• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.170-181
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• 1996

Objective : This study was tried to investigate the specific relationships among cognitve function, neurbehavioral symptoms, and daily living functions, as well as provide the guidline of more proper clinical approches for patients with subcortical cerebrovascular disease. Objects and Methods Subjects were 85 patients whose diagnosis was confirmed by brain CT or MRI and controls were 195 normal persons matched by educational level with the subjects. The cognitive functions were evaluated by BNA(Benton neuropsychiatric assessment), subjective neurobehavioral symptoms by SCL-90-R(Sympton Check List-90-Revised), objective neurobehavioral symptoms by NRS(Neurobehavioral Rating Scale), and daily living function symptoms by NRS(Neurobehavioral Rating Scale), and daily living function by GERRI(Geriatric Evaluation by Relative's Rating Instrument) and IADL(Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale). Results: 1) Subjects showed significantly lower cognitive functions than controls in all tests of BNA except Lt-Rt Orientation Test(p=0.09) and facial Recognition Test(p=0.186). 2) In subjective neurobehavioral symptoms, subjects showed significantly lower scores in all symptoms except anxiety(p=0.059), hostility(p=0.159), and phobic anxiety(p=0.849). But in objects neurobehavioral symptoms, subjects showed significantly higher in scores in psychoticism (p=0.000) and neuroticism(p=0.025) of NRS. 3) The score of social functioning of GERRI(p=0.000) and that of IADL(p=0.000) were significantly higher in subjects than in controls. 4) for correlation between cognitive and daily living functions, there were significant correlations between the scores of all items on BNA and the score of cognitive or social function of GERRI and the socre of MDL in corntrols, whereas in subjects, there were significant correlations only between the scores of BNA and the score of IADL. 5) for correlation between neuroehavioral symptoms and daily living functions, there were significant correlatons between the socre of subjective neurobehavioral symptoms and the scores of all subscales of GERRI and the score of MDL in controls. On the contrary, in subjects, there were significant correlations between the score of social function of GERRI and the score of objective neurobehavioral symptoms such as psychoticism, agitiation-hostility, and decrease d motivation-emotional withdrawl. Conclusion : Above results suggest that disturbances in specific function of brain may play a role as a predictor of impairments with specific daily living functions and also suggest that specific correlations among various functions may be useful as clinical parameters for setting of the treatment goal and for assessing the ongoing process in the treatment and rehavilitation of the patients with subcortical cerebrovascular disease.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the activity of the supra and infrahyoid muscles according to the temperature and the amount of water in healthy adults. Methods : The amount of water was set to 3 mL and 20 mL, and the temperature was subdivided into $4^{\circ}C$, $22^{\circ}C$, and $40^{\circ}C$ in order to compare the activity of the supra and infrahyoid muscles in twenty-seven healthy adults. We used the mean value of the activity of the supra and infrahyoid muscles while they were swallowing saliva in order to set the reference voluntary contraction (%RVC). Results : Muscle activity was significantly increased when they swallowed 20 mL of water rather than 3 mL in the left infrahyoid muscles at $4^{\circ}C$, $22^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$ (p=.00; p=.00; p=.00), the right infrahyoid muscles at $22^{\circ}C$and $40^{\circ}C$ (p=.01; p=.01), the left suprahyoid muscles at $4^{\circ}C$ (p=.03). Muscle activity of the right suprahyoid muscles was significantly decreased at $40^{\circ}C$ compared to $4^{\circ}C$ and $22^{\circ}C$ when they swallowed 20 mL of water (p=.04). Conclusion : In the future, other variables such as viscosity and taste should be considered, and further studies on patients with impaired nervous system as well as healthy subjects will be needed.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidative activities of enzymatic digests from dried Citrus unshiu and C. grandis peels. The yields of digests from dried C. unshiu and C. grandis peels were high in viscozyme (a carbohydrase) and kojizyme (a protease), and enzymatic digests from dried C. grandis peels appeared highly comparable to those of C. unshiu. Total polyphenol contents were high in ultaflo (a carbohydrase) and alcalase and flavourzyme (proteases), and the digests from dried C. unshiu peels appeared high in comparison to C. grandis. Total flavonoid contents were high in ultaflo, alcalase, and water extract. DPPH radical scavenging activities appeared very high in digests from dried C. grandis peels in comparison to C. unshiu, and was the highest in viscozyme and kojizyme. The viscozyme digest displayed particularly high activity. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities increased somewhat with increasing amounts of digests, but displayed very high activity, more than 91%, except kojizyme the digest from dried C. unshiu peel, at 2.0 mg/mL. Alkyl radical scavenging activities increased rapidly with increasing amounts of digest, and all enzyme digests from dried C. unshiu and C. grandis peels displayed very high activities at more than 0.5 mg/mL. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activities increased rapidly with increasing amounts of digests, and all enzymatic digests from dried C. unshiu and C. grandis peels displayed relatively low activities in comparison to other activated oxygen species.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.177-197
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• 2007

This study discussed the climbing learning method which studied and practiced by Professor Saito Noboru. This is the learning method which is devised to know not only the relationship of the learning factors but the systemic or structural connection of whole studying contents- affects children's math learning ability through practical class to both the lower and the higher grades. To achieve the purpose of this study, these following issues were set; A. Develop the teaching and learning course of mathematics by applying the climbing learning method. B. Execute the mathematics lesson according to the climbing learning method and analyze the learning achievement. C. Analyze the difference between application of the climbing learning method and that of the learning method by student's level in mathematics. D. Analyze what the climbing learning method gives a shift of the recognition of learning mathematics. In order to accomplish these study issues, we analyzed the text book of math not only for children but also for teachers and developed the teaching and learning course applied the climbing learning method with advice of experts. It was chosen two different homogeneous groups each, third year for lower grade group and fifth year for higher grade group. It was done the experimental group lesson applying the climbing learning method and general lesson for the control group. After then, t-test against independent samples was done depending on the result of the student's assessment(T1, T2). These two groups' students were divided into smaller groups based on result of achievement level regardless of gender. These subgroups were confirmed the difference of learning ability between upper and lower level group. As regarding the result making out grades of faith and attitude for math, t-test was used on independent sample. At the same time, experimental groups were tested using learning attitude with the learning structure chart. Through this study the following results are obtained and the conclusion was drawn. Firstly, although applying the climbing learning method to the lesson does not have significant effect to the lower grade of elementary school student's achievement it has significant influence on the higher grade student's achievement. Second, as a result of analyzing the difference between the climbing learning method and the learning method by student's level in mathematics, it is of no beneficial effect to the lower grade both upper level and lower level. However, it has appreciable effect to the higher grade classes both upper level and low level. Especially, upper level students have higher effect than low level students. Third, climbing learning method does not affect to the faith and attitude of the lower grade students positively, but it has affirmative effect to the higher grade students'. As a result of the survey of the experimental groups which were applied to the climbing loaming method, the lesson by using the learning structure chart proved to be helpful to the both the lower and higher grade. The best advantage of using the learning structure chart, children say, is easily understood whole contents of studying and is useful for review. Furthermore, using the learning structure chart is more efficient compared with previous learning method and is given the successful result to self-directed learning. In conclusion, keeping up with the current of the thought of education, we suggest a scheme as a new teaching method from the constructive learning method which emphasize the self-directed learning.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.581-594
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• 2004

CREAHS II carried out an intensive hydrographic survey covering almost entire East Sea in 1999. Hydrographic data from total 203 stations were released to public on the internee. This paper summarized the results of water mass analysis by OHP (Optimum Multiparameter) method that utilizes temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, silicate, nitrate, phosphate and location data as an input data-matrix. A total of eight source water types are identified in the East Sea: four in surface waters(North Korea Surface Water, Tatar Surface Cold Water, East Korean Coastal Water, Modified Tsushima Surface Water), two intermediate water types (Tsushima Middle Water, Liman Cold Water), two deep water types (East Sea Intermediate Water, East Sea Proper Water). Of these NKSW, MTSW and TSCW are the newly reported as the source water type. Distribution of each water types reveals several few interesting hydrographic features. A few noteworthy are summarized as follows: The Tsushima Warm Current enter the East Sea as three branches; East Korea Coastal Water propagates north along the coast around $38^{\circ}N$ then turns to northeastward to $42^{\circ}N$ and moves eastward. Cold waters of northern origin move southward along the coast at the subsurface, which existence the existence of a circulation cell at the intermediate depth of the East Sea. The estimated volume of each water types inferred from the OMP results show that the deep waters (ESIW + ESPW) fill up ca. 90% of the East Sea basins. Consequently the formation and circulation of deep waters are the key factors controlling environmental condition of the East Sea.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.49-55
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• 1982

The purpose of this study is to classify the factors influenced on the damages of head works suffered from the storm flood occurred on July 22 1980 in both Musim and Bochong rivers and to find out an integral counter measures against the causes influenced on the disaster of head works in the engineering aspect of planning, design, construction and maintenance. In this survey, number of samples was taken 25 head Works, and the counter measures against the causes of their disasters summarized was as follows, 1. In the aspect of planning a. As the flood water level after the establishment of head works is more increased than the level before setting of head works owing to having more gentle slope of river bed between the head works than nature slope of river bed. Number of head works should be reduced for the appropriate annexation of them b. In the place where head works is established on the curved point of levee, the destruction of levee becomes severe by the strong deflective current. Therefore the setting of head works on the curved point should be kept off as long as possible and in case of unavoidable circumstances the construction method such as reinforced concrete wall or stone wall filed with concrete and anchored bank revetments should be considered. 2. In the aspect of design a. As scoring phenomena at up stream is serious around the weir Where the concentration of strong current is present in such a place, up stream apron having impermeability should be designed to resist and prevent scoring. b. As the length of apron and protected bed is too short to prevent scoring as down stream bed, the design length should be taken somewhat more than the calculated value, but in the case the calculated length becomes too long to be profitable, a device of water cushion should be considered. c. The structure of protected river bed should be improved to make stone mesh bags fixed to apron and to have vinyl mattress laid on river bed together with the improvement for increasing the stability of stone mesh bags and preventing the sucked sand from the river bed. d. As the shortage of cut-off length, especialy in case of the cutoffs conneting both shore sides of river makes the cause of destruction of embankment and weir body, the culculation of cut-off length should be taken enough length based on seepage length. 3. In the aspect of design and constructions a. The overturing destruction of weir by piping action was based on the jet water through cracks at the construction and expansion joints. therefore the expansion joint should be designed and constructed with the insertion of water proof plate and asphalt filling, and the construction joint, with concaved shape structure and steel reinforcement. b. As the wrong design and construction of the weep holes on apron will cause water piping and weir destruction, the design and construction of filter based on the rule of filter should be kept for weep holes. c. The wrong design and construction of bank revetment caused the severe destruction of levee and weir body resulting from scoring and impulse by strong current and formation of water route behind the revetment. Therefore bank revetment should be designod and constructed with stone wall filled with concrete and anchored, or reinforced concrete wall to prevent the formation of water flow route behind the wall and to resist against the scoring and impulse of strong stream. 4. In the aspect of maintenance When the damaged parts occurred at head works the authorities and farmers concerned should find and mend them as soon as possible with mutual cooperation, and on the other hand public citizen should be guided for good use of public property.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.391-398
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the polymorphism of transferrin exons 13, 15 and 16 by Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism(SSCP) analysis and to compare their genotypes of Cheju horse Group I (Cheju Institute), Cheju horse Group II (farms), and Thoroughbred (KRA). SSCP of transferrin exon 13, 15, and 16 showed two (A, B), three (A, B, C) and three (A, B, C) codominant alleles, respectively. The Group I and Thoroughbred showed the similar frequencies of allele A and B in transferrin exon 13, but only allele A was observed in Group Ⅱ. In transferrin exons 15 and 16, the frequencies of each allele were different in each Groups. The multiple allele frequencies in exons 15 and 16 suggested that the genotyping of this locus could be used to identify an individual and to test the parentage of offspring. The probability for parentage exclusion were 0.46 and 0.374 for exons 15 and 16 for Cheju horse Group I. Among the 13 combined genotypes of exons 13, 15 and 16, the genotype AA-AB-AB (0.372) is the most common in Cheju horse Group I, but genotype AA-AA-AA is common in the Cheju horse Group II (0.366) and Thoroughbred (0.767). The present study showed two new SNP, which was at the cDNA position 1626 (A/G) in B allele of the exon 13 and 2075 (C/T) in C allele of the exon 16 resulting in amino acid change (Threonine $\longrightarrow$ Methionine). Result showed that polymorphism of exons 13, 15 and 16 in Cheju horses was as high as in Thoroughbred and there was a differences of transferrin allele frequencies in Cheju horses.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.111-121
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• 1987

Lipie peroxide formation, antiperoxidative s system and body adaptability for handling lipid p peroxide were examined in the first and second g generations of rats fed fish oil. Mackerel oil(MO) was used and four other dietary oils and fat, i.e. soybean oil(SO), perilla oil(PO), rapeseed oil(RO) and beef tallow(BT) were also employed to compare the effect of fish oil. Synthetic diets containing these five dietary fats at the level of 1O%(w/w), were given to the correspond­m ing groups of male and female rats weighing about 70 grams. After 34 days of feeding, male a and female rats were mated and their offsprings were raised throughout suckling (17, 26 days) and weanling (39 days) periods. Liver lipid pero­x xide level was highest in MO group of both first (mother rats after lactation) and second genera­t tions of 17 and 26 days old, but not of 39 days old. During suckling period, liver lipid peroxide level was well matched to total unsaturation of dietary fat. Brain lipid peroxide levels were not different among five groups. Liver $alpha$-tocopherol a and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were lowest in MO fed first generation. In second generation, $alpha$-tocopherol level was also low in MO group, although the effect was less pronoun­c ced, but GSH level was not different from other groups. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) level did not consistently vary by change in dietary fat. Glutathione peroxidase activity increased as young rats grew up to 39 days. Superoxide d dismutase activity change was insignificant by a age, but was shown as lowest in MO group. At the age of 26 and 39 days, liver glutatione peroxidase activity was increased as was level of lipid peroxide, suggesting that this is the one of the mechanisms responsible for body adapta­b bility for protection against the accumulation of lipid peroxide.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.175-182
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• 2001

The main focus of this study was set to help college students in Kangwon province to improve and correct dietary habits and to maintain healthy life. The nutritional status and food preference of college students were examined from May to July, 1999. The collection of the research data has been made on the basis of questionnaries for 184 college students residing in Kangwon province. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SAS package program for descriptive frequency and statistical significance. The meal skipping ratio of the subjects were 2% and for the reasons of meal skipping 45% responded "lack of time". As for main dishes, cooked rice turned out to be the most preferred by the subjects and the second and third favored by female students were bread and noodle respectively. Most preferred side-dishes were meat soup, kimchi, laver Kui,squid Bockeum, fried squid, beef Chon, squid Chorim, soy Namul, Dubuk Changachi and squid Muchim. Less preferred side-dishes include radish soup, white kimchi, mugwort fry, liver Bockeum, liver sheon and egg plant Kui. No one-plate food was disliked by the subjects. Male liked Manndukuk and female liked cuttle fish rice. The intakes of nutrient except for energy, iron and calcium for female students were the same or above the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Koreans.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.5-16
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• 2009

Against the backdrop of the increasing trend towards economic globalisation, many international firms are indicating that decisions on how to enter foreign markets remains one of the key strategic challenges confronting them. Despite the rich body of literature on the topic, the fact that these challenges have continued to dominate global marketing strategy discourses point to someevident lacunae. Accordingly, this paper considers the variables, categorised in terms of firm contexts (standardisation, market research, competition, structure, competitive advantage) and host country-contexts (economic development, cultural differences, regulation and political risk), which influence the degree of involvement of UK companies in overseas markets. Following hypotheses were drawn from literature review: H1: The greater the level of competition, the higher the degree of involvement in the overseas market. H2: The more centralised the firm's organisation structure, the higher the degree of involvement in the overseas market. H3a: The adoption of a low cost-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3b: The adoption of an innovation-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3c: The adoption of a market research approach to competitive advantages will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3d: The adoption of a breadth of strategic target-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a lower degree of involvement. H4: The higher the degree of standardisation of the international marketing mix the higher the degree of involvement. H5: The greater the degree of economic development in the host market, the higher the degree of involvement. H6: The greater the cultural differences between home and host countries, the lower the degree of involvement. H7: The greater the difference in regulations between the home country and the host country, the lower the degree of involvement. H8: The higher the political risk in the host country, the lower the degree of involvement. A questionnaire instrument was constructed using, wherever possible, validated measures of the concepts to serve the aims of this study. Following two sets of mailings, 112 usable completed questionnaires were returned. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze data. Statistically, the paper suggests that factors relating to the level of competition, competitive advantages and economic development are strong in influencing foreign market involvements. On the other hand, unexpectedly, cultural factors (especially individualism/collectivism and low and high power distance dimensions) proved to have weak moderating effects. The reason for this, in part, is due to the pervading forces of globalisation and the attendant effect on global marketing. This paper has contributed to the general literature in a way that point to two mainimplications. First, with respect to research on national systems, the study may hold out some important lessons especially for developing nations. Most of these nations are known to be actively seeking to understand what it takes to attract foreign direct investment, expand domestic market and move their economies from the margin to the mainstream global economy. Second, it should be realised that competitive conditions remain in constant flux (even in mature industries and mature economies). This implies that a range of home country factors may be as important as host country factors in explaining firms' strategic moves and the degree of foreign market involvement. Further research can consider the impact of the home country environment on foreign market involvement decisions. Such an investigation will potentially provide further perspectives not only on the influence of national origin but also how home country effects are confounded with industry effects.