• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate depression, anxiety, alexithymia, stress res ponses in caregivers of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods : The subjects were 38 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients caregivers(38 women, mean age $37.5{\pm}6.5$). Patients were diagnosed with DSM-IV ADHD criteria. Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI), Toronto Alexithymia Scale(TAS) and Stress Response Inventory(SRI) were used for assessment. Results 1) The BDI scores of ADHD patients caregiver group were significantly higher than control group$(16.4{\pm}7.1\;vs.\;10.9{\pm}5.5)(p=0.011)$. 7 of the 38 caregivers(18.4%) and none of control group(0%) had BDI scores over 20 points(p=0.021). Calculated relative risk for ADHD in the presence of caregivers' depression was 1.516 overall(95% confidence interval, 1.234-1.862). 2) In ADHD patient's caregiver group, the scores of Stress Response Inventory were significantly higher than control group$(44.2{\pm}20.2\;vs.\;26.5{\pm}16.8)(p=0.006)$. 3) No significant differences were found in the score of STAI, SIAIS, SIAI-T, TAS between caregiver and control group. Conclusion : This study suggest that ADHD patients' caregivers are likely to have more depressive symptoms and higher stress response level than control group. We propose that physicians should consider integrated approaches for caregiver's psychopathology in the management of ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 2003

The objects of this study are to find out (1) real situation of the food supply in prison under Imperial Government of Japan more cleary (historical meaning) and (2) which might help in understanding wrong present food consumption patterns in Korea which causes environmental as well as health problems. It is generally known that the length of the Japanese occupation for Korea is 36 years. However, it is concluded in this study that it was longer (70 years ; from 1875 to 1945 from when Japanese Army attacked and occupied Yungjongdo and Kanghwado island to e time when they were defeated on World War II.) Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910 then the Imperial Government of Japan dismissed the Korea Army, controlled the Office of Justice and the management of prison by force. Since then about 50% of all land was fell into Japanese Government ownership and 80% of Korean farmers became as tenant. After this change, Korea farmers were forced to pay extremely high rent (up to 80% of its harvest). Forced immigration, low price procurement of grain by Japanese government up to more than 30%of their production, was practiced. Accordingly, the food situation of Korean farmers became miserable, which may caused more violations of Imperial Japanese Law. Malnutrition, epidemic diseases, mortality rate of infants soared and average life expectancy shortened to 20-30 years old. This was the period of World Economic Crises and Food Crises in Japan. It was said then that if one Japanese comes to Korea then 200 Koreans will starved to death. Meanwhile, Proconsul Bureau of Chosun requested to the Department of Medicine, the Imperial University of Kyungsung to survey food supply situation of Koreans in prison throughout Korea. Objectives of the survey then was not only to find out scientifically whether it is agreeable in maintaining prisoner's health and also find out the possibility to save food during food crisis. Survey was started from 1923 and ended in 1945, and it focussed on prisoners in the Seodaemoon Prison. This report is the outcome of the first survey. They concluded that the food supplied was nutritionally (had) no problem, in compare with those of workers in the factory, students in the dormitory in Japan and with those of prisoners in Taiwan, France and Germany. Amount of grain supplied were different according to their work lord and was divided into 9 different levels. Total grain was consisted of 50% millet, 30% soybean and 20% indica rice(variety). However, there were no difference in the amount of supply of side dishes between work groups. For the highest working group, 3280g of boiled grain per day was supplied to make stomach full but as a side dishes, salty fermented bean paste, fermented fish and salty soups, etc. was supplied. Deficiency of animal protein were observed, however, high intake of soybean may possibly caused animal protein deficiency problem. On the contrary, the intake of water soluble vitamins were insufficient but the level of calcium and iron intake seems to be sufficient, however, imbalance of intake of nutrition may caused low absorbtion rate which might caused malnutrition. High intake of dietary fiber and low intake of cholesterol may possibly prohibited them from so called modem disease but may caused the defect in disease resistancy againist epidemics and other traditional disease. Over intake of salt(20-30g per day) was observed. Surveyors who attended in this survey, mentioned that the amount of food intake may nutritionally be sufficient enough but the quality of food(and possibly, the taste of food) were like that of animal feed. For the officials who received this report might consider that considering the war situation and food crisis, the supply situation of food in the prison may considered to be good enough(because they are not starving). But as a Korean who studied this report, one feel extremely pity about those situation because (situation of) those period were very harsh under the Imperial Law and keeping the Law by Koreans were almost impossible, therefore, about one third adult violated the Law and were put into jail. And they were treated like animals.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 2012

In order to verify exact dose distributions in the state-of-the-art radiation techniques, a newly designed three-dimensional dosimeter and technique has been took strongly into consideration. The main purpose of our study is to verify the optimized parameters of polymer gel as a real volumetric dosimeter in terms of the various study of MRI. We prepared a gel dosimeter by combing 8% of gelatin, 8% of MAA, and 10 mM of THPC. We used a Co-60 gamma-ray teletherapy unit and delivered doses of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 Gy to each polymer gel with a solid phantom. We used a fast spin-echo pulse to acquire the characterized T2 time of MRI. The signal noise ratio (SNR) of the head & neck coil was a relatively lower sensitivity than the body coil; therefore the dose uncertainty of head & neck coil would be lower than body coil's. But the dose uncertainty and resolution of the head & neck coil were superior to the body coil in this study. The TR time between 1,500 ms and 2,000 ms showed no significant difference in the dose resolution, but TR of 1,500 ms showed less dose uncertainty. For the slice thickness of 2.5 mm, less dose uncertainty of TE times was at 4 Gy, as well, it was the lowest result over 4 Gy at TE of 12 ms. The dose uncertainty was not critical up to 6 Gy, but the best dose resolution was obtained at 20 ms up to 8 Gy. The dose resolution shows the lowest value was over 20 ms and was an excellent result in the number of excitation (NEX) of three. The NEX of two was the highest dose resolution. We concluded that the better result of slice thickness versus NEX was related to the NEX increment and thin slice thickness.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2001

Background : The incidence of malignant melanoma is currently increasing at a rate greater than any other cancer occuring in human. At this time, early diagnosis and surgical excision were the mainstay of treatment for patients with malignant melanoma. We reviewed the results of average 4 years of follow-up after surgical excision of total 16 cases of malignant melanoma since 1985. Materials and Methods : There were 16 patients (mean age 58.5 years, 5 men, 11 women). The site of the primary lesion was foot and toe (6), back (3), hand (2), thigh (2), shoulder (1), lower abdomen (1) and lip (1). The lymph node was involved at 9 patients. The histologic diagnosis was made with H-E, S-100 stain, and HMB-45 stain as a special stain. Results : Histologically, there were Clark's stage I for 3 patients, II in 4, III in 2, IV in 3, and stage V in 4 patients. The wide excision only greater than 2cm margin was performed for 4 patients. The wide excision and lymph node dissection were performed for 4 patients. The amputation was only performed for 3 patients, and the amputation and lymph node dissection were performed for 5 patients. After surgical excision, chemotherapy was done with Taxol for each 2 patients of stage IV and V. After long term follow-up for mean 4 years, 4 patients died related with melanoma, 1 patient was recurred, and 11 patients were cured. Conclusion : The incidence of malignant melanoma was rare in Korea, but early involvement of lymph node at initial diagnosis was found in many cases (9/16, 56%). And then, early detection and appropriated excision as well as careful dissection of adjacent lymph nodes will offer the patient the best chance for cure.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.564-568
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• 2007

Background: Pulmonary hamartomas are the most common form of pulmonary benign tumors, and they occur in approximately $2{\sim}5%$ of all pulmonary neoplasm. However, only a few reports have been published on the clinical characteristics of pulmonary hamartoma in Korea. Material and Method: The charts, X-rays and pathological specimens of 37 pulmonary hamartoma patients who were diagnosed by a pathological examination from January of 2000 to May of 2005 at the Catholic Medical Center were retrospectively reviewed. Result: The peak incidence of the tumor occurred in the seventh decade of life (32.4%), There were 23 men (62.6%) and 14 women (37.8%), with mean age of 55.6 years. Twenty-six patients (70.3%) were asymptomatic and 11 patients (29.7%) had symptoms. A total of 29 tumors (78.4%) were parenchymal, and 8 (21.6%) were endobronchial. Twenty cases (54.1%) were in the right lung and 17 cases (45.9%) were in the left lung. The right lower lobe was most commonly involved. Thirty-two (86.5%) hamartomas were diagnosed by surgical resection, 4 cases (10.8%) were diagnosed by bronchoscopic biopsy and 1 case (2.7%) was diagnosed by a fine needle aspiration biopsy. Thirty-four hamartomas (91.9%) were managed by surgical resection without complication. No recurrence or malignant changes were seen during the follow up period. Conclusion: Pulmonary hamartomas are most common in males during their fifth to seventh decade and they more commonly involve the right lung. No recurrence or malignant changes were seen during the follow up period.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.248-258
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• 2011

To analyze die quality characteristics of loaf bread added with waxy black rice flour by its storage period, this study stored loaf bread made of wheat flour added with 10% 20% 30% and 40% of waxy black rice flour for 4 days while measuring water activity, pH, chromaticity and texture. The results of die study are as follows. Based on die results of measurements of water activity of loaf bread added with waxy black rice flour by storage period, die control group and die groups added with 10% and 20% of waxy black rice flour showed significantly low water activity from the $3_{rd}$ day of storage and die groups added with 30% and 40% of waxy black rice flour from the $2_{nd}$ day of storage. As for pH changes over the storage period, only die group added with 40% of waxy black rice flour showed significant pH decreases from die $3_{rd}$ day of storage while the control group and the groups added with 10% and 30% of waxy black rice flour showed significant pH decreases from die $2_{nd}$day of storage. As for the pH of each group of loaf bread by storage days, die loaf bread added with 40% of waxy black rice flour showed significantly higher pH compared to the control group. Brightness decreased significantly from the 2nd day of storage and die yellowness from the $3_{rd}$ day of storage. As for chromaticity changes by storage days, as die amount of added waxy black rice flour increased, L values and b values decreased while redness values significantly increased. Over die storage period, hardness, gumminess and chewiness increased and die waxy black rice flour added groups showed lower increase rates compared to die control group. Especially, die groups added with 30% and 40% of waxy black rice flour showed low hardness changes. Springiness level was decreased as die addition rate of waxy black rice flour was increased, and the group added with 40% of waxy balck rice flour showed die lowest springiness level. It also showed lower cohesiveness up to the 3rd day of storage compared to die day of manufacturing. Therefore, it could be seen that die loaf bread made from wheat flour added with 30% of waxy black rice flour showed better quality feature until die $3_{rd}$ day of storage than die other experimental groups.

• Annals of Clinical Microbiology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.86-91
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• 2018

Background: The PANA RealTyper HPV kit (PANAGENE, Korea; PANA RealTyper) was developed to genotype human papillomavirus (HPV) and was based on multiplex real-time PCR amplification and melting curve analysis. In this study, we compared PANA RealTyper to the AdvanSure HPV GenoBlot assay (LG Life Sciences, Korea; AdvanSure assay) and attempted to evaluate the performance of PANA RealTyper. Methods: A total of 60 cervical specimens were collected from women undergoing routine cervical cancer screening. The AdvanSure assay and PANA RealTyper kit identified the same 20 high-risk genotypes. However, the AdvanSure assay identified 15 low-risk genotypes, while the PANA RealTyper kit identified only 2 but detected 18 low-risk genotypes. Results: Among the total 60 specimens, 54 high-risk genotypes (40 specimens) and 20 low-risk genotypes (18 specimens) were detected. The agreement rates of the assays ranged from 94.4 to 100% for high-risk genotypes. Among 9 genotypes that were positive in the PANA RealTyper kit but negative in the AdvanSure assay, 7 were confirmed as true positive (HPV genotypes 16 (n=1), 39 (n=1), 52 (n=1), 58 (n=2), 68 (n=2)). Among 4 genotypes that were negative in the PANA RealTyper kit but positive in the AdvanSure assay, 3 were confirmed as HPV genotype 59. Among the 19 low-risk genotypes positive in the AdvanSure assay, there were 2 cases of HPV 6 and 1 case of HPV 11. In comparison, only 1 positive case of HPV 6 was determined by the PANA RealTyper kit. Conclusion: The PANA RealTyper kit was comparable with the AdvanSure assay. The PANA RealTyper kit would be useful and suitable for HPV genotyping in the clinical laboratory.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.11-21
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to research on the preparing fermented foods and food habits of Korean women in Texas U. S. A. The preparing method of fermented foods and food habits of Korean housewives whose husbands are studying at the various universities in Houston, Texas are surveyed. The analysed results indicated were as follows ; 1. 64.4% of women were in the thirties at their age, those in twenties 29.7%. 75.2% of subject graduated college. Period of residence in America were 52.5% under 3yr, 25.7% over 5yr. The respondents were aged twenties(29.7%) to thirties(64.4%) who have graduated from college(75.2%) or graduate school(24.8%) and have had the residence period of less than three-(52.5%) to more than five years(25.7%). 2. The kind of cuisine chosen for dinner were Korean style food. The most considerable person when preparing menu were husband. 48.51% of those in age were 3∼39yr(p < 0.1). 60.40% of the response graduated college(p < 0.1). The Korean-style foods overwhelmed over western ones in their frequency for dinner(82.2% vs. 17.8%). The person most considered for choosing menu was their husbands as responded by the majority groups of aged thirties(48.5%), college graduates(60.4%) and residence period of less than three years(42.6%). They satisfied comparatively when they prepared the meal (p < 0.1). 55.4% of the response learned cooking method from neighbor, 39.6% of remainder studied from cuisine book, newspaper, magazine, TV. They satisfied comparatively for the preparation of the meal(56.4%) and have learned the new methods of cooking from neighborhoods(55.4%) or cuisine book, newspaper, magazine and TV(39.6%). 3. The frequency of eating-out mostly had once a month. 30.69% of response were 30∼39yr(p < 0.1). 33.66% of subjects lived under 3yr in America. The frequency of eating-out mostly had once a month. 30.69% of response were 30-39yr(p < 0.1). 33.66% of subjects lived under 3yr in America. Eating-out once a month occupied 30.7, 33.7, and 20.7% of the selected group of aged thirties, college graduates, and residence periods of less than three years, each respectively. The type of food selecting eating-out were western style. 38.31% of them were 30∼39yr(p < 0.1). 39.60% of them graduated college(p < 0.1). 29.70% of them lived under 3yr in America. For eating-out menu, the western-style foods were most favored by the groups of aged thirties(38.3%), college graduates(39.6%), and residence periods of less than three years(29.7%). 4. 50.5% of subject had beef once three days, 23.8% of the response had pork once two weeks, 27.7% of subject ate chicken once two weeks, 34.7% of the response enjoyed fish once a week. Eating animal foods once three days for beef(50.5%), once two weeks for pork(23.8%) and chicken(27.7%), and once a week for fish(34.7%) were most frequent. 5. Korean traditional fermented food were mostly enjoyed in order of kanjang(91.1 %), kochujang(87.2%), fermented fish(85.1%), deonjang(81.2%), jang-a-chi(76.2%). 81.2% of subject used prepared-food by themselves. 56.4% of response made kimch at home. Among Korean traditional fermented foods, kimchi(56.4%) and prepared side dishes(81.2%) were provided at home while kanjang(91.1%), kochujang(87.2%), fermented fish(85.1%), deonjang(81.2%), and jang-a-chi(76.2%) were mostly purchased from stores.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.153-171
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• 2008

This study examined university students' view on the importance of attending rituals of congratulation or condolence in social life, and the extent to which they recognized the manners of offering congratulation or condolence. It also looked into the plans and content of education on such manners required by the students. The study aimed at seeking a direction for education on the manners of offering congratulation or condolence in order to help the students acquire an appropriate conception of offering congratulation or condolence and contribute to firmly establishing a sound culture of conveying congratulation or condolence. The following results were obtained in the study. 1. One a five-point scale, university students' recognitions of the importance of attending rituals of congratulation or condolence were revealed as follows: attending condolence rituals(4.55) > attending wedding ceremonies(4.30) > visiting sick acquaintances(4.03) > attending birthday parties (3.50) > attending openings(3.47) > attending promotion or retirement parties(3.42). 2. One a five-point scale, university students' recognitions of the manners of offering congratulation or condolence in social life were as follows: the manners of attending condolence rituals(4.20) > the manners of attending wedding ceremonies(4.06) > the manners of attending promotion or retirement parties(3.9) > the manners of attending openings(3.80) > the manners of attending birthday parties(3.69) > the manners of visiting sick acquaintances(3.44). 3. One a five-point scale, university students' requirements for the content of education on the manners of conveying congratulation and condolence were as follows: education on the manners of attending condolence rituals(4.08) > education on the manners of visiting sick acquaintances(3.35) > education on the manners of attending wedding ceremonies(3.27) > education on the manners of attending promotion and retirement parties(2.96) > education on the manners of attending birthday parties(2.91) > education on the manners of attending openings(2.91). 4. One a five-point scale, university students' requirements for the plan for education on the manners of conveying congratulation and condolence were as follows: 'The education content should be applicable in real life'(4.42) > 'The education content should be easily understandable' (4.23) > 'Information or materials related to the education content should be easily accessible'(4.01) > 'The theory and actual practice of education should be taught in parallel' (3.96) > 'Education related materials should be utilized'(3.92) > 'Students' demands should be reflected when structuring the content of education'(3.91). 5. The study examined the relationship among university students' recognitions of the importance of attending rituals of congratulation or condolence, their recognitions of the manners of offering congratulation or condolence, and their demands regarding such manners. According to the results, a static relationship was found in all sub-areas, indicating students show higher recognition of practicing manners of conveying congratulation or condolence as they have higher recognition of attending rituals of congratulation or condolence in social life. In addition, higher recognition of practicing manners of conveying congratulation or condolence made them demand more for the necessity of plan and content of education on the manners of offering congratulation or condolence in university.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 1998

To study the incidence and epidemiological factors of uterine cervical cancer in medical underserved area females, the questionnaire survey and Pap. smear for uterine cervical cancer was done on total 330 women who lived in Ullungdo from 5th to 12th August, 1998. The results were summarized as follows： The age distribution of subjects was 50s (24.5%), 60s (24.5%) and their educational level was “no schooling” (14.2%) and “elementary school” (42.7%). The first coital age of subjects was 19∼21yrs (30.0%), 16∼18yrs (13.9%) and the first pregnancy age was 22∼24yrs (36.7%) and 19∼21yrs (30.0%). The frequency of total pregnancy of subjects was over 5 times (52.1%). The frequency of total delivery was “3∼4 times” (35.5％) and “5∼6 times” (15.2％). 68.8% of subjects had experience of abortion and 80.0% of their husband were on the phimosis. 172 (52.1%) subjects had gynecological symptoms, their symptoms were leukorrhea (48.3%), pruritus (21.5%) and leukorrhea with pruritus (20.3%). 63.9% of total subjects have been received Pap. smear and the frequency of their Pap. smear was “only 1 time” (44.1 ％), “irregularly” (30.3%) and the reason of respondents who have not been received Pap. smea. was “no specific symptom” (51.3%). Among the 330 women screened there were negative (45.8%), inflammation (47.3%), trichomoniasis and candidiasis (1.8%), atypical cells (4.5%) and dysplasia (0.6%).