• 방송과미디어
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.84-101
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• 2001

In this paper, we present a primitive system design of a super multi-view(SMV) 3-D display system based on a focused light array(FLA) concept using reflective vibrating scanner array(ViSA). The parallel beam scanning using a vibrating scanner array is performed by moving left and right an array of curvature-compensated mirrors or diamond-ruled reflective grating attached to a vibrating membrane. The parallel laser beam scanner array can replace the polygon mirror scanner which has been used in the SMV 3-D display system based on the focused light array(FLA) concept proposed by Kajiki at TAO(Telecommunications) Advancement Organization). The proposed system has great advantages in the sense that it requires neither huge imaging optics nor mechanical scanning pals. Some mathematical analyses and fundamental limitations of the proposed system are presented. The proposed vibrating scanner array, after some modifications and refinements, may replace polygon mirror-based scanners in the near future.

• 지질공학
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2017

대규모 불연속면의 굴곡도는 암반의 안정성을 판단하는 중요한 요소 중 하나이다. 그러나, 주로 실시하는 불연속면의 굴곡도 측정시험은 대형암반의 작은 코어를 채취하여 채취한 작은 코어의 굴곡도에 계수를 사용하여 대형 암반의 굴곡도를 환산하고 있다. 이러한 점을 보완하고자 3D Laser Scanner를 사용하여 대규모 불연속면의 굴곡도를 직접 측정하는 방안에 대해 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 3D Laser Scanner를 이용하여 실제 X,Y,Z의 좌표를 가지는 3D 모델을 구축하였고, CAD 프로그램을 사용하여 대규모 불연속면의 굴곡도를 산정한 데이터와 현장에서 Disc-Clinometer로 측정한 Data 결과를 비교 분석 하였다. 그 결과 Mean Dip과 Mean I 측정결과 모두 $1^{\circ}$ 이내로서 측정 장비의 기계오차 $1{\sim}2^{\circ}$ 사이에 속 하기 때문에 3D Laser Scanner를 이용한 데이터 취득 및 분석은 기존의 조사법을 보완할 수 있는 효율적이고 신뢰성 있는 조사법이라고 분석되었다.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.19-30
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the validity of three-dimensional (3D) facial scan taken with facial scanner and digital photo wrapping on the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients had their CBCT scan, two-dimensional (2D) standardized frontal photographs and 3D facial scan obtained on the same day. The facial scans were taken with a facial scanner in an upright position. The 2D standardized frontal photographs were taken at a fixed distance from patients using a camera fixed to a cephalometric apparatus. The 2D integrated facial models were created using digital photo wrapping of frontal photographs on the corresponding CBCT images. The 3D integrated facial models were created using the integration process of 3D facial scans on the CBCT images. On the integrated facial models, sixteen soft tissue landmarks were identified, and the vertical, horizontal, oblique and angular distances between soft tissue landmarks were compared among the 2D facial models and 3D facial models, and CBCT images. Result: The results showed no significant differences of linear and angular measurements among CBCT images, 2D and 3D facial models except for Se-Sn vertical linear measurement which showed significant difference for the 3D facial models. The Bland-Altman plots showed that all measurements were within the limit of agreement. For 3D facial model, all Bland-Altman plots showed that systematic bias was less than 2.0 mm and 2.0° except for Se-Sn linear vertical measurement. For 2D facial model, the Bland-Altman plots of 6 out of 11 of the angular measurements showed systematic bias of more than 2.0°. Conclusion: The facial scan taken with facial scanner showed a clinically acceptable performance. The digital 2D photo wrapping has limitations in clinical use compared to 3D facial scans.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.587-596
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• 2015

3차원 스캐너는 실제 대상을 손쉽게 디지털화한다는 점에서 제조업, 건설업, 조선업 등 여러 산업분야에 적용되고 있으며, 최근에는 토공 중장비의 자동제어 및 가이던스를 위한 기초자료 제공을 위해 토공현장을 3차원 이미지화하는 작업에 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 토공현장의 정밀계측과 최근에 주목받고 있는 3차원 고해상도 레이져 스캐너의 정밀도 및 생산성을 비교하였다. 그 결과, 정밀도 측면에서 중해상도와 고해상도 스캔을 통해 얻은 데이터 값이 토탈스테이션을 통해 정밀 측정한 데이터의 좌표와 비교하여 99% 이상의 정밀도를 나타내었으며, 평균 2.0mm이내의 오차가 발생하는 것으로 분석되어 높은 정밀도를 보였다. 생산성 측면에서는 단순 타겟당 소요시간 비교를 통해 중해상도 스캔시 토탈스테이션을 이용한 정밀측정에 비해 71%의 시간절감효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 3차원 스캐너를 활용하여 토공현장을 측량하는 것이 우수한 정밀도와 높은 생산성을 발휘하는 것을 확인할 수 있다.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2011

A structured beam laser is often used to scan object and make 3D model. Multiple cameras are inevitable to see occluded areas, which is the main reason of the high price of the scanner. In this paper, a low cost 3D foot scanner is developed using one camera and two mirrors. The camera and two mirrors are located below and above the foot, respectively. Occluded area, which is the top of the foot, is reflected by the mirrors. Then the camera measures 3D point data of the bottom and top of the foot at the same time. Then, the whole foot model is reconstructed after symmetrical transformation of the data reflected by mirrors. The reliability of the scan data depends on the accuracy of the parameters between the camera and the laser. A calibration method is also proposed and verified by experiments. The results of the experiments show that the worst errors of the system are 2 mm along x, y, and z directions.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2014

An autonomous vehicle requires a technology of generating maps by recognizing surrounding environment. The recognition of the vehicle's environment can be achieved by using distance information from a 2D laser scanner and color information from a camera. Such sensor information is used to generate 2D or 3D maps. A 2D map is used mostly for generating routs, because it contains information only about a section. In contrast, a 3D map involves height values also, and therefore can be used not only for generating routs but also for finding out vehicle accessible space. Nevertheless, an autonomous vehicle using 3D maps has difficulty in recognizing environment in real time. Accordingly, this paper proposes the technology for generating 2D maps that guarantee real-time recognition. The proposed technology uses only the color information obtained by removing height values from 3D maps generated based on the fusion of 2D laser scanner and camera data.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
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• pp.301-303
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• 2003

The extraction of 3D road network from high-resolution aerial images is still one of the current challenges in digital photogrammetry and computer vision. For many years, there are many researcher groups working for this task, but unt il now, there are no papers for doing this with TLS (Three linear scanner), which has been developed for the past several years, and has very high-resolution (about 3 cm in ground resolution). In this paper, we present a methodology of road extraction from high-resolution digital imagery taken over urban areas using this modern photogrammetry’s scanner (TLS). The key features of the approach are: (1) Because of high resolution of TLS image, our extraction method is especially designed for constructing 3D road map for next -generation digital navigation map; (2) for extracting road, we use the global context of the intensity variations associated with different features of road (i.e. zebra line and center line), prior to any local edge. So extraction can become comparatively easy, because we can use different special edge detector according different features. The results achieved with our approach show that it is possible and economic to extract 3D road data from Three Linear Scanner to construct next -generation digital navigation road map.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.373-375
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• 2002

4D CT is a dynamic volume imaging system of moving organs with an image quality comparable to conventional CT, and is realized with continuous and high-speed cone-beam CT. In order to realize 4D CT, we have developed a novel 2D detector on the basis of the present CT technology, and mounted it on the gantry frame of the state-of-the-art CT-scanner. In the present report we describe the design of the first model of 4D CT-scanner as well as the early results of performance test. The x-ray detector for the 4D CT-scanner is a discrete pixel detector in which pixel data are measured by an independent detector element. The numbers of elements are 912 (channels) ${\times}$ 256 (segments) and the element size is approximately 1mm ${\times}$ 1mm. Data sampling rate is 900views(frames)/sec, and dynamic range of A/D converter is 16bits. The rotation speed of the gantry is l.0sec/rotation. Data transfer system between rotating and stationary parts in the gantry consists of laser diode and photodiode pairs, and achieves net transfer speed of 5Gbps. Volume data of 512${\times}$512${\times}$256 voxels are reconstructed with FDK algorithm by parallel use of 128 microprocessors. Normal volunteers and several phantoms were scanned with the scanner to demonstrate high image quality.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2003년도 춘계종합학술대회
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• pp.183-186
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• 2003

본 논문은 스케너 인식에 적합한 2차원 바코드 감열프린터 시스템의 구현에 관한 연구이다. 2차원 바코드는 1차원 바코드에 비하여 수평 및 수직의 명확도가 스케너 인식에 강한 영향을 주기 때문에 300dpi의 고해상도 감열프린터 시스템에 수평 및 수직에 대한 열이력기법을 적용한 시스템을 구현하였다. 구현된 시스템은 수직에 대해서만 이력기법을 적용한 기존의 방법에 비하여 수직과 수평에 대하여 열이력기법을 적용함으로서 상하좌우 어느 방향에서나 인식이 가능한 2차원 바코드 인식에 유용한 인쇄품질을 유지할 수 있다.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2016

As 3D geospatial information is demanded, terrestrial laser scanners which can obtain 3D model of objects have been applied in various fields such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), structural analysis, and disaster management. To acquire precise data, performance evaluation of a terrestrial laser scanner must be conducted. While existing 3D surveying equipment like a total station has a standard method for performance evaluation, a terrestrial laser scanner evaluation technique for users is not established. This paper categorizes and analyzes error sources which generally occur in terrestrial laser scanning. In addition to the prior researches about categorizing error sources of terrestrial Laser scanning, this paper evaluates the error sources by the actual field tests for the smooth in-situ applications.The error factors in terrestrial laser scanning are categorized into interior error caused by mechanical errors in a terrestrial laser scanner and exterior errors affected by scanning geometry and target property. Each error sources were evaluated by simulation and actual experiments. The 3D coordinates of observed target can be distortedby the biases in distance and rotation measurement in scanning system. In particular, the exterior factors caused significant geometric errors in observed point cloud. The noise points can be generated by steep incidence angle, mixed-pixel and crosstalk. In using terrestrial laser scanner, elaborate scanning plan and proper post processing are required to obtain valid and accurate 3D spatial information.