• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.5
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• pp.666-676
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• 2000

For the study of morphological variation of Q. variabilis natural population in Korea, 19 populations were selected through the country in considering latitude, longitude, and geographical characters. Thirty trees were randomly selected from each population and 60 mature leaves were sampled from each tree. Four characters (leaf blade length, maximum blade width, petiole length, and vein number) were measured, and their ratios (the ratio of blade length to maximum blade width, the ratio of blade length to petiole length, the ratio of petiole length to vein number, upper 1/3 blade width to maximum blade width, and upper 1/3 blade width to lower 1/3 blade width) were calculated. 1. Analysis of variance for all leaf characters were significantly different among populations and among individuals within population. Contributions of variance among individuals within population in all the characters were higher than those among populations. Therefore, selection of plus trees may be preferable to desirable populations for breeding program of Q. variabilis. 2. Among principal component analysis for leaf characters, primary 2 principal components appeared to be major variables for leaf form of Q. variabilis because of the loading contribution of 80.5%. The first contribution component was petiole length/vein number and petiole length ; the second one was upper 1/3 blade width/maximum blade width, upper blade width/lower 1/3 blade width and vein number, respectively. 3. Latitude was positively correlated with blade length/maximum blade width and blade length/petiole length, but negatively correlated with petiole length/vein number, upper 1/3 blade width/maximum blade width, upper 1/3 blade width/lower 1/3 blade width, petiole length, and vein number. But, for longitude and altitude the former two traits and the later five traits exhibited the negative and positive correlation, respectively. 4. Cluster analysis using complete linkage method for leaf characters showed two groups to Euclidean distance 1.6. They were group I of population 1. 4, 5, and 13 and group II of population 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19. However, group II was divided again to Euclidean distance 1.3, that is a group including population 3, 7, 10, 14, 15, and 17(group II-1) and the other group comprising population 2, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 18, and 19(group II-2). This cluster could be mainly observed due to difference among population in aspect (group I : NE, group II-1 : SE, and group II-2 : SW).

• TTA Journal
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• s.73
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• pp.116-122
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• 2001

현재 3G 기술의 주된 진전은 IP기반은 프로토콜을 기반으로 하는 핵심망의 부분이라고 해도 과언이 아니다. 30GPP2의 경우, IETF의 Mobile IP를 호스트의 매끄러운 로밍을 위한 핵심망의 라우팅 프로토콜로 채택하고 있으며 3GPP 역시 기존의 GTP기반의 GPRS 망에서 인터넷과의 글로벌한 로밍을 위해 IETF의 Mobile IP를 채택하려고 하는 입장이다. 본 글은 3G 기술, 특히 핵심망에서 호스트의 매끄러운 로밍을 지원하기 위한 기술지원 동향을 ITU의 입장이 아닌 IETF의 입장에서 고찰하도록 한다. 이를 위해 본 글은 IETF에서 3G 셀룰러망을 위한 표준규격 워킹그룹을 분류하고 각 워킹그룹의 역할을 고찰해 보도록 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Database Society Conference
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• 1995.12a
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• pp.97-100
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• 1995

3차원 공간에서 항행기법을 이용한 사용자 인터페이스는 정보의 시각화를 통한 편리성과 연속적인 제어를 통한 자연스런 대화가 가능하다는 장점이 있다. 또한, 응용범위와 표현력의 증가, 사용자의 이해를 증진시킬수 있는 점등 잇점이 많다. 하지만 개념의 미확립. 구현상의 복잡성 등의 문제점으로 인해 아직까지는 개발이 부진한 상태에 있다. 본 논문에서는 이런 3차원 항행기법을 그룹웨어 응용프로그램이 요구하는 사용자관리, 도메인 관리 및 세션관리에 적용해 봄으로써 공간상에 시각정보를 나타내는 방법에 관한 구체적인 면을 설명한다.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2013

This study evaluated the change of color and the microhardness according to time-out using the office bleaching with in vitro test after bleaching one time 1 day per week, total three times, for the control group and three times per 1day for the experimental group. $L^*$ was increased in both groups. Group 1 showed a significant increase statistically between before and after tooth whitening (p<0.05). Group 2 showed a significant increase statistically between before and after tooth whitening (p<0.05). ${\Delta}E^*$ was huge in both groups. In group 1, it was great in terms of statistical significance between 1 day and 7 days after tooth whitening (p<0.05). In group 2, it was the greatest between before and 1 day after tooth whitening and was significant statistically as well (p<0.05). Vickers hardness number (VHN) decreased in both groups. In group 1, VHN decreased over time and the difference was significant statistically (p<0.05). In group 2, VHN decreased over time and the difference was significant statistically (p<0.05). Percentage microhardness loss was great in both groups. In group 1, it was the greatest between 1 day and 7 days after the treatment, and it was significant statistically (p<0.05). In group 2, it was the greatest between before and 1 day after the treatment, and it was significant statistically (p<0.05). Put together, the more frequent tooth whitening a day is, the longer the period of tooth whitening when applying the same frequency, the greater color change was, however the microhardness decreased, in regard to the results over time using 15% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening product for professionals.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.29 no.3B
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• pp.305-313
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• 2004

Group multicast refers to the kind of multicast in which every member of a group is allowed to transmit data to the group. The goal of routing algorithms for group multicast is to construct a set of low cost multicast trees including all the group members with QoS (e.g., bandwidth) constraint. There have been several algorithms proposed: source tree and shared tree approaches. However, the latter approach has a low success rate in constructing a shared multicast tree, and the former approach suffers from high control overhead and low scalability as stoup size increases. In this paper, we present a heuristic algorithm which varies the number of multicast trees according to the network load. The simulation results show not only that our algorithm outperforms the shared tree approach in terms of the success rate, but also that it has lower control overhead than the source tree approach while guaranteeing the same success rate.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.225-229
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• 2014

Purpose: The study was to analyze the correlation between kinetic visual acuity (KVA), visual acuity(static visual angle, SVA) and contrast sensitivity. Methods: Ninety-nine undergraduate students studying Ophthalmic Optics were fully corrected by the Topcon CV-3000 Phoropter. The contrast sensitivity was measured for the participants under the photopic condition ($100cd/m^2$) with Vector Vision CSV-1000E at 2.5 meter, while KVA was measured with KOWA AS-4A. The participants were classified into three groups L, M and H depending on the KVA (0.1~0.3, 0.31~0.6 and greater than 0.61, respectively) and were analyzed whether there was the correlation between the contrast sensitivity, visual acuity and refractive error. Results: The KVA was correlated with the contrast sensitivity for 3 cpd (r=0.26), for 6 cpd (r=0.48), for 12 cpd (r=0.38) and 18 cpd (r=0.47). Except for the low frequency of 3 cpd, they all were higher than the one of the SVA and the KVA (r = -0.37). The contrast sensitivity for 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd was 59.41, 92.22, 38.41 and 14.39 in the group L, respectively. The contrast sensitivity in the group M was 66.03, 108.78, 53.51 and 19.20 and the one in the group H was 70.90, 146.10, 62.90 and 25.33 for 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd, respectively. Conclusions: The correlation of the contrast sensitivity and the KVA was higher than the one of the contrast sensitivity and the SVA. It can be assumed that the contrast sensitivity will be high if the KVA is high, except for the case for low spatial frequency.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1214-1222
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Pueraria lobate-root based combination supplementation containing Rehmannia glutinosa and exercise on histone modification in ovariectomized rat hindlimb skeletal muscle. Sixty rats were fed with high fat diet and randomly assigned into the following groups for 8 weeks: 1)HSV; High fat+Sedentary+Vehicle, 2)HSP; High fat+Sedentary+PR, 3)HSH; High fat+Sedentary+Estradiol, 4)HEV; High fat+Ex+Vehicle, 5)HEP; High fat+Ex+PR, 6)HEH; High fat+Ex+Estradiol. Exercise consisted of low intensity treadmill exercise(1-4th wk:15 m/min for 30 min, 5-8th wk: 18 m/min for 40 min, 5 times/week). The result of this study showed that exercise and Pueraria and Rehmannia glutinosa intake suppressed weight gain. Furthermore, exercise and Pueraria and Rehmannia glutinosa intake increased muscle mass. This study observed H3K9 acetylation and demethylation in plantaris muscle in exercised group, but no difference in soleus muscle. To test whether the decrease in HDAC4, HDAC5 and G9a mRNA levels after exercise and Pueraria/Rehmannia glutinosa intake, HDAC4, HDAC5 and G9a mRNA levels were determined by real-time PCR. Only exercise induced HDAC5 and G9a mRNA reduction in plantaris muscle, but not in soleus muscle. In conclusion, these data demonstrates that exercise and Pueraria/Rehmannia glutinosa intake effect on body compositions. These changes are regulated by epigenetic modifications, such as histone acetylation and methylation. Future studies should focus on gene-specific epigenetics and other epigenetic mechanism for Pueraria/Rehmannia glutinosa intake.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-24
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• 1998

RAPD markers were analyzed in order to detect the genetic variation and diversity of the fifty-two melon lines. SDS extraction method produced more and purer DNA than CTAB method. RAPD reaction conditions were optimized as follows ; 10ng template DNA, 270nM primer, $200{\mu}M$ each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP, $0.3{\mu}unit$ dynazyme and 10x buffer brought to $15{\mu}l$ final volume with distilled water. The adequate annealing temperature was $39^{\circ}C$ and forty cycles of amplification produced the best RAPD band patterns. Among a total of 123 bands from 12 random primers, 25 polymorphic bands(20%) were selected as reliable markers. The average number of polymorphic bands per primer was 2.1 among the 52 lines. Intragroup genetic relationship based on the marker difference was closer than intergroup genetic relationship. The 52 lines could be grouped into two major group (Korean landraces and melon lines) and then melon group subdivided into two subgroups (net melon lines and no-net melon). This result corresponded to morphological grouping. Eight RAPD markers separated the Korean landraces and melon groups and four RAPD markers separated net melon and no-net melon groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.585-592
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• 2016

This study was conducted to analyze the gap between importance and satisfaction of university foodservice attributes as well as to assess customer satisfaction with university foodservice establishments. All statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS package program (ver. 20.0) for t-test, ANOVA, and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). A total of 619 valid responses were used for the data analysis. The results of this study are as follows: the composition of respondents was 53.5% males and 46.5% females. Exactly 85.5% of respondents ate lunch at least five times a week at the on-campus foodservice. The favorite lunch menus of Chinese university students were Chinese food (91.8%), followed by Western food (3.5%), Korean food (2.2%), and Japanese food (1.5%). According to the results of IPA, foodservice selection attributes that were priorities for improvement were food taste, food freshness, menu variety, waiting time for meal, and toilet cleanliness. In addition, five satisfaction factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis. According to the results of one-way ANOVA, 'physical environment' and 'service quality' factors showed significant differences according to the students' grades and the frequency of eating lunch at on-campus foodservice. On the other hand, 'food quality and menu' and 'convenience and price' factors showed significant differences according to meal cost. In conclusion, in order to enhance customer satisfaction of on-campus foodservice, foodservice managers should offer a varied menu at reasonable prices and improve food quality.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.807-815
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• 2018

This study was investigated the effect of dietary probiotic mixture on blood biomarkers, immune responses, caecal microorganism and productivity in broiler chickens under heat stress (HS). A total of 400 broiler chick males (Ross 308) were divided into four groups of 100 heads each, group C (control, room temperature $25^{\circ}C$), HS (heat stress $33^{\circ}C$) and HSP (HS plus probiotic mixture 500, 750 mg/kg of diet), respectively. Broiler body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and immune organ weight increased in the HSP group compared to the HS group. The concentrations of blood IgG and lymphocyte were increased in the HSP group compared to the HS group, and the heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, corticosterone concentration and mortality were low. Lactobacillus in the cecum increased in the HSP group compared to the HS group, but was lower in Escherichiacoli (E. coli), coliform bacteria and aerobic bacteria. These results indicate that feeding probitic mixture including three strains such as B. subtilis, S. galilaeus and Sphingobacteriaceae to broiler exposed to heat stress can improve production with lowering mortality by improving immune response and microbial balance.