• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.5019-5024
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• 2015

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the dosimetric and clinical feasibility of volumetric modulated arc based hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (RapidArc) treatment for large acoustic schwannoma (AS >10cc). Materials and Methods: Ten AS patients were immobilized using BrainLab mask. They were subject to multimodality imaging (magnetic resonance and computed tomography) to contour target and organs at risk (brainstem and cochlea). Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) based stereotactic plans were optimized in Eclipse (V11) treatment planning system (TPS) using progressive resolution optimizer-III and final dose calculations were performed using analytical anisotropic algorithm with 1.5 mm grid resolution. All AS presented in this study were treated with VMAT based HSRT to a total dose of 25Gy in 5 fractions (5fractions/week). VMAT plan contains 2-4 non-coplanar arcs. Treatment planning was performed to achieve at least 99% of PTV volume (D99) receives 100% of prescription dose (25Gy), while dose to OAR's were kept below the tolerance limits. Dose-volume histograms (DVH) were analyzed to assess plan quality. Treatments were delivered using upgraded 6 MV un-flattened photon beam (FFF) from Clinac-iX machine. Extensive pretreatment quality assurance measurements were carried out to report on quality of delivery. Point dosimetry was performed using three different detectors, which includes CC13 ion-chamber, Exradin A14 ion-chamber and Exradin W1 plastic scintillator detector (PSD) which have measuring volume of $0.13cm^3$, $0.009cm^3$ and $0.002cm^3$ respectively. Results: Average PTV volume of AS was 11.3cc (${\pm}4.8$), and located in eloquent areas. VMAT plans provided complete PTV coverage with average conformity index of 1.06 (${\pm}0.05$). OAR's dose were kept below tolerance limit recommend by American Association of Physicist in Medicine task group-101(brainstem $V_{0.5cc}$ < 23Gy, cochlea maximum < 25Gy and Optic pathway <25Gy). PSD resulted in superior dosimetric accuracy compared with other two detectors (p=0.021 for PSD.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.591-597
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• 2012

This study was conducted to compare meat quality traits related to the tenderness of longissimus muscles obtained from domestic and imported steers. A total of 12 steers from three breeds were slaughtered, and were graded as quality grade 2. They were composed of 4 Hanwoo and 4 Holstein steers (domestic) as well as 4 Angus steers (imported from Australia and gained for six months in Korea until slaughtered). The longissimus lumborum muscles were separated and were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 and 14 d. Sarcomere length of Hanwoo was significantly shorter than Holstein and Angus at storage day 14 (p<0.05). The myofibrillar index was significantly lower on Hanwoo than Angus at ageing day 7, and was significantly lower than Holstein and Angus steers at storage day 14 (p<0.05). Total collagen contents of Hanwoo and Angus steers were significantly higher than Holstein on storage day 7 (p<0.05), whereas soluble collagen contents of Holstein were significantly higher than Hanwoo and Angus on storage days 7 and 14 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the fatty acid composition of the three breeds (p>0.05). Glutamic acid contents of Hanwoo and Angus steers were higher than those of Holstein steers at ageing day 7 and 14 (p<0.05). The results of this study have shown that there were no dramatic differences between beef from the three breeds that were fattened for 6 months under equal conditions.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3 s.39
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• pp.36-44
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• 1999

Objectives: It has been well known that electroacupuncture(EA) has an analgesic effect and there is a pain control system in the central nervous system(CNS). The pain control system is composed of three major nuclei, which are periaqueductal gray(PAG), raphe nuclei, and the pain inhibitory complex located in the spinal cord. It has been suggested that the analgesic effect of EA might be the result of activation of the pain control system in the CNS. However, there may be a possibility that other nuclei are also involved in this pain modulation. Thus, we investigated whether the posterior intralaminar thalamic nuclei (PTIN) are involved in the pain modulation. Methods: To measure the level of pain, the jaw opening reflex (JOR) was used as a pain index. The magnitude of JOR is estimated by averaging the area of 10 successive responses. JOR was evoked by tooth-pulp stimulation with bipolar electrode carrying stimulus with the following parameters: intensity ranging from 420uA to 680ulA, 0.3ms duration of square pulse, and 0.5 Hz. Hapkog($LI_4$) and Taechung ($LR_3$) were the chosen acupoints. The Hapkog point was stimulated ipsilaterally at 5V, 3 Hz, for 15min in total, and the Taechung was stimulated at 2-3 V, 3 Hz, and for a total of 15 or 30 minutes. Different intensities of stimulation were given the PITN; one was given at $300{\mu}A$ and the other was at 500uA. The position stimulated in these nuclei by Paxinos Atlas was AP; from bregma $-4.0{\sim}-4.3mm,\;L; 0.5{\sim}1.8mm,\;D;\;4.8{\sim}6.3mm$. Results: The Hapkog point had a significant analgesic effect (P<0.05). However, the Taechung point had no effect. Both types of stimulation in the PITN did not reveal any analgesic effects. Conclusions: From these results, it was suggested that the posterior intralaminar thalamic nuclei are not involved in the modulation of pain.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.103-112
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• 2017

Background: 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol 20-O-D-glucopyranoside, also called compound K (CK), exerts antidiabetic effects that are mediated by insulin secretion through adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium ($K_{ATP}$) channels in pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells. However, the antidiabetic effects of CK may be limited because of its low bioavailability. Methods: In this study, we aimed to enhance the antidiabetic activity and lower the toxicity of CK by including it with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (CD) (CD-CK), and to determine whether the CD-CK compound enhanced pancreatic islet recovery, compared to CK alone, in an alloxan-induced diabetic zebrafish model. Furthermore, we confirmed the toxicity of CD-CK relative to CK alone by morphological changes, mitochondrial damage, and TdT-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays, and determined the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic dose for both compounds to verify the relative safety of CK and CD-CK. Results: The CD-CK conjugate ($EC_{50}=2.158{\mu}M$) enhanced the recovery of pancreatic islets, compared to CK alone ($EC_{50}=7.221{\mu}M$), as assessed in alloxan-induced diabetic zebrafish larvae. In addition, CD-CK ($LC_{50} =20.68{\mu}M$) was less toxic than CK alone ($LC_{50}=14.24{\mu}M$). The therapeutic index of CK and CD-CK was 1.98 and 9.58, respectively. Conclusion: The CD-CK inclusion complex enhanced the recovery of damaged pancreatic islets in diabetic zebrafish. The CD-CK inclusion complex has potential as an effective antidiabetic efficacy with lower toxicity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.28-38
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate growth performance, photosynthesis, water use efficiency (WUE), and stomatal conductance ($g_s$) of container seedlings of Liriodendron tulipifera and Zelkova serrata growing under three different irrigation periods (1 time/1 day, 1 time/2 days and 1 time/3 days) for high seedling quality. The root collar diameter and height of L. tulipifera and Z. serrata seedlings were highest with 1 time/1 day irrigation, whereas they were lowest with 1 time/3 days irrigation. The two species showed low drought tolerance. As irrigation period was shortened, biomass and seedling quality index (SQI) of the two species increased. The ratio of height to root collar diameter (H/D) and the ratio of below to aboveground biomass (T/R) of the two species were lower with 1 time/3 days than at other irrigation periods. L. tulipifera and Z. serrata seedlings showed significantly higher photosynthetic capacity with 1 time/1 day irrigation. As irrigation period was shortened, $g_s$ of two species increased, while their WUE decreased significantly (P<0.05) These results show that 1 time/1 day irrigation provides the most optimal water condition for container seedling production of two species and irrigation controlling is very important for growth and quality of container seedlings.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.263-284
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of game-centered empathy training on the prosocial behaviors of elementary schoolers in a bid to suggest how their prosocial behaviors could be boosted. The research questions were posed as below: 1. Does game-based empathy training improve the overall empathy of school children? 2. Does game-based empathy training have a better effect on the cognitive empathy of school children or their emotional empathy? 3. Does game-based empathy training enhance the prosocial behaviors of school children? The subjects in this study were 62 children in their fourth year of D elementary school in Eumseong-gun, north Chungcheong province. They were divided into an experimental group and a control group, and a survey was conducted before and after the experimental group under-went empathy training for about six weeks. The instrument used in this study was David(1980)'s Interpersonal Reactivity Index adopted by Park Sung-hee(1996) to suit school children. Another instrument was Park Sung-hee (1997)'s inventory to assess the prosocial behaviors of children. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 for Windows program, and reliability analysis and t-test were employed. The findings of the study were as follows: First, as for the effects of the game-based empathy training on the overall empathy of the elementary school youngsters that included both emotional and cognitive empathy, both groups got lower scores in posttest than in pretest. The experiment produced unexpected results, as the experimental group got significantly lower scores. This fact indicated that the game-based empathy training was ineffective. Second, the game-centered empathy training didn't exercise any influences on their cognitive and emotional empathy. The experiment had a reverse impact on the cognitive and emotional empathy of the experimental group, which implied that the training served as a factor to deteriorate the two types of empathy, and the hypothesis posed in this study was rejected. Therefore, which type of empathy could make a better progress by being exposed to the training couldn't definitely be determined. Third, the game-based empathy training didn't serve to Improve the prosocial behaviors of the elementary schoolers. There was no change in the experimental group, and this fact signified that there's something wrong with the attempt to develop school children's empathy to step up their prosocial behaviors. Based on the above-mentioned findings, the following conclusion was reached: First, the game-centered empathy training had no effects on boosting the overall empathy of the school children. Second, the game-centered empathy training couldn't be said to be effective in improving either cognitive empathy or emotional one. From a viewpoint of relativity, that could be said to affect emotional empathy more than cognitive one. Third, the game-based empathy training wasn't effective in improving prosocial behaviors. Rather, that resulted in interrupting the promotion of prosocial behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.630-641
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to suggest the standard of bodytype which offers various data with regard to three-dimensional characteristics of body, and which offers the criterion for the sizes and shapes to interpret various bodytypes, to estimate filling, and to construct ready-made clothing. In this study, standard bodytype was defined as a typical type with beautiful proportion and shape which a large number of people have, too. In order to continue this study, there were two ways of analyzing bodytypes of subjects in the view of statistics and beauty. We primarily carried on statistical analysis in this report. Taken as a sample, the subjects were ninety-seven females who were between the ages of 18 and 24 years o1d. They were measured on November 1999. The data of seven hundred and few females, 18∼24 year-old, from the National Somatometry Survey of 1997 were used for analysis, too. Three kinds of classification methods were used for statistical analysis. The first method was based on the lateral view of the body, the second was based on the Factor and Cluster analysis of the photographic measurements of each of the anterior and lateral body, and the third was based on the Factor and Cluster analysis of the anthropometric measurements of the whole body. From the analysis on the distribution of R hrer Index the difference of width, the difference of depth, the proportion of height and head height, the High-frequency Proportion(H.P.)range were selected. The straight type from the lateral view, High-frequency type from each method, and subjects in H.P. range were compared with each other. As the result, it was confirmed that it is proper to base on the size and shape of subjects in H.P. range to analyze the standard bodytype.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.567-573
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• 2007

Tidal channel development is influenced by sediment type, grain size, composition and tidal current. Tidal channels are usually characterized by channel formation, density and shape. Quantitative analysis of tidal channels using remotely sensed data have rarely been studied. The objective of this study is to quantify tidal channels in terms of fractal dimension and compare different inter-tidal channel patterns and compare with DEM (Digital Elevation Model). For the fractal analysis, we used box counting method which had been successfully applied to streams, coastlines and others linear features. For a study, the southern part of Ganghwado tidal flats was selected which know for high dynamics of tidal currents and vast tidal flats. This area has different widths and lengths of tidal channels. IKONOS was used for extracting tidal channels, and the box counting method was applied to obtain fractal dimensions (D) for each tidal channel. Yeochari area where channels showed less dense development and low DEM had low fractal dimenwion near $1.00{\sim}1.20$. Area (near Donggumdo and Yeongjongdo) of dendritic channel pattern and high DEM resulted in high fractal dimension near $1.20{\sim}1.35$. The difference of fractal dimensions according to channel development in tidal flats is relatively large enough to use as an index for tidal channel classification. Therefore we could conclude that fractal dimension, channel development and DEM in tidal channel has high correlation. Using fractal dimension, channel development and DEM, it would be possible to quantify the tidal channel development in association with surface characteristics.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.33-45
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• 2020

Object Although Taeeum and Soyang constitutional types have bigger body shapes and higher body mass index values than those with the Soeum, the relationship between the Sasang constitutional type and bone mass density is controversial and the association of osteopenia and osteoporosis remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between bone mineral density, osteopenia, and osteoporosis according to Sasang constitutional type. Methods A total of 2,508 participants were included in this study. Among the study participants, 1,396 had Taeeum type, 276 had Soeum type, and 836 had Soyang type, respectively. The relationships to bone mass density, osteopenia, and osteoporosis in those with Sasang constitutional type were estimated using logistic and linear regression models. Results Bone mass density was significantly higher in the order of Taeeum, Soyang, and Soeum group (p < 0.01). Soeum group in comparison with Taeeum or Soyang group was significantly associated with a high odds ratio for osteopenia and osteoporosis except in the hip and femoral neck in the comparison of Taeeum and Soeum group (p < 0.01). Moreover, the bone mass density of Soeum group decreased more rapidly as the age increased when compared with Taeeum and Soyang group. Conclusions Our findings may contribute to the early prevention and management of high-risk individuals with poor bone mass density, osteopenia, and osteoporosis using Sasang constitution medicine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.473-479
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• 2019

PET-CT improves performance and reduces the time by combining PET and CT of spatial resolution, and uses CT scan for attenuation correction. This study analyzed PET image evaluation. The condition of the tube voltage and current of CT will be changed using. Uniformity phantom and resolution phantom were injected with 37 MBq $^{18}F$ (fluorine ; 511 keV, half life - 109.7 min), respectively. PET-CT (Biograph, siemens, US) was used to perform emission scan (30 min) and penetration scan. And then the collected image data were reconstructed in OSEM-3D. The same ROI was set on the image data with a analyzer (Vinci 2.54, Germany) and profile was used to analyze and compare spatial resolution and image quality through FWHM and SI. Analyzing profile with pre-defined ROI in each phantom, PET image was not influenced by the change of tube voltage or exposure dose. However, CT image was influenced by tube voltage, but not by exposure dose. When tube voltage was fixed and exposure dose changed, exposure dose changed too, increasing dose value. When exposure dose was fixed at 150 mA and tube voltage was varied, the result was 10.56, 24.6 and 35.61 mGy in each variables (in resolution phantom). In this study, attenuation image showed no significant difference when exposure dose was changed. However, when exposure dose increased, the amount of dose that patient absorbed increased too, which indicates that CT exposure dose should be decreased to minimum to lower the exposure dose that patient absorbs. Therefore future study needs to discuss the conditions that could minimize exposure dose that gets absorbed by patient during PET-CT scan.