• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1267-1272
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• 2002

The present research was undertaken to monitor the effects of restricted and ad. libitum feeding during last trimester of pregnancy on the performance of crossbred dairy cows and their calves. For this purpose two groups of crossbred cows having eight animals in each group were put into two plane of nutrition during their last three months of pregnancy. Dietary energy level in one group was calculated as per Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, (MAFF, UK) and the cows on other group received ad. libitum feeding (concentrate level similar to MAFF, recommendation+ad. libitum roughage). After calving, the cows of both groups were given same diet (ad. libitum) to study the effect of feeding during pregnancy on subsequent lactation performance of the cows. It was observed that during pre-calving period cows on ad. libitum feeding gained significantly (p<0.05) more body weight than that of cows on restricted feeding ($38.50{\pm}6.04$ vs $21.37{\pm}8.04kg/cow$). There was no significant differences between the birth weight of calves of restricted ($21.31{\pm}2.18kg$) and ad. libitum ($20.31{\pm}3.27kg$) groups. Dietary energy intake of ad. libitum group ($50.22{\pm}4.24$ MJ ME/d/cow) was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of restricted group ($39.76{\pm}1.03$ MJ ME/d/cow). During lactation period cows that were on restricted feeding produced little more milk (3.06 lit/cow/day), than that of the cows on ad. libitum feeding (2.84 lit/cow/day). Although growth rate of the calves of restricted group upto one month ($0.23{\pm}0.09kg/calf/d$) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of ad. libitum group ($0.17{\pm}0.08kg/calf/d$) but after four months the growth rate of the calves of two groups become nearly similar ($0.35{\pm}0.02$ vs $0.37{\pm}0.03kg/calf/d$) and difference between them was non-significant. During lactation period cows of restricted group gained little weight but cows of ad. libitum group lost significantly (p<0.05) more weight. Per day metabolizable energy intake in both group during lactation period was nearly similar (67.54 vs 69.58 MJ ME). It is concluded that ad. libitum feeding during last trimester of pregnancy is neither economic for getting maximum milk yield nor for calf growth rate and MAFF, recommended level of dietary energy during that period could be applied on our pregnant crossbred dairy cows.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.307-315
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• 2013

Objective: Colistimethate was first became available in 1950s and used until the early 1980s to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacteria and was abandoned due to its nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. However, it was recently reintroduced into the clinical practices due to emergence of multidrug-resistance gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii. Therefore, it is increasingly used in the intensive care unit settings as a salvage therapy. This study was designed to investigate the incidence rates and risk factors of acute kidney injury associated with colistimethate by using the standardized definition in critically ill patients. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of 71 adult patients above 18 years old receiving intravenous colistimethate at least 48 hours at intensive care unit, university-affiliated hospital from Nov 2012 to Aug 2013 and excluded patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and required renal replacement therapy before initiation of the colistimethate therapy. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was determined by using the standardized RIFLE criteria, classified with risk, injury, failure, loss and ESRD according to serum creatinine (Scr) levels. Results: Among the 71 patients included in the analysis, AKI developed in 40 patients (56.3%) and 6 patients (8.4%) had irreversible kidney injury. AKI occurred within 5 days in 20 patients (50.0%). Maximum Scr level showed a significant increase in the patients with AKI ($1.92{\pm}0.86mg/dL$ vs. $1.12{\pm}0.46mg/dL$ p=0.001), maximum BUN also increased ($64.2{\pm}28.7mg/dL$ vs. $48.4{\pm}24.9mg/dL$ p=0.017) and minimum creatinine clearance (CLcr) was significantly decreased in the patients with AKI than non-AKI ($34.5{\pm}18.6ml/min$ vs. $64.4{\pm}33.7ml/min$ p=0.185). The patients with AKI had significantly longer duration of colistimethate therapy ($21.1{\pm}17.0$ days vs. $13.0{\pm}11.5$ days, p=0.020) and larger cumulative doses of colistimethate ($6465.9{\pm}4717.0mg$ vs. $4438.1{\pm}3426.7mg$, p=0.040). Conclusion: The incidence and severity of AKI associated with colistimethate in critically ill patients was high and serious. Drug monitoring program should be performed to shorten duration of therapy and reduce cumulative dose from initiation of colistimethate therapy for minimizing AKI of colistimethate.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2007년도 특별 심포지엄 논문집
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• pp.43-51
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• 2007

In order to investigate the velocity structure of the southern part of the Korean peninsula, exploded seismic signals were recorded for 120 s along a 294-km WNW-ESE line and 150 s along a 335-km NNW-SSE line in 2002 and 2004, respectively. Velocity tomograms were derived from inverting P-wave and S-wave first arrival times. The raypaths indicate several midcrust interfaces. The shallowest one is at the approximate depth of $2{\sim}3\;km$ with refraction velocities of approximately Vp=6.0 and Vs=3.5 km/s, respectively. The second one of $15{\sim}17\;km$ depth has refraction velocities of approximately Vp=7.1 and Vs=3.7 km/s, respectively. The deepest significant interface varies in depth from 30.8 km to 36.1 km. The critically refracting Vp of $7.8{\sim}8.1\;km/s$ and Vs of $4.2{\sim}4.6\;km/s$ along this interface which may correspond to the Moho discontinuity. The velocity tomograms show (1) existence of a low-velocity zone centered at $6{\sim}7\;km$ depth under the Okchon fold belt and the Yeongnam massif, (2) extension of the Yeongdon fault down to greater than 10 km, and (3) existence of high-velocity materials under the Gyeongsan basin less than 4.2 km thick.

• Allergy, Asthma & Respiratory Disease
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.284-289
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• 2018

Purpose: Vitamin D plays an important role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. It is associated with various diseases such as cardiovascular, immune, allergic and infectious disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in clinical manifestations according to the concentration of vitamin D in mild bronchiolitis. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of medical records of patients with mild bronchiolitis from November 2016 to April 2017 in Daegu Fatima Hospital. Mild bronchiolitis was classified by the modified Tal's score method. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to a 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 20 ng/mL. We analyzed the clinical characteristics and laboratory data from the 2 groups. Results: Of the 64 patients, 19 were included in the deficiency group and 45 in the normal group. Vitamin D levels were $11.7{\pm}4.9ng/mL$ in the deficiency group and $28.8{\pm}5.0ng/mL$ in the normal group. There were no differences in clinical features between both groups. However, the vitamin D deficiency group had significantly longer hospitalization than the normal group ($6.78{\pm}2.74$ days vs. $5.3{\pm}1.7$ days, P=0.045). In the deficiency group, the incidence of previous respiratory diseases was significantly higher (P=0.001). No significant difference in blood and respiratory virus tests was observed. Conclusion: Low vitamin D levels in mild bronchiolitis were associated with longer hospitalization and prior respiratory disease. Vitamin D may affect the course of mild bronchiolitis.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.176-179
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• 2010

The InAs thin films were grown on GaAs(100) substrate with $2^{\circ}C$ tilted toward [$0\bar{1}\bar{1}$] with different As beam equivalent pressure (BEP) by using molecular beam epitaxy. Growth temperature and thickness of the InAs thin films were $480^{\circ}C$ and 0.5 ${\mu}m$, respectively. We studied the relation between the As BEP and the properties of InAs thin films. The properties of InAs thin films were observed by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), optical microscope, and Hall effect. The growth, monitored by RHEED, was produced through an initial 2D (2-dimensional) nucleation mode which was followed by a period of 3D (3-dimensional) island growth mode. Then, the 2D growth recovered after a few minutes and the streak RHEED pattern remained clear till the end of growth. The crystal quality of InAs thin films is dependent strongly on the As BEP. When the As BEP is $3.6{\times}10^{-6}$ Torr, the InAs thin film has a high electron mobility of 10,952 $cm^2/Vs$ at room temperature.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.62-73
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess new three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric variables, and to evaluate the relationships among skeletal and dentoalveolar variables through 3D cephalometric analysis. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were acquired from 38 young adults (18 men and 20 women; $22.6{\pm}3.2$ years) with normal occlusion. Thirty-five landmarks were digitized on the 3D-rendered views. Several measurements were obtained for selected landmarks. Correlations among different variables were calculated by means of Pearson's correlation coefficient values. Results: The body of the mandible had a longer curve length in men ($102.3{\pm}4.4$ mm) than in women ($94.5{\pm}4.7$ mm) (p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in the maxillary basal curve length. Men had significantly larger facial dimensions, whereas women had a larger gonial angle ($117.0{\pm}4.0$ vs. $113.8{\pm}3.3$; p < 0.001). Strong-to-moderate correlation values were found among the vertical and transverse variables (r = 0.71 to 0.51). Conclusions: The normative values of new 3D cephalometric parameters, including the maxillary and mandibular curve length, were obtained. Strong-to-moderate correlation values were found among several vertical and transverse variables through 3D cephalometric analysis. This method of cephalometric analyses can be useful in diagnosis and treatment planning for patients with dentofacial deformities.

• 지질공학
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.21-37
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• 1993

석회암, 사암과 셰일의 퇴적암 코아시료를 대상으로 암석의 비중, 공극률, 함수율 등을 구하고 탄성파 전파 속도와 점재하 강도 지수를 측정하였다. 이들 암석물성 사이의 관계로부터 석회암에 대한 밀도와 탄성파 속도의 관계는 $Vp=4085d^2-20747d+303,{\;}V_s=3899d^2-21442d+318$의 다소 곡선 경향을 나타낸다. 또한 밀도가 높은 셰일의 탄성파 속도가 사암에서보다 작으며 이는 셰일의 층리 영향띠문인 것으로 보인다. 석회암, 사암, 셰일의 P파 속도와 S파 소ㄷ도는 대체로 직선 양상을 보여주며 각 관계식은 석회암에서는 $V_s=0.26V_p+1041.6m/sec,{\;}사암은{\;}V_s=0.43V_p+424.2m/sec$, 셰일에서는 r= 0.86으로 나타났다. 석회암에 대한 점재하 강도 시험에 의하면 점재하 강도 이방성을 시료가 다소 호상구조를 보이더라도 뚜렷하지 않았다. $30^{\circ}-60^{\circ}$내외의 변화를 보이는 층리면 경사각은 직경방향과 축방향의 점재하 지수에 큰 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 생각된다. 점재하 강도 실험결과 점재하강도 지수가 증가하면 P파 속도도 증가하지만 상관관계가 뚜렷하지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1773-1782
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• 2014

The aim of the experiment was to study the effect of feeding system on meat quality characteristics of Small East African (SEA) goats and their crosses with Norwegian ($SEA{\times}N$) goats finished under small scale farming conditions. Twenty four castrated goats at the age of 18 months with live body weight of $16.7{\pm}0.54kg$ from each breed (SEA and $SEA{\times}N$) were distributed in a completely randomized design in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement (two breed, and three dietary treatments). The dietary treatments were; no access to concentrate (T0), 66% access to ad libitum concentrate allowance (T66) and 100% access to ad libitum concentrate allowance with 20% refusal (T100) and the experimental period was for 84 days. In addition, all goats were allowed to graze for 2 hours daily and later fed grass hay on ad libitum basis. Daily feed intakes were recorded for all 84-days of experiment after which the animals were slaughtered. Feed intake of T100 animals was 536 g/d, which was 183 g/d higher than that of T66 group. Supplemented goats had significantly (p<0.05) better feed conversion efficiency. The SEA had higher (p<0.05) hot carcass weight (8.2 vs 7.9 kg), true dressing percentage (54.5 vs 53.3) and commercial dressing percentage (43.3 vs 41.6) compared to $SEA{\times}N$. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) for dressing percentage and carcass conformation among supplemented goats except fatness score, total fat depots and carcass fat which increased (p<0.05) with increasing concentrate levels in the diet. Increasing level of concentrate on offer increased meat dry matter with subsequent increase of fat in the meat. Muscle pH of goats fed concentrate declined rapidly and reached below 6 at 6 h post-mortem but temperature remained at $28^{\circ}C$. Cooking loss and meat tenderness improved (p<0.05) and thawing loss increased (p<0.05) with ageing period. Similarly, meat tenderness improved (p<0.05) with concentrate supplementation. Shear force of muscles varied from 36 to 66, the high values been associated with Semimembranosus and Gluteobiceps muscles. The present study demonstrates that there are differences in meat quality characteristics of meat from SEA goats and their crosses with Norwegian breeds finished under small scale farming conditions in rural areas. Therefore, concentrate supplementation of goats of both breeds improves meat quality attributes.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2006

본 연구는 $MGA+PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 투여에 의한 발정 동기화 방법이 한우의 혈청 $P_4$ 수준, 발정 발현율과 수태율에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 수행하였다. 첫째로, 한우 미경산우에서 $MGA+PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 투여가 혈청 $P_4$ 수준에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 한우 미경산우 10두 및 프리마틴 1두에 대하여 MGA를 1일 0.5 mg을 14일간 오전 배합 사료에 섞어 급여하였으며, 19일이 경과한 후에 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 25 mg을 투여하였다. MGA feeding 후 혈청 $P_4$ 농도 수준을 분석하기 위하여 MGA 급여 기간과 급여 종료 후 발정이 관찰될 때까지는 3일 간격, $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 투여 시, 발정 및 인공 수정 시, 인공 수정 후 15일째 및 2개월째에 혈액을 채취하였다. 한우 미경산우의 혈청 $P_4$ 수준은 MGA급여 7일 이후부터 상승하기 시작하여 투여 9일차에는 5.4 ng/ml로써 이후 상승된 상태에서 유지되었다. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 투여시점인 33일차에는 7.6 ng/ml 수준으로 피크를 나타냈고, 투여 2-3일이 경과하고 발정이 발현됨에 따라 1.4 ng/ml로 급강하하는 양상을 보였다(p<0.05). 그러나 프리마틴의 경우에는 시험 기간 동안 P4수준의 변화가 인정되지 않았다. 둘째로, 한우 미경산우 및 경산우 194두를 이용하여 상기한 $MGA+PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 투여 방법(n=104)과 대조군으로 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 투여(11일 간격 2회 투여, n=90)에 따른 발정 발현율 및 수태율을 비교하였다. 발정 발현율은 대조군인 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 투여군 72.2%에 비해 $MGA+PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 투여군에서 91.3%로써 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 인공 수정 후 수태율은 $MGA+PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 투여군이 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 투여군에 비해 1회 수정 수태율(51.1 vs. 59.6%), 2회 수정 수태율(77.8 vs. 84.6%) 및 전체 수태율(88.9 vs. 94.2 %)이 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 본 연구의 결과는 $MGA+PGF_{2{\alpha}}$를 이용한 발정 동기화 방법은 $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ 투여법에 비해 높은 발정 동기화율 및 수태율을 나타냄으로서 한우의 번식 능력 향상에 적절히 활용될 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.338.2-338.2
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• 2014

투명반도체산화물은 우수한 광학적, 전기적 특성을 가지고 있기 때문에 차세대 박막트랜지스터의 채널층으로 각광을 받고 있다. 특히, 그 중에서도 a-IGZO를 이용한 TFT는 높은 가시광선 투과율(>80%)과 큰 전하이동도(>10 cm2/Vs) 를 갖는 등 좋은 광학적, 전기적 특성을 갖기 때문에 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 여러 연구들에 의하면, a-IGZO TFT는 소스/드레인의 전극으로 어떤 물질을 사용하는지에 따라서 동작특성에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 일반적으로, a-IGZO 박막은 n형 반도체로써 일함수가 작은 금속과는 ohmic contact를 형성하고, 일함수가 큰 금속과는 Schottky barrier를 형성한다고 알려져 있다. 이와 관련된 대부분의 이전의 연구들에서는 각각의 전극물질에 따라 전기적인 특성변화에 초점을 맞춰서 연구하였다. 본 연구에서는 일함수가 작은 Ag와 일함수가 큰 Au를 a-IGZO의 박막 위에 얇게 증착하면서 이에 따른 고분해능 광전자분광(high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) 정보의 변화를 분석함으로써, 금속의 증착에 따른 금속층과 a-IGZO 표면 및 계면에서의 화학적 상태의 변화를 연구하였다. Au 4f, Ag 3d는 metallic property를 나타내기 이전까지는 lower binding energy(BE) 쪽으로 shift하였으며, In 3d 또한 lower BE 성분이 크게 증가하였다. O 1s, Ga 3d, Zn 3d들은 상대적으로 적은 변화를 나타내었는데, 이는 Ag, Au가 In과 상대적으로 더 많이 상호작용한다는 것을 의미한다. 본 발표에서는 이들 core level의 정보들과, 가전자대의 분광정보, 그리고 band bending의 정보가 제시될 것이며, 이 정보들은 metal 증착에 따른 contact 특성을 이해하는데 기여할 것으로 기대한다.