• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6715-6719
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• 2013

Objective: To explore the incidence, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment strategies, prognosis of patients with malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAH). Methods: The data of 115 patients with MAH who were treated at the Medical Oncology Department of Chinese PLA General Hospital from Jan., 2001 to Dec., 2010 was retrospectively reviewed. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazard model with statistic software SPSS 18.0. Results: The patients had blood calcium levels ranging from 2.77 to 4.87 mmol/L. Except for 9 cases who died or were discharged within 5 days after admission, all other patients recovered to normal blood calcium level after treatment with bisphosphonates or intravenous hydration and diuretics; their survival after occurrence of MAH was from 1 day to 4,051 days, and the median survival time was only 50 days. In the log-rank test, the male, renal metastasis, central nervous system symptoms and hypercalcemia occurring over 140 days after cancer diagnosis were predictors of poor survival (P=0.002, P=0.046, P=0.000, P=0.009). In the COX analysis, being male, central nervous system symptoms and hypercalcemia lasting over 140 days after cancer diagnosis were independent prognostic factors for survival time (RR=2.131, P=0.027; RR=3.054, P=0.002; RR=2.403, P=0.001). According to these factors, a score system was established to predict the patient prognosis and adjust the treatment. Conclusion: Cancer patients with MAH have an extremely poor median survival. Some independent factors indicate poor prognosis, including male gender, central nervous system symptoms and hypercalcemia lasting over 140 days after cancer diagnosis. The prognostic score can serve as a reference for MAH prognosis and treatment, worthy of further investigation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.4483-4486
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• 2016

Background: Despite the fact that ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer in women worldwide and the fifth leading cause of cancer death, It is the most common cause of death due to reproductive cancers in Thailand where epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is commonly found. According to a Thai statistical analysis in 2010 by the Department of Medical Services, epithelial ovarian cancer was the sixth most common cancer in Thailand from 2001to 2003.The incidence of 5.1 per 100,000 women per year. Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is a novo diagnostic tumor marker for EOC. The combination of HE4 and carcinoma antigen 125 (CA 125) is a tool for detecting epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) better than using CA 125 alone. Therefore, the researcher is interested in HE4 does have a role to predict recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. Materials and Methods: The patients who had complete response after diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer by pathology, FIGO stage 3 or more had been treated through surgery and chemotherapy at the Sunpasitthiprasong Hospital from June 2014 until March 2016. The patients were followed up every three months, using tumor marker (CA 125, HE4,Carcinoma antigen 19-9) together with other checkup methods, such as rectovaginal examination, CXR every year and other imaging as indication. Afterwards, the data was analyzed for the ability of HE4 to detect recurrence of epithelial ovarian cancer. Results: In 47 patients in this study follow-up for 22 months after complete response treatment from surgery and chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer, 23 had recurrent disease and HE4 titer rising. The patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer demonstrated high levels of both HE4 and CA125 with sensitivity of 91.3% and 52.7% respectively, specificity of 87.5% and 95.6% and positive predictive values of 87.5% and 85.7%. HE4 can predict recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (p-value=0.02242). Comparing HE4 and CA125 in predicting recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer HE4 had more potential than CA125 (p-value =0.8314). Conclusions: The present study showed HE4 to have a role in predicting recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer and HE4 is potentially better than CA125 as a marker for this purpose.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.153-174
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• 2010

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of servant leadership, teacher development stage and organizational effectiveness. Subjects in this study were 259 teachers working at kindergartens and child care centers in Seoul and the Capital area of Korea. Servant Leadership Questionnaire(Kim, 2004), Teacher Development Stage Questionnaire(Lee, 2007), Organizational Commitment Questionnaire(Kim, 1998), Job Satisfaction Questionnaire(Kim, 2007), Teacher Job Satisfaction Questionnaire(Noh, 2001), and Job Performance Questionnaire(Kim, 1983) were used. Descriptive statistics, T-tests, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical regression analysis were performed. Results showed that servant leadership, teacher development stage and organizational effectiveness were highly correlated with one another. Variables of servant leadership and teacher development were significant predictors of organizational effectiveness. Conclusions suggest that organizational effectiveness was multiply determined.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.311-319
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• 2012

This study examined the effects of supplementation of fish oil and canola oil in the diet on milk yield, milk components and fatty acid composition of Holstein dairy cows in early lactation. Eight multiparous early lactation Holstein cows ($42{\pm}12$ DIM, $40{\pm}6kg$ daily milk yield) were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with either 0% oil (Control), 2% fish oil (FO), 1% canola oil +1% fish oil (FOCO), or 2% canola oil (CO) according to a double $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Each period lasted 3 wk; experimental analyses were restricted to the last week of each period. Supplemental oils were added to a basal diet which was formulated according to NRC (2001) and consisted of 20% alfalfa, 20% corn silage and 60% concentrate. Milk yield was similar between diets (p>0.05), but dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (p<0.05) in cows fed FO diet compared to other diets. Milk fat percentage and daily yield decreased (p<0.01) with the supplementation of fish and canola oil. The daily yield and percentage of milk protein, lactose and solids-not-fat (SNF) were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion (g/100 g fatty acids) of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) decreased and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased (p<0.05) in milk of all cows fed diets supplemented with oil. The proportions of 6:0, 8:0, 10:0 12:0 and 14:0 fatty acids in milk fat decreased (p<0.01) for all diets supplemented with oil, but the proportions of 14:1, 16:0 and 16:1 fatty acids were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion of trans(t)-18:1 increased (p<0.01) in milk fat of cows fed FO and FOCO diets, but CO diet had the highest proportion of cis(c)-11 18:1 (p<0.01). The concentration of t-10, c-12 18:2, c-9 t-11 18:2, 18:3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) increased (p<0.05) in FO and FOCO diets in comparison with the other two diets. These data indicate that including fish oil in combination with canola oil significantly modifies the fatty acid composition of milk.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.129-144
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• 2016

Objectives : This study aims to review the actual use of acupuncture manipulation in clinical trials and to discuss the directions of studies, to be conducted in the future. Methods : Through five search engines, clinical trial papers were collected, which had involved the use of acupuncture treatment since 2001 when STRICTA was published. The selected papers were classified based on whether acupuncture manipulation and De-Qi were stated. The comparison status of domestic and foreign, status by year, target diseases, and therapeutic interventions were also investigated. Results : 54 % domestic and 69 % foreign papers mentioned acupuncture manipulation or De-Qi. Among them, acupuncture manipulation was used in 40 % domestic and 53 % foreign papers. There was no significant difference around 2010 when the revised edition of STRICTA was published. The use of acupuncture manipulation was the highest in studies that targeted musculoskeletal disorders. Besides that, the use of acupuncture manipulation was higher in cases where acupuncture was used for therapeutic interventions than it was for basic manipulation or combination therapy. Conclusion : Compared to the importance of acupuncture manipulation and De-Qi, there was actually a smaller number of papers that clearly suggested information on acupuncture manipulation and De-Qi. The reason is considered to be a lack of studies to establish the mechanism and effectiveness of each acupuncture manipulation method and studies that objectified the amount of stimulation incurred by the acupuncture manipulation methods. It is necessary to properly utilize acupuncture manipulation by actively conducting these studies.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.85-85
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• 2011

홍수기에 안전하고 정확한 유량측정을 통하여 물관리에 필요한 기초수문자료를 확보하고자 한국수자원공사에서 1993년도부터 홍수유량측정기술 확보를 위한 연구를 시작하였다. 그간의 연구성과를 바탕으로 1999년도에 하천의 유속을 비접촉식으로 측정할 수 있는 홍수용 전자파표면유속계를 개발하여 특허등록하였고 그와 동시에 이의 상품화를 추진하여 2010년도까지 75대를 보급하여 실무에서 이용하고 있다. 이동식인 홍수용 전자파표면유속계를 바탕으로 2001년도에는 고정식 실시간 홍수유량측정측정시스템을 개발하여 특허등록하였고, 이 시제품을 현재 용담 수자원시험유역의 동향지점에서 시험운영하고 있다. 또한, 현장 유량측정실무자들의 홍수용 전자파표면유속계 개선요구에 따라 편각용 전자파표면유속계 시제품을 개발하였으며, 이는 임의의 한 지점에 설치한 한 대의 장비로 좌우 여러 측선의 유속을 동시에 측정할 수 있는 다점 측정기능을 갖도록 성능을 개선하였다. 이에 따라 홍수시 유량측정에 소요되는 시간이 줄어들어 신속하게 유량측정을 완료할 수 있는 계기를 마련하였다. 이와 더불어 유속측정 범위를 확장하여 홍수시의 고유속 뿐만 아니라 0.5 m/s 이하의 저유속까지 측정할 수 있는 범용 전자파표면유속계의 시제품을 추가로 개발하였다. 이 장비는 최저유속 0.03 m/s의 측정을 실내시험을 통하여 입증하였다. 범용 전자파표면유속계는 상품화 시제품의 개발을 목표로 기존 시제품의 현장시험을 통하여 현장적용상의 문제점에 대한 해결에 주력하였다. 첫째, 평갈수용 전자파표면유속계의 사용편의를 개선하기 위하여 소형화 및 경량화를 추진하였고, 이를 위하여 사용주파수를 기존의 10 GHz에서 24 GHz로 변경함으로써 $35{\times}35\;cm$ 크기의 기존안테나를 $22{\times}22\;cm$ 크기로 소형화하였으며 송수신부의 무게는 기존 18 kg에서 3.3 kg으로 혁신적으로 줄이는데 성공하였다. 이를 위하여 안테나는 기존의 반사형안테나에서 도파관슬롯배열안테나로 변경하였다. 둘째, 측정값의 안정화를 위하여 안테나의 특성을 개선하여 부엽(side-lobe) 레벨 30 dB 이하 그리고 전후방비(front-back ratio) 50 dB 이하로 개선하여 안테나가 지향하는 방향 이외의 위치에서 반사되는 불필요한 신호를 줄였다. 또한 적응형 이득제어(adaptive gain control)기법의 채택으로 미소 신호에 대한 안정적 측정 및 과다 신호에 대한 능동적 감쇄를 할 수 있도록 시스템을 구성하여 전 유속범위에 대한 안정적 측정을 가능토록 설계 및 제작하였다. 셋째, 자가점검 기능을 탑재하여 유속측정 전에 기기의 상태에 대한 self test기능을 통하여 측정자가 기기의 상태를 사전에 파악 가능토록함으로써, 기기 오작동에 대한 능동 대처할 수 있도록 하였다. 이외에도 저전력 회로설계를 통하여 배터리 사용시간을 확장하였고, 기존의 전자파표면유속계가 가지고 있던 방습 및 방수에도 내성을 갖는 제품으로 설계하였으며 스마트기기를 이용한 무선측정 및 세련된 디자인 등 사용자의 요구사항을 충분히 반영하였다.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-24
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• 2013

In spite of the increasing importance of service sector, most previous studies on schumpeterian hypotheses originated from manufacturing firms that have the needs to invest heavily in research and development (R&D). Conversely, we investigated the relationship between technological innovation activity and size of firms using panel data. Results of the analysis, the following results were obtained. First, the details depending on the industry sector was divided into active and vigorous industry technology innovation activities did not. Second, the relationship between firm size and technological innovation activity may not be, depending on the industry, some of the U-shaped model, may be. Third, showed fewer intangible assets, more debt, larger exports which further promote the technological innovation activities in industry. Finally, the relationship is responsive depend on the firm size variable.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.151-151
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• 2011

오늘날 에너지문제는 인류가 직면한 가장 중요한 당면과제 중 하나이다. 석유, 석탄과 같은 화석에너지는 점점 고갈되어 가고 있으며, 이산화탄소 배출로 인한 기후변화도 해결이 시급한 문제이다. 이러한 문제들을 해결하기 위한 방안으로 신재생에너지의 중요성이 부각되고 있다. 특히 신재생에너지 기술 중 태양전지는 미국, 일본, 유럽, 중국 등 많은 국가에서 기술개발 및 보급에 앞장서고 있으며, 시장선점을 위한 기술개발 경쟁이 치열하다. 또한 연료전지의 경우 전기와 열을 동시에 생산 가능하며, 다른 에너지 변환기보다 훨씬 높은 효율을 가지고 있어 신에너지원으로서 주목받고 있다. 이와 함께 기후변화에 실질적인 해결책으로 세계는 CCS에 기대하고 있으며, 기술개발 및 실증을 위한 국제공동연구도 활발하게 진행 중이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 중요성을 인식하여 태양전지, 연료전지 그리고 CCS에 대하여 국내외 에너지기술 활용도를 분석하였다. 활용도 분석을 위하여 특허등록건수, 특허의 피인용 정보와 이를 활용한 CPP지수를 산출하였다. 오늘날 특허는 국가나 기업 등 특정 주체에 대한 기술력 또는 혁신성을 측정하거나, 기술개발 동향을 파악하기 위한 중요한 정보로 사용된다. 특히 CPP지수(특허당 피인용지수)는 분석대상(국가, 기업 등)의 특허가 이후의 기술혁신 활동에 어느 정도의 활용되어 영향을 미쳤는가를 보여주는 지표로써, 특정 국가나 기업의 기술혁신 활동의 수준 및 혁신성과의 가치를 살펴 볼 수 있다. 이를 통하여 국내의 에너지기술 경쟁력을 살펴보고 시사점을 도출하였다. 우선 특허데이터 수집을 위하여 톰슨 이노베이션을 활용하여 2001년부터 2010년까지 미국, 일본, 유럽, 한국에 등록된 특허를 검색하였으며, 특허등록번호를 중심으로 중복데이터를 제거하였다. 또한 특허명칭, 요약정보를 통하여 노이즈를 제거하였다. 노이즈가 제거된 특허를 활용하여 기술별, 국가별 기술개발 동향을 살펴보았으며, CPP지수를 통하여 기술별, 국가별 활용도를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 태양전지의 경우 대부분의 국가에서 특허건수가 매년 증가함에 따라, 지속적으로 기술경쟁이 심화되고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 한국의 CPP지수는 미국, 일본 등 주요 경쟁국가에 비해 상당히 낮게 나타나 기술 활용 수준이 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 핵심기술 개발과 같은 에너지기술의 질적수준을 높이기 위한 대책마련이 필요한 실정이다. 본 논문의 결과를 통하여 특허를 위한 기술개발이 아닌 보다 활용성이 높은 기술개발이 이루어지기를 바라며, 나아가 국가에너지기술 경쟁력을 높이는데 기여할 것으로 기대한다.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.492-502
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• 2010

The study objects were to analyze long-term and seasonal variations of nutrients (N, P), suspended solids, N:P ratios, algal chlorophyll, and trophic state along with general water quality parameters in four sampling sites including two intake tower sites supplying drinking water in Daechung Reservoir. For the analysis, we used water quality long-term data sampled during 1998~2007 by the Ministry of Environment, Korea. Interannual and seasonal trends in inflow and discharge near the intake tower facilities over the ten years were directly influenced by rainfall pattern. The distinct difference between wet year (2003) and dry year (2001) produced marked differences in water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, organic matter contents, nutrients, and these variables influenced algal biomass and trophic state. Values of TP varied depending on the year and locations sampled, but monthly mean TP always peaked during July~August when river inflow and precipitation were maxima. In contrast, TN varied little compared to TP, indicating lower influence by seasonal flow compared to phosphorus. The number of E. coli were highest in Site 2 (Chudong intake tower) and varied largely, whereas at other sites, the numbers were low and low variations. Contents of chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ (CHL), as an estimation of primary productivity, varied largely depending on the year and season. The maximum of CHL occurred at Muneu intake tower (S4) during 2006 when the precipitation and inflow were lowest. In contrast, another CHL peak was observed in Site 2 (Chudong intake tower) in 2006 when one of the largest typoons (Ewinia) occurred and river runoff were maximum. So the CHL maxima were associated with both wet year (high flow, high nutrient supply) and dry year (low flow, nutrient supply by littoral zone). Such conditions influenced trophic states, based on Trophic State Index of nutrients and CHL. Based on all analyses, we can provide some clues for management and protection strategies of two intake tower sites.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.1-26
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• 2011

The domain of LED is analyzed for describing the current status of Korea's R&D in the domain comparing with those of others quantitatively. Fourteen sub-domains of LED manufacturing technology are selected and the time span for analysis is ten-year: 2001-2010. Bibiliometric analysis is performed by the unit of publication, core researcher, institution and country. Strategical diagram is also produced with devised two indicators: NGI and NPI. As a result, Korea is competitive in the area of Chip Scale Package, but R&D supports in another promising areas, such as large-caliber sapphire wafer, are necessary. It is also revealed that research activities are expanded dominantly in academia, but practical technologies are developed in industrial circle. It is suggested that to support core corporate and to encourage industrial-academic collaboration is essential for systematical technology development and high achievement in prominent areas.