성하고 실험적 방법으로 검증을 실시하였다. 2차원 모델에 대한 검증에서 가변 검출한계법을 적용할 경우 기존의 고정된 검출한계 값을 사용하는 방법에 비해 정확도가 평균 약 38.3% 정도 향상되는 것을 확인하였다. 3차원 모델에 대한 검증에서는 2차원 모델에 비해 다소 적으나 가변 검출한계법을 적용할 경우 평균 약 15.2% 정도의 정확도가 향상되는 것으로 분석되었으며, 3점 휨 시험에서도 가변 검출한계법이 적용된 분석 결과가 실제 파괴면과 더 높은 연관성을 보였다. 따라서 가변 검출한 계법이 AE 음원의 위치를 정확히 분석하는데 유용한 알고리즘이라는 것을 검증시험으로부터 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.227-233
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• 2022

3D 프린팅은 다수의 레이어(layer)를 적층하여 물체를 제작하는 기법으로, 복잡한 형상을 가지는 물체를 비교적 쉽게 제작할 수 있다. 이를 건설 산업에 접목한 3D 콘크리트 프린팅(3D concrete printing)은 콘크리트 타설 시 거푸집을 사용하지 않으며, 비교적 적은 작업량과 인력이 요구되므로 경제적인 시공이 가능하나, 출력된 3D 프린팅 콘크리트는 일반 콘크리트 대비 다소 낮은 강도가 예상된다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 3D 프린팅 콘크리트 시편의 물성을 분석하였다. 3D 프린팅 콘크리트 시편 출력을 위해 Ultimaker Cura 소프트웨어로 형상 및 출력 경로를 설계하고, 이를 바탕으로 3D 프린터를 제어하는 G-code를 생성하였다. 연구에서 사용된 3D 프린터의 출력 성능과 콘크리트의 적층성, 유동성 등을 고려하여 최적의 배합비를 선정하였고, 시편 출력에 활용하였다. 시편 출력 시 동일한 치수를 가지는 몰드 시편을 함께 제작하여 비교·분석에 사용하였다. 각 시편의 물성은 휨강도 시험과 압축강도 시험을 통해 각각의 강도를 측정하였고, 비교·분석하여 3D 프린팅 콘크리트 시편의 물성을 확인하였다.