• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.323-332
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the decision on whether to receive regular oral check-ups among the national health insurance beneficiaries with income and aged over 20 years in Korea. This was a cross-sectional study, using the data from the 2014 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-2), conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The final sample included 2,843 subjects who participated in the health examination survey and oral check-ups. The IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 20.0 was used for the statistical analysis, based on the complex sampling design. The Rao-Scott chi-square test was used to verify the difference in the distribution of independent variables with regard to oral check-ups. The binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influencing factors. The ratio of beneficiaries who received oral check-ups was less than half of those who received medical examinations. The Rao-Scott chi-square test, revealed significant differences in the age group (p<0.05) of the predisposing factors, toothache within a year (p<0.001), untreated dental caries (p<0.001) of the need factors, personal income level (p<0.001), educational level (p<0.001), type of medical insurance (p<0.001), and private health insurance (p<0.01) of the enabling factors. In the binary logistic regression analysis, factors influencing oral check-ups were age group, personal income level, educational level, toothache within a year, and untreated dental caries. These findings show a variety of factors influencing the utilization of regular oral check-ups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.702-713
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• 2023

Purpose: Depression is a prevalent mental health concern globally including South Korea. Given the growing interest in the relationship between diet and mental health, this study aimed to investigate the association between seafood consumption and depression among Korean adults. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2014-2020). The study included 18,149 participants (7,541 men and 10,608 women) aged 19 years and older who completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Seafood intake levels were assessed using a oneday 24-hour dietary recall, and participants were categorized into three tertiles by gender. Depression status was determined using the PHQ-9 scores and the self-report of the doctor's diagnosis and treatment. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between seafood consumption and depression in both genders. Results: Participants with a higher seafood intake had a significantly lower nutritional density of total fat, while the nutritional density of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher. The prevalence of depression was significantly lower in the highest tertile of seafood consumption compared to the lowest tertile in both men (p < 0.001) and women (p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, the highest tertile of seafood consumption demonstrated a decreased risk of depression compared to the lowest tertile in men (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51-0.99; p-trend = 0.020) and women (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59-0.91; p-trend = 0.004). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that consuming seafood rich in omega-3 fatty acids may potentially reduce the risk of depression in the adult population.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.159-168
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• 2019

This study aims to find out the causal factors associated with vitamin D levels of Koreans after research. The data used in the study by KNHANES VI-2. Cross-analysis was performed to find factors related to serum vitamin D and relative risk was assessed by logistic regression. The estimated summary Odds ratio of groups under 40 was 4.1, Spring and Winter was 4.2, of region was 2.1, of Smoker was 1.8, of not supplementation intake was 2.1, and of sedentary lifestyle 1.1 in male group. And the estimated summary OR of group under 40 was 1.9, of occupation was 4.5, of not supplementation intake was 3.0 in female group. Different results by gender are thought to be related to lifestyle and behavior. It is considered that supplementation intake and outdoor activities should be increased as an important means to recover. It is expected to be used as basic data for preventing disease of Koreans and to conduct further experimental research.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.331-342
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• 2017

Objectives: This study aimed at helping oral health prevention of the blind and related management plan, which is defined as the influence factors between missing and filled permanent teeth index and general feature and oral health behavior of the blind in Korea (estimates 229,678 persons) using data of the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2014 Korea Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. Methods: The blind over the age of 30 were selected as study subjects who have conducted health survey and dental inspections in KNHANES VI-2. Estimates of the subjects were 229,67 persons. For analyzing data, general linear models: GLM and covariance analysis were conducted to identify the relation between general feature and oral health behavior and missing and filled permanent teeth index. SPSS 21 statistical program was used, which is possible to conduct complex sampling design, and the significance level was 0.05. Results: The missing and filled permanent teeth index was 8.58 points. Regarding the results of the analysis, R-squared of the missing and filled permanent teeth index depending on general features of the blind was 0.839 points, which shows gender, age, residence, education level, individual income, disability rating, kinds of health insurance, marital status and recipient of basic living had an effect on the missing and filled permanent teeth index. R2 of the missing and filled permanent teeth index depending on oral health form of the blind was 0.728 points, which shows oral examination, dental treatment, smoking and toothbrushing after lunch had an effect on the missing and filled permanent teeth index. Conclusions: With the result of this study, we found the oral health actual condition of the blind in Korea. Therefore, it is considered that the government needs to introduce the personalized oral health education program to maintain oral health of the blind and to develop a program that uses braille and voice device which enables to access and utilize to improve oral health behavior that the government could use it as a reference to establish the policy plan.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.64-79
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• 2014

This study was conducted to examine changes in coffee intake according to the sociodemographic characteristics of the people over 50 and the elderly living in Korea. The data of 2,316 and 3,170 people were extracted respectively from the 2001 and 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The data were analyzed by gender, age, region area, marital status, educational level, household income, economic activity, and subjective health status. They were also analyzed according to gender and age by average daily intake of coffee, coffee type, place, cups of coffee a day and amount of coffee intake per serving. All statistical analyses were performed with IBM PASW Statistics (SPSS) 21.0 which is capable of complex sample design by frequency analysis, chi-square test, t-test, and logistic regression analysis. The results of the study showed that coffee consumption of the elderly was influenced by their economic activity. In 2011, elderly men ingested averagely more coffee than elderly women, and they also consumed brewed coffee mostly at workplace. Moreover, age groups of over 75 tended to consume a lot of brewed coffee. In this respect, the coffee industry should be aware of the elderly as a new consumption group. Also, this study provides a variety of coffee shops with basic data for product development and marketing activities.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.375-386
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• 2018

Due to the rapid increase of the elderly population in Korea, there is a growing interest in 'Healthy Aging.' In this trend, it is important to identify the relationship between their lifestyle factors and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to identify the association of physical activity level, sedentary behavior and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among Korean older adults. A total of 4,589 older adults at the Sixth and Seventh National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was analyzed. The results showed that better HRQoL was observed among physically active older female, which was more evident among physically active female with central obesity while no such relationship was observed among older male. On the other hand, higher sedentary time was associated with lower HRQoL in both male and female subjects. Our analyses indicated that central obesity was closely related with HRQoL regardless of their physical activity levels in female subjects. Further analyses investigating association between sub-dimension of HRQoL and sub-domain of physical activity showed that higher transport physical activity was associated with better anxiety/depression score and higher sedentary time was associated with poorer score on mobility, usual activities among male and mobility, self-care, usual activity and anxiety/depression among female. Our finding suggests that physical activity level, sedentary behavior and central obesity associated with HRQoL.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.361-368
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• 2018

N-nitrosamines are probable or possible human carcinogens, which are produced by the reaction between secondary amines and nitrogen oxide in the acidic environment or by heating. Common risk assessment procedure involves the comparison between exposures expressed in the unit, mg/kg body weight/day and the Health-Based Reference dose expressed in the same unit. This procedure is suitable for the policy decision-making and is considered as inappropriate for the consumers to get information about their dietary decision-making. Therefore, the distributions of NDMA (N-nitrosodimethylamine), NDBA (N-nitrosodibutylamine), the six N-nitrosamines (NDMA, NDBA, NDEA (N-nitrosodiethylamine), NPYR (N-nitrosopyrrolidine), NPIP (N-nitrosopiperidine), and NMOR (N-nitrosomorpholine) in the menus grouped based on the presence of main ingredients and cooking methods were analyzed to generate consumer-friendly information regarding food contaminants. Recipes and intakes were taken from 2014 to 2016 KNHANES (The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) and only the data from ages of 7 years or older were used. The contamination data were collected from the 2014~2016 Total Diet Study and all the analysis were performed using R software. Rockfish, eel, anchovy broth and pollock were mainly exposed to N-nitrosamines. In terms of cooking methods, soups and stews appeared to contain the highest amount of N-nitrosamines. Cereals, fruits, and dairy products in the ingredient categories, and rice dishes and rice combined with others in recipe categories had the lowest level exposure to N-nitrosamines. In case of N-nitrosamines, unlike other cooking related food contaminants, boiled dishes such as soups and stews and dishes mainly consisting of fishes and shellfishes had highest level of exposure, showing a large discrepancy with the previous thought of processed meat is the main source of N-nitrosamines.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.161-175
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• 2014

Objectives: This study investigates the prevalence of suicide ideation and its the related factors by gender among Korean adults. Methods: National cross-sectional data from the database of the first and second year of $5^{th}$ Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1, V-2) were used for this study. 13,165 adults (${\geq}20$ years) were included in this analysis. Results: The prevalence of suicide ideation was 9.8% for men, 18.9% for women. Renal failure, depression, melancholy, stress, perceived health status, and smoking were significant risk factors among both men and women for suicide ideation. Divorced, separated or widowed of marital status and severe physical activity were related factors of suicide ideation for men. Low educational attainment, and alcohol dependency were associated factors of suicide ideation for women. Conclusions: There was gender difference of prevalence and risk factors of suicide ideation. These gender differences should be considered for planning and implementing suicide prevention program.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.64-73
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• 2017

Although 24-hour recalls (24HR) capture detailed information on a person's food intake, this method suffers from difficulties in adequately measuring the usual intake of foods that are not consumed daily by most. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether frequency of Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) can be utilized in form of covariate when calculating usual intake of episodically-consumed foods and their distributions. Data used in this study was from the Korean National Healthy and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2012~2014 (3 years) and 10,945 subjects participated in this survey who performed both of 24HR and FFQ. In order to analyze the data, amount of intake in each food, which was reported in 24HR was recalculated according to 112 items in FFQ. We first assessed the relationship between FFQ frequency and the amount reported on 24HR. Second, we assessed the relationship between usual portion size of FFQ and the amount reported on 24HR. Our hypothesis was that people who reported high FFQ-reported frequency or FFQ-reported usual portion size would consume larger amounts of that food on 24HR than those with lower frequency or portion size of consumption of a food on the FFQ. For 59 of 112 individual foods (52.2%), there were statistically significant increasing relationships between FFQ frequency and consumption-day intake. Also, 102 of 112 individual foods (90.3%), there were statistically significant increasing relationships between FFQ usual portion size and consumption-day intake. For 10 of 13 food groups (grains, fruits, eggs, pulses, root and tuber crops, milk products, meat, beverage, alcoholic drink, vegetable, seaweeds and others), there were statistically significant increasing relationships between FFQ frequency and consumption-day intake. And there were statistically significant increasing relationships between FFQ usual portion size and consumption-day intake for all food groups. This study confirmed consistent correlation between reported FFQ frequency or usual portion size of food (group) consumption and consumption-day intake on 24HR. Therefore the frequency data may be utilized as important covariate when estimating usual intake of food or food groups.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.365-374
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• 2018

This study investigated the relationship between Vitamin D levels and indices related to cardiovascular disease in Korean adults aged ${\geq}19years$. The data for analysis were obtained from the sixth Korea National Health Nutrition Examination Survey in 2013 and 2014. The results showed that the incidence of Vitamin D deficiency was 73.1% among Korean adults and that indices related to cardiovascular disease showed an increasing trend (55.6% of Korean adults). The relationship between Vitamin D levels and indices related to cardiovascular disease with controlled physical activity status was also studied. The odds ratios (ORs) for age were 1.72 for the 4-62 years age group (95% CI, 1.53-1.93) and 2.05 for the ${\geq}65years$ age group (95% CI, 1.71-2.45). For blood pressure, the OR for pre-hypertension was 1.30 (95% CI, 1.15-1.47) and that for hypertension was 1.31 (95% CI, 1.11-1.54). For body mass index (BMI), the OR was 1.36 (95% CI, 1.11-1.66) and that for waist circumference (WC) was 1.36 (95% CI, 1.11-1.66). For fasting blood sugar (FBS), the OR for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was 1.37 (95% CI, 1.21-1.55) and that for diabetes mellitus (DM) was 1.31 (95% CI, 1.05-1.65). The OR for total cholesterol (TC) was 1.30 (95% CI, 1.11-1.52) and that for triglycerides (TG) was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.04-1.37) in Korean adults. There was a significant relationship between Vitamin D and indices related to cardiovascular disease in Korean adults with respect to age, blood pressure, FBS, BMI, TC and TG. Confirmation of a causal relationship between Vitamin D and indices related to cardiovascular disease may require further research consisting of more systematic cohort studies.