• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.263-269
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• 1992

These studies was conducted to investigate the influence of ALLELOPATHIC effects of upland weeds on crops and soil microorganisms. The aqueous extract of weed residues were used to identify physiological controll of plant and microorganisms. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The aqueous extract of weeds controlled germination and growth of plant, especially the 5%-extract of Potulaca oleracea suppressed the growth of soybean about 8~12%. 2. The 5%-extract of Potulaca oleracea inhibited effect of phytosynthesis of soybean about 60%. 3. The move the concetration of phenolic compounds in soil, the less a number of actinomycetes and bacteria. 4. The number of soil microorganism(fusarium oxysporum spp.) were decresed as to the concentration of vanillic acid was increased.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.737-752
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of Ganghwa domestic mugwort (Artemisia spp.) on vegetables and its related allelo-chemicals. When the receptor vegetables, such as Chinese cabbage, lettuce, and red radish, were treated with aqueous extract obtained from Sajabalssuk (A. $sp^*I$), Ssajuarissuk (A. $sp^*II$) or Ssajarissuk (A. $sp^*III$), their germination rate, leaf number, plant height, and root length were restricted with increasing concentration of aqueous extract. Allelopathic effect was the highest in radish, than lettuce and Chinese cabbage in order. The growth of topplant were more inhibited then root growth observing in restriction of plant height, root length, and chlorophyll contents. The plant height, the root length of red radish were 53.3 and 61.2% and their fresh weights were 19.8 and 26.4% compared to those of controls, respectively. A. $sp^*III$ showed the highest allelopathic effect among the donor plants. In HPLC analysis, 7 phenol compounds were identified in A. $sp^*I$ and A. $sp^*II$, and, in A. $sp^*III$, and hydroxybenzoic acid and phenylacetic acid were further identified as allelochemicals. It is considered that their plant growths were variously inhibited by the amounts and types of allelochemicals in aqueous extracts. To increase the productivity of farm land after cultivation of mugwort, these results can be useful to select the following field crops.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2019

Unripe astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Cheongdo-Bansi) is a by-product produced when thinning out the superfluous fruit of persimmon. We investigated whether unripe astringent persimmon has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Unripe astringent persimmon extract was fractionated sequentially in n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity compared to those of the other fractions. Pretreatment of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages with the ethyl acetate fraction reduced nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and intracellular oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, and p-coumaric acid as the phenolic compounds of the ethyl acetate fraction. Collectively, these findings suggest that unripe astringent persimmon is a source of functional materials that can promote antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1052-1060
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• 2018

Triclosan (TCS) is a phenolic antimicrobial chemical used in consumer products and medical devices. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo animal studies has linked TCS to numerous health problems, including allergic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disease. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system, we here show that short-term TCS treatment ($LC_{50}$: ~0.2 mM) significantly induced mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, TCS-induced mortality was dramatically suppressed by co-treatment with non-ionic surfactants (NISs: e.g., Tween 20, Tween 80, NP-40, and Triton X-100), but not with anionic surfactants (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate). To identify the range of compounds susceptible to NIS inhibition, other structurally related chemical compounds were also examined. Of the compounds tested, only the toxicity of phenolic compounds (bisphenol A and benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) was significantly abrogated by NISs. Mechanistic analyses using TCS revealed that NISs appear to interfere with TCS-mediated mortality by micellar solubilization. Once internalized, the TCS-micelle complex is inefficiently exported in worms lacking PMP-3 (encoding an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter) transmembrane protein, resulting in overt toxicity. Since many EDCs and surfactants are extensively used in commercial products, findings from this study provide valuable insights to devise safer pharmaceutical and nutritional preparations.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.578-586
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• 2008

Phytochemicals study from the leaves of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], one of Korean edible plant materials were investigated through various chromatographic procedures. The methanolic leaves extracts of soybean yielded 16 phytochemicals, including 5 isoflavones 1-5, 3 flavones 6-8, 1 flavonol 9, 2 pterocarpans 10 and 11, 2 phenolic compounds 12 and 13, 2 phytosterols 14 and 15, and 1 sugar alcohol 16. The structures were fully characterized by analysis of physical and spectral data and were defined clearly as 4,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone (1), 4,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone-7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (2), 4,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyisoflavone (3), 4,7-dihydroxyisoflavone (4), 4,7-dihydroxyisoflavone-7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (5), 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone (6), 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone (7), 3',4',5-trihydroxyflavone-7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (8), 3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavonol (9), coumestrol (10), glyceofuran (11), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (12), methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (13), soyasapogenol B (14), stigmasterol (15), and D-mannitol (16), respectively. Among them, phytochemicals 7-16 were reported for the first time on the isolation and confirmation from the leaves of this species. These results suggest that the leaves extracts of soybean may possess possible health related benefits to human due to the isolated phytochemicals 1-16 which have been well known potential effects on various chronic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 1984

Effects of major phenolic acids identified from barley residues (straw, root) on the germination of rice and 3 paddy weeds such as Echinochloa crusgalli, Cyperus serotinus, and Potamogeton distintus were evaluated to obtain the basic informations on the development of naturally occurring herbicides. The predominant phenolic compounds extracted from barley residues in both straw and root were identified as p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic, vanillic, and salicylic acids by means of paper chromatography. Total phenol content of barley straw and root at the harvesting stage was 0.169% and 0.127% per dry weight, respectively. During the decomposing process, total phenol content slightly increased and then decreased. The germination of test plants was inhibited by treatments of 4 major authentic phenolic acids identified, most significantly on rice, and less on E. crusgalli, and C. serotinus. P. distintus, however, was markedly stimulated by them as the concentration increased, and then sprouted buds of pondweeds were changed to dark brownish color, resulting in the death as the treatment prolonged. The greater inhibitory effect appeared on shoot growth rather than germination. The aqueous extracts of barley residues showed the similar inhibitory effect on the germination and shoot growth of rice and three paddy weeds as the treatments of 4 authentic phenolic acids.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.767-776
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate key properties of the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten (OFI) ie, levels of key chemicals (carotenoids, flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds as well as phenolic acid) and its antioxidative potential, depending on where the plant had been cultivated in Korea. The levels of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds in OFI were 55.45~65.32 mg (+)-catechin/g and 149.00~181.15 mg gallic acid/g, respectively. Protocatechuic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid in the ON1 and ON2 (161.90 and $196.25{\mu}g/g$ DW (dry weight)). Nineteen flavonoids were identified and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS in cladodes from OFI. Narcissin was the most abundant flavonoid in all of the samples ($1,241.89{\sim}1,775.10{\mu}g/g$ DW). Capxanthin and zeaxanthin were the most abundant carotenoids in OFI (64.88~128.08 and $48.10{\sim}93.82{\mu}g/g$ DW). The level of DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging activities in OFI were 10.78~25.35 and 16.85~34.16 mg AA eq/100 g, respectively. OFI by cultivar has different kind of phenolic acid, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Therefore, dietary intake of cladodes from OFI may be helpful for improving human health.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.7 s.80
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• pp.1158-1163
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• 2006

Bisphenol A (BPA), 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, has been widely used as a monomer for production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics, and final products of BPA include adhesives, protective coatings, paints, optical lens, building materials, compact disks and other electrical parts. Since BPA is a toxic chemical to elicit acute cell cytotoxicity and chronic endocrine disrupting activity, the degradation of BPA has been focused during last decades. To overcome the problem of photo-, and chemical-degradation of BPA, in this study, a bacterium that is able to biodegrade BPA, was isolated. The bacterium, isolated froln the soil of plastic factory, was identified as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (strain BP-2) based on physiological and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. A. calcoaceticus BP-2 was able to grow in the presence of $1140{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ BPA. Biodegradation experiments showed that BP-2 mineralized BPA via 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxyacetophenone, and average degradation rate was $53.3{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}\;day^{-1}$ under optimal conditions (pH 7 and $30^{\circ}C$). In high density resting cell $(3.5g-dcw.1^{-1})$ experiments, the maximal degradation rate was increased to $89.7{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}\;h^{-1}$. Our results suggest that BP-2 has high potential as a catalyst for practical BPA bioremediation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.205-214
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• 1989

The present experiment was conducted to investigate effects of soil conditioner applied on continuous cropping fields of red pepper from 1985 to 1986 in Imsil, Chunbuk province. 1. The ratios of bacteria/fungi (B/F) and actinomycetes/fungi (A/F) in the soils of continuous cultivation were increased with application of phytotoxin decomposers such as deep tillage (De), compost (Co), magnesium lime (Mg), gypsum silicate, and De + Co + Mg. 2. Degradation of phytotoxin (p-hydrohylenyons aeid) in the continuous soils was promoted with application of De, Co, Mg, gypsum, silicate and De + Co + Mg resulting in yield increase. 3. The infection rate plant by phytophthora were decreased with deep tillage and application of compost and magnesium lime and caused the increase of yield (22%) due to the increase of fruit per hill.