• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.865-872
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• 2024

Loperamide-induced constipation reduced gastric emptying, small-intestinal and colonic motility, and these effects were prevented by Fruit and vegetable complex extracts(FVCE). In this study, the effects of FVCE on constipated male Sprague-Dawley rats induced by loperamide(3 mg/kg, s.c.,14 days) were investigated. Rats were randomly assigned to the normal control rats(regular diet), constipated rats(regular diet plus loperamide), constipated rats treated with 200 mg FVCE(regular diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg/day FVCE plus loperamide), constipated rats treated with 400 mg FVCE(regular diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg/day FVCE plus loperamide). There was less fecal excretion and lower fecal water content in loperamide-treated rats than in control rats. Oral administration of FVCE blocked the decrease of fecal excretion and fecal water content in the loperamide-treated rats. Mucus production of crypt cell and mucus contents at fecal and mucosa surface were reduced by loperamide-treated rat. But colonic crypt cell contained increased mucin in the FVCE treated group and mucus layer stained with alcian blue was significantly thicker in FVCE treated rats compared with in loperamide-treated rats. In isolated rat ileum, loperamide produced inhibition of ileal motility. Pretreatment with water extracts of FVCE in isolated rat ileum prevented inhibition by loperamide. These findings indicated that the FVCE was effective for alleviation of inhibition of colonic peristalsis by loperamide and that FVCE might be of value in the prevention of constipation.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.100-112
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• 2005

Soil temperature was measured from the surface to 40 cm depth at three stations with different heights in tidal flat of Gomso Bay, west coast of Korea, for one month in every season 2004 to examine the thermal structure and the variation. Mean temperature in surface layer was higher in summer and lower in winter than in lower layer, reflecting the seasonal variation of vertically propagating structure of temperature by heating and cooling from the tidal flat surface. Standard deviation of temperature decreased from the surface to lower layer. Periodic variations of solar radiation energy and tide mainly caused short term variation of soil temperature, which was also intermittently influenced by precipitation and wind. Time series analysis showed the power spectral energy peaks at the periods of 24, 12 and 8 hours, and the strongest peak appeared at 24 hour period. These peaks can be interpreted as temperature waves forced by variations of solar radiation, diurnal tide and interaction of both variations, respectively. EOF analysis showed that the first and the second modes resolved 96% of variation of vertical temperature structure. The first mode was interpreted as the heating antl cooling from tidal flat surface and the second mode as the effect of phase lag produced by temperature wave propagation in the soil. The phase of heat transfer by 24 hour period wave, analyzed by cross spectrum, showed that mean phase difference of the temperature wave increased almost linearly with the soil depth. The time lags by the phase difference from surface to 10, 20 and 40cm were 3.2,6.5 and 9.8 hours, respectively. Vertical thermal diffusivity of temperature wave of 24 hour period was estimated using one dimensional thermal diffusion model. Average diffusivity over the soil depths and seasons resulted in $0.70{\times}10^{-6}m^2/s$ at the middle station and $0.57{\times}10^{-6}m^2/s$ at the lowest station. The depth-averaged diffusivity was large in spring and small in summer and the seasonal mean diffusivity vertically increased from 2 cm to 10 cm and decreased from 10 cm to 40 cm. Thermal propagation speeds were estimated by $8.75{\times}10^{-4}cm/s,\;3.8{\times}10{-4}cm/s,\;and\;1.7{\times}10^{-4}cm/s$ from 2 cm to 10 cm, 20 cm and 40 cm, respectively, indicating the speed reduction with depth increasing from the surface.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.289-300
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• 2009

The Geodo mine area, had been developed for Fe and Cu ores since 1963 and abandoned in recent decades, is located in the central part of the Taebaeksan mineralized district. This area comprises of the Jangsan, Myobong, Pungchon, Hwajeol, Dongjeom, and Dumugol Formations in ascending stratigraphic order. These Formations were intruded by the Cretaceous Eopyeong granitoids that appears to produce the Geodo skarn. Their compositions are relatively oxidized quartz monzodiorite to granodiorite (magnetite series, $Fe_2O_3/FeO=0.3{\sim}1.1$). Mineralizations related skarn deposit occur in the Myobong, Pungchon, and Hwajeol Formations. The proximal skarn is zoned from andraditic garnet ($Ad_{44-95}Gr_{1-53}$) predominant adjacent to the Eopyeong granitoids to diopsidic pyroxene ($Hd_{10-100}Di_{0-89}$) predominant away from the one. The differential proportion of garnet and pyroxene is generated by water/rock ratio and their source, such as magmatic and meteoric water. This is useful tool for assessment the overall oxidation state of the entire skarn system. Gold occurs in proximal red to brownish garnet skarn, and genetically associated with Bi- and Te-bearing minerals. Skarn deposit developed in the Geodo mine area is considered as oxidized Au skarn category, based on chemical composition of the Eopyeong granitoids, zonation of skarn, and gold occurrences. Garnet-rich skarn zone will be the main target for exploration of gold in the study area. However, it is needed to the detailed survey on vertical zonation of this area as well as lateral zonation. The result of this survey would provide an important basis for the exploration of the skarn Au deposit in the Geodo mine area.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.149-165
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• 1993

Nowadays, the field hydraulic test is still an only method to evaluate groundwater characteristics in subsurface. The results of hydraulic test are very important for the concept model of fracture hydrogeology as well as the geometric pattern of fractures. The hydraulic tests performed in Korea are generally analysed under such assumption as steady radial flow in homogeneous aquifer or along simple geometry of fractures. Also the transmissivity measured in a fixed interval length is equivalent to a sum of individual fracture transmissivities in test legth. The boundary effects of weH hydraulics and the geometry of flow paths are hardly obtained from the test results analysed by a steady flow method. To circumvent this problem, the flow dimensional analysis was attempted from the results of constant pressure injection test carried out in a fractured granite area. A comparison of the hydraulic conductivity values from the transient and steady analysis shows that the latter is about a factor of 2~3 higher than the former. However, it was possible to analyse a flow dimension of each test interval from flow rate variation with time. The upper part of the bedrock(<10m deep) indicates an open boundary and the flow dimension shows nearly steady states, while the lower part of the bedrock(>25m deep) is characterized as sublinear flow dimension with a dosed boundary. In one of the test sections(15m deep), the flow dimension was changed from linear flow to spherical flow. From the experience of this study, one of the immediate problems to be solved is to enhance the field testing equipments, i.e., an accurate flowmeter with autorecording and a pressure detecting device to be able to install in the test section.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.129-136
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• 2014

Electromagnetic (EM) methods are generally divided into frequency-domain EM (FDEM) and time-domain EM (TDEM) methods, depending on the source waveform. The FDEM and TDEM fields are mathematically related by the Fourier transformation, and the TDEM field can thus be obtained as the Fourier transformation of FDEM data. For modeling in time-domain, we can use fast frequency-domain modeling codes and then convert the results to the time domain with a suitable numerical method. Thus, frequency-to-time transformations are of interest to EM methods, which is generally attained through fast Fourier transform. However, faster frequency-to-time transformation is required for the 3D inversion of TDEM data or for the processing of vast air-borne TDEM data. The diffusion expansion method (DEM) is one of smart frequency-to-time transformation methods. In DEM, the EM field is expanded into a sequence of diffusion functions with a known frequency dependence, but with unknown diffusion-times that must be chosen based on the data to be transformed. Especially, accuracy of DEM is sensitive to the diffusion-time. In this study, we developed a method to determine the optimum range of diffusion-time values, minimizing the RMS error of the frequency-domain data approximated by the diffusion expansion. We confirmed that this method produces accurate results over a wider time range for a homogeneous half-space and two-layered model.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2017

In this study, the experiment for determining shock loss at the branch is conducted for the design of network double-deck road tunnel ventilation. The shock loss coefficient that determines the quantity of shock loss has been considered only regarding the constant aspect ratio of circular or rectangular section. However the suggestion of shock loss coefficient is needed since the aspect ratio of double-deck road tunnel for small vehicle is considered around 1:3 with the low height in Korea. The experiment model was made with the scale of around 1:23 applying Reynolds similarity law, so that the shock loss coefficient on the branch of the large aspect ratio was measured. The result of the study showed that shock loss coefficients of both split branch and straight branch were measured two to three times higher than those calculated from the theoretical equation or design values of previous studies. Therefore the study resulted the effect of large aspect ratio on shock loss coefficient was huge, and it is expected that precise design value can be suggested for the design of network double-deck tunnel ventilation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.50-56
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• 2017

The perimeter structure in high-rise buildings, which plays a major role in resisting lateral forces, is generally formed by the orthogonal placement of the beam and column, but currently various grid patterns are implemented. In a previous study, the adaptability of the $IsoTruss^{(R)}$ grid (ITG) as a perimeter structure was examined. In this study, a method of estimating the required cross sectional area of a member in a preliminary design is proposed. The members of the perimeter structure are placed in three planes, perpendicular (PPR), parallel (PPL) and oblique (POQ) to the lateral loading, and the stiffness of the members in the POQ was taken into account by projecting them onto the PPL or PPR. Three models are established for member size zoning through the height of the building, in order to investigate the effect of the shear and moment in the calculation of the required cross sectional area. To examine the effectiveness of this study, a 64-story building is designed and analyzed. The effect of the member size zoning was examined by comparing the maximum lateral displacement, required steel amount, and axial strength ratio of the columns. Judging from the maximum lateral displacement, which was 97.3% of the allowable limit, the proposed formula seems to be implemental in sizing the members of an ITG structure at the initial stage of member selection.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.205-209
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• 2019

The exquisite structure and attractive biological properties of biominerals have great potential and increased interest for use in a wide range of medical and industrial applications. Calcium carbonate biomineralization, mainly controlled by shell matrix proteins, has been used as a representative model to understand the biomineralization mechanism. In this study, in vitro calcium carbonate crystallization was carried out under room temperature and atmospheric pressure using recombinant shell matrix protein GRP_BA and artificial shell matrix protein GG1234. Both proteins inhibited the growth of typical rhombohedral calcite crystals in the calcium carbonate crystallization using $CaCl_2$ solution and $(NH_4)_2CO_3$ vapor, and spherulitic calcite crystals with rosette-like structures were synthesized in both the presence of GRP_BA and GG1234. These results might be caused by the properties of block-like domain structure and intrinsically disordered proteins. We expect that this study can contribute to enhance understanding of the calcium carbonate biomineralization controlled by shell matrix proteins.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.4
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• pp.337-345
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• 1992

In this research, a kinematic wave model was applied for the runoff analysis, Regulation of streamflow was estimated by the calibration of roughness coefficient as a parameter. The data analyzed were obtained from Ananomiya and Shirasaka experimental basins at Tokyo University Forest in Aichi. Estimation methods and characteristics of roughness coefficient as a evaluation method of hydrological function of forest are summarized as follows ; 1. Roughness coefficient($N_s$) indicates the resistance of hillslope to the flowing water of surface runoff. There exists an hypothesis that resistance of hillslope to flowing water increase with the growth forest and development of the $A_o$ layer. 2. Roughness coefficient($N_s$) was estimated by the parameter when the stream direct runoff was calculated by using the kinematic wave. 3. Secular change of '$N_s$' in ananomiya has a curve which has an upper limit and increases exponentially near the limit. The curve quickly increased from 1935 to 1945 when results of afforestation for erosion control were thought to be effective. On the other hand, slight increase of '$N_s$' in Shirasaka indicates that there was not such a big change in the surface of soil layer. 4. The increase of '$N_s$' was related with decrease of direct runoff and increase of base flow. It was recognized that the rate of direct runoff decreased with the improvement of forest physiognomy and the rate of base flow was increased. But absolute value of water runoff per one storm decreased in chronological order.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.139-155
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• 2001

We investigate the vertical velocity models beneath the newly installed broadband seismic network of KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) by using receiver function inversion technique. The seismic phases are primarily P-to-S conversions and reverberations generated at the two highest impedance interfaces like the Moho (crust-mantle boundary) and the sediment-basement contact. We obtained the teleseismic P-wave receiver functions, which were derived from teleseismic records of Seoul (SEO), Inchon (INCN), Tejeon (TEJ) , Sosan (SOS/SES), Kangnung (KAN), Ulchin (ULC/ULJ), Taegu (TAG), Pusan (PUS), and Ullung-do (ULL) stations. For Kwangju (KWA/KWJ) and Chunchon (CHU) stations, the Moho conversion Ps arrivals and waveforms of radial receiver functions are azimuthally inconsistent and unclear. From the receiver function inversion result, we found that crustal thickness is 29 km at INCN, SEO, and SOS (SES) stations, 28 km at KAN station in the Kyonggi Massif, 32 km at TEJ station in Okchon Folded Belt, 34 km at TAG, 33 km at PUS station in the Kyongsang Basin, 32 km at KWJ station (readjusted station by prior KWA station) included in the Youngdong-Kwangju Depression Zone, 28 km at ULC station in the eastern margin of the Ryongnam Massif, and 17 km at ULL station in the Ullung Island of the East Sea, respectively. The Moho configuration of INCN, SOS, KWJ, and KAN stations show a laminated smooth transition zone with a 3-5 km thick. The upper crusts(${\sim}5km$) of KAN, ULC, and PUS stations show complex structures with a high velocity. The unusually thick crusts are found at the TAG and PUS stations in the Kyongsang Basin compared to the thin (29-32 km) crust of the western part (INCN, SEO, SOS, TEJ, and KWA stations) The crustal thickness beneath Ullung Island (ULL station) shows the suboceanic crust with about 17 km thickness and complex with a high velocity layer of the upper crust, and the amplitudes of Incoming Ps waves from the western direction are relatively large compared to those from othor directions.