• Obstetrics & gynecology science
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.662-668
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• 2018

Objective This study was to identify the risk factors for cytological progression in women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). Methods We analyzed data from women infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) who participated in the Korean HPV cohort study. The cohort recruited women aged 20-60 years with abnormal cervical cytology (ASC-US or LSIL) from April 2010. All women were followed-up at every 6-month intervals with cervical cytology and HPV DNA testing. Results Of the 1,158 women included, 654 (56.5%) and 504 (43.5%) women showed ASC-US and LSIL, respectively. At the time of enrollment, 143 women tested positive for HPV 16 (85 single and 58 multiple infections). Cervical cytology performed in the HPV 16-positive women showed progression in 27%, no change in 23%, and regression in 50% of the women at the six-month follow-up. The progression rate associated with HPV 16 infection was higher than that with infection caused by other HPV types (relative risk [RR], 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-2.84; P=0.028). The cytological progression rate in women with persistent HPV 16 infection was higher than that in women with incidental or cleared infections (P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between cigarette smoking and cytological progression (RR, 4.15; 95% CI, 1.01-17.00). Conclusion The cytological progression rate in HPV 16-positive women with ASC-US or LSIL is higher than that in women infected with other HPV types. Additionally, cigarette smoking may play a role in cytological progression.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.15-30
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• 2009

Purpose: In this rapidly aging society, the research and development of traditional oriental medicine treatment is one of the critical factors to protect the increasing neuro-degenerative disorders. In this study, we wanted to verify the effect of Yukul-tang (YUT) on neuro-degenerative disease model by assessing the antioxidant and anti-inflammation effects. Methods: To assess the antioxidant effects of YUT, we carried out DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging assays and determined the total polyphenolic contents in YUT. To evaluate the neuro-protective effects of YUT, we performed the MTT and ROS assays and TH immunohistochemistry, NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ assays in SH-SY5Y or mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons damaged by 6-OHDA. Results: The treatment of YUT showed eliminating effects on DPPH radical and ABTS radical. it showed deterring effects on ROS, NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ and protecting effects on TH-positive cell in SH-SY5Y cells or mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Especially in the case of the treatment of YUT with 0.2ug/mL + 6-OHDA 10uM, the protective effect on dopaminergic neurons was most outstanding. Conclusion: In this study, we have demonstrated that YUT has an antioxidant effect and a neuro-protective effect on neuro-degenerative disease model caused by neurotoxin such as 6-OHDA. The results of our present study suggest that YUT can be useful agent to prevent and to treat neuro-degenerative diseases.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.97-105
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• 2020

The genus Navicula, with its notably high species diversity, is one of the most important genera of the diatom assemblages of the tidal flats. In the present study, Navicula spartinetensis was firstly observed from Yellow Sea including both of Korean and Chinese tidal flats. Morphological description was also made based on the LM and SEM observation. Samples were collected from four locations in Korea, two in October 2006, one in July 2007, and one in July 2018, and seven location in China from June to July 2018. N. spartinetensis was firstly described by Sullvian & Reimer in 1975; Cells are lanceolate with narrow valve faces, 20-30 ㎛ long, 5-6 ㎛ wide, and the density of striae is 12-13 in 10 ㎛, and the terminal raphe ending curved in the same direction. N. spartinetensis has been previously reported from Europe and South America, and the present study has expanded its distribution to the Northeast Asia. In conclusion, the diversity of Korean marine benthic diatoms is still underestimated thus extensive further study of diatom taxonomy is needed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.39-44
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• 2023

Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT-1) is a metabolic disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) gene, which impairs the function of the FAH enzyme, resulting in the accumulation of tyrosine's toxic metabolites in hepatocytes and renal tubular cells. As a consequence, individuals with HT-1 exhibit symptomatic manifestations. Rapid diagnosis and treatment of HT-1 can prevent short-term death and long-term complications. A 15-day-old boy presented to the outpatient department with elevated levels of tyrosine on his newborn screening tests conducted at the age of 3 and 10 days, respectively. Further blood tests revealed increased levels of alpha-fetoprotein and amino acids including tyrosine and threonine. Urine organic acid tests indicated a significant elevation in tyrosine metabolites, as well as the presence of succinylacetone (SA), which led to the diagnosis of HT-1. Two pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants of FAH compatible with HT-1 were also detected. He began a tyrosine-restricted diet at one month old and received nitisinone (NTBC) at two months old. With continued treatment, the patient's initially elevated AFP level, detection of SA in the urine, and mild hepatomegaly showed improvement. During four years and seven months of treatment, there were no exceptional complications apart from an increase in tyrosine levels and a delay in speech. We report a case of tyrosinemia type 1 detected through newborn screening, treated with dietary restriction and NTBC, with a good prognosis.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.23.1-23.15
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• 2024

The widespread use of antimicrobials causes antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The use of butyric acid and its derivatives is an alternative tactic. This review summarizes the literature on the role of butyric acid in the body and provides further prospects for the clinical use of its derivatives and delivery methods to the animal body. Thus far, there is evidence confirming the vital role of butyric acid in the body and the effectiveness of its derivatives when used as animal medicines and growth stimulants. Butyric acid salts stimulate immunomodulatory activity by reducing microbial colonization of the intestine and suppressing inflammation. Extraintestinal effects occur against the background of hemoglobinopathy, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, and cerebral ischemia. Butyric acid derivatives inhibit histone deacetylase. Aberrant histone deacetylase activity is associated with the development of certain types of cancer in humans. Feed additives containing butyric acid salts or tributyrin are used widely in animal husbandry. They improve the functional status of the intestine and accelerate animal growth and development. On the other hand, high concentrations of butyric acid stimulate the apoptosis of epithelial cells and disrupt the intestinal barrier function. This review highlights the biological activity and the mechanism of action of butyric acid, its salts, and esters, revealing their role in the treatment of various animal and human diseases. This paper also discussed the possibility of using butyric acid and its derivatives as surface modifiers of enterosorbents to obtain new drugs with bifunctional action.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.475-485
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• 1998

To clarify annual reproductive cycle of Koran dark sleeper, odontobutis platycephala, we examined the seasonal changes of gonadosomatic index(GSI), testicular development stages and sex steroid hormones in blood from December 1995 to November 1997. Testis was podlike shape from July to October, and tadpole-like shape from November because of its expanded posterior part. GSI was 0.14~0.18 from July to September and increased to $0.43{\pm}0.04$ in October and then was not changed significantly until February. GSI was reincreased to $0.52{\pm}0.09$ from March and then was kept at similer levels until May, but fell down to $0.28{\pm}0.05$ in June. As results of histological observation, testis was divided into 3 parts(anterior, boundary, posterior) in the development progress of germ cells. In July, the testis was composed of only spermatogonia without seminiferous tubules in most fishes. In the anterior part of testis, the ferquency of spermatogenesis stage seminiferous tubules appearing in August was more than 80% from September to December. decreased gradually from January to March and drastically in April, and then disappeared in June. The frequency of spermiogenesis stage seminiferous tubules appearing in December, increased gradually from January to March and drastically to 80% in April, and reached to 90% the highest levels of the year in June. Post-spawning stage seminiferous tubules did not appear throughout the year. The frequency of spermatogonia was 100% and 65% in July and August, and less than 20% in the rest period of the year. In the boundary part, the frequency of spermatogenesis stage seminiferous tubules appearing in August increased from September and reached to 82% in November, decreased from December, adn disappeared in March. The frequency of spermiogenesis stage seminiferous tubules appearing in November was less than 18% until February, and increased to 29%~57% from March to June. The frequency of post-spawning stage seminiferous tubules appeared 12%~25% only from March to June. The frequency of spermatogonia was 100% in July, decreased to 85% in August and 10% in November, and increased gradually from December to 50% in April, and decreased again from May to June. In the posterior part, seminiferous tubules with some seminiferous tubules increased drastically 80%~85% in August and September, decreased drastically from October to November and remained below 10% until February, and disappeared after March. The frequency of spermiogenesis stage seminiferous tubules appearing in August increased sharply from October and reached to 75% in November. decreased to 15% in December and no significant changes until March, and disappeared after April. The frequency of post-spawning stage seminiferous tubules appearing very early in November increased to 82% in December and 85%~95% until June. The frequency of spermatogonia was 100% in July, decreased drastically to 15% in August, disappeared from October to Mrch, but reappeared from April and kept at less than 10% until June. The blood level of testosterone (T) increrased gradually from August was $0.61{\pm}0.09 ng/m\ell$ in November, increrased drastically to $3.99{\pm}1.22 ng/m\ell$ in December and maintained at in similar level until March, and decreased to $0.25{\pm}0.14 ng/m{\ell} ~ 0.17{\pm}0.13ng/m{\ell}$ in April and May and no significant changes until July (P<0.05). The blood level of 17, 20 -dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one $ng/m{\ell}$in the rest of year without significant changes(P<0.05). Taken together these results, the germ cell development of testis progressed in the order of posterior, boundary, anterior part during annual reproductive cycle in Korean dark sleeper. The testicular cycle of Korean dark sleeper was as follows. The anterior part of testis : i.e. spermatogonial proliferation period (July), early maturation period (from August to November), mid maturation period (from December to March), late maturation period (from April to May) and functional maturation period (June) were elucidated. The boundary of testis, i.e. spermatogonial proliferation period (July), early maturation period (from August to October), mid maturation period (from November to February) and the coexistence period of late maturation, functional maturation and post-spawn (from March to June) were elucidated. The posterior of testis, i.e. spermatogonial proliferation period (July), mid maturation period (from August ot September), late maturation period (October), functional maturation period (November) and post-spawn period (from December to June) were elucidated. It was showed that the changes of sex steroid hormone in blood played a important roles in the annual reproductive cycle of Korean dark sleeper.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1236-1251
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• 1998

Background : TNF-$\alpha$ appears to be a central mediator of the host response to sepsis. While TNF-$\alpha$ is mainly considered a proinflammatory cytokine, it can also act as a direct cytotoxic cytokine. However, there are not so many studies about the relationship bet ween TNF-$\alpha$ level and lung injury severity in ALI, particularly regarding the case of ALI caused by direct lung injury such as diffuse pulmonary infection. Recently, a natural defense mechanism, known as the stress response or the heat shock response, has been reported in cellular or tissue injury reaction. There are a number of reports examining the protective role of pre-induced heat stress proteins on subsequent LPS-induced TNF-$\alpha$ release from monocyte or macrophage and also on subsequent LPS-induced ALI in animals. However it is not well established whether the stress protein synthesis such as HSP can be induced from rat alveolar macrophages by in vitro or in vivo LPS stimulation. Methods : We measured the level of TNF-$\alpha$, the percentage of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, protein synthesis in alveolar macrophages isolated from rats at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after intratracheal LPS instillation. We performed histologic examination and also obtained histologic lung injury index score in lungs from other rats at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24 h after intratracheal LPS instillation. Isolated non-stimulated macrophages were incubated for 2 h with different concentration of LPS (0, 1, 10, 100 ng/ml, 1, or 10 ${\mu}g/ml$). Other non-stimulated macrophages were exposed at $43^{\circ}C$ for 15 min, then returned to at $37^{\circ}C$ in 5% CO2-95% for 1 hour, and then incubated for 2 h with LPS (0, 1, 10, 100ng/ml, 1, or 10 ${\mu}g/ml$). Results : TNF-$\alpha$ levels began to increase significantly at 1 h, reached a peak at 3 h (P<0.0001), began to decrease at 6 h, and returned to control level at 12 h after LPS instillation. The percentage of inflammatory cells (neutrophils and alveolar macrophages) began to change significantly at 2 h, reached a peak at 6 h, began to recover but still showed significant change at 12 h, and showed insignificant change at 24 h after LPS instillation compared with the normal control. After LPS instillation, the score of histologic lung injury index reached a maximum value at 6 h and remained steady for 24 hours. 35 kDa protein band was newly synthesized in alveolar macrophage from 1 hour on for 24 hours after LPS instillation. Inducible heat stress protein 72 was not found in any alveolar macrophages obtained from rats after LPS instillation. TNF-$\alpha$ levels in supernatants of LPS-stimulated macro phages were significantly higher than those of non-stimulated macrophages(p<0.05). Following LPS stimulation, TNF-$\alpha$ levels in supernatants were significantly lower after heat treatment than in those without heat treatment (p<0.05). The inducible heat stress protein 72 was not found at any concentrations of LPS stimulation. Whereas the 35 kDa protein band was exclusively found at dose of LPS of 10 ${\mu}g/ml$. Conclusion : TNF-$\alpha$ has a direct or indirect close relationship with lung injury severity in acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome. In vivo and in vitro LPS stimulation dose not induce heat stress protein 72 in alveolar macrophages. It is likely that 35 kDa protein, synthesized by alveolar macrophage after LPS instillation, does not have a defense role in acute lung injury.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 1996

Prevention of thromboembolism is the most important task in the development of bioconpatible small caliber artificial vascular graft. In normal vessels, vascular endothelial cells maintain homeosatsis by secreting numerous factors. The aim of this study is to develope a method which Improves biocompatibility of small caliver polyurethane graft using endothelial cell culture technique, and ev luate the efTectiveness of extracelluar matrix for endothelization which was produced by cultured fibroblast. Methods ; Multiporous polyurethane tube of 3 mm diameter, 0.3 mm thickness was manufactured for vascular graft. Three mongrel dogs were intubated and internal jugular veins removed. Extracelluar matrix produced by cultured flbrobast which was obtained from dog's internal jugular vein were coated to the polyurethane graft. Then, endothelial cells extracted from Jugular vein were cultured and fixed on the extracelluar matrix layer of vascular graft. Endothelial cell coated vascular grafts were implanted to the carotid arteries of experimental dogs as interposed autograft. Implanted grafts were removed after 3 and 6 weeks. As a control, PTFE graft was interposed on carotid artery. These experiments demonstrated that extracelluar matrix produced by fibroblast can afford a base for endothelial cell linings of polyurethane graft. Although thrombosis were developed on autografted en othelial cell coated graft, 33% opening was noticed, and showed less adhesion to adjacent tissue layer. These findings suggest that fiboblast produced extracelluar matrix which can be used for edothelial cell lining vascular graft, and by improving the cultured endothelial cell function, there will be a new modality for reducing thrombosis on small vascular graft.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.583-591
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• 2013

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease associated with a cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to an allergen. Although the incidence of AD is increasing these days, therapeutics has yet to be developed for its treatment. The aim of this study was conducted in order to compare and investigate the characteristic between the Castanea crenata inner shell extract (CS) and the Castanea crenata inner shell extract fermented by Lactobacillus bifermentans (FCS) for an anti-atopic medication. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were similar to CS and FCS. In the DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging, the CS and FCS had the potential for antioxidant activities. Both of them did not exhibit cytotoxicity to HS68 cells. The evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity in Raw264.7 cells demonstrated that the FCS has inhibited the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide as compared to the CS. The anti-atopic dermatitis test was done through the induction of DNCB in AD hairless mice. The FCS has inhibited the development of the atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion by transdermal water loss, melanin and erythema of the skin as compared to the CS. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ production in hairless mice were inhibited by the FCS treatment. It indicates that the fermentation of the Castanea crenata inner shell has the potential for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2004

Background : The resurgence of tuberculosis and outbreaks of multidrug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis have increased the emphasis for the development of new susceptibility testing of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis for the effective treatment and control of the disease. Conventional drug susceptibility testings, such as those using egg-based or agar-based media have some limits, such as the time required and difficulties in determining critical inhibitory concentrations, but these are still being used in many diagnostic laboratories because of no better lternatives, considering cost and accuracy. To overcome these limits, a rapid and simple method for new susceptibility testing, using live and dead assays, was applied for a bacterial cell viability assay to distinguish dead from live bacterial cells based on two-color fluorescence. Materials and Methods Strains : Forty strains were used in this study, 20 susceptible to all antituberculosis drugs and the other 20 resistant to the four first line antituberculosis drugs isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol. Antibiotics : The four antibiotics were dissolved in 7H9 broth to make the following solutions: $0.1{\mu}g\;isoniazid(INH)/m{\ell}$, $0.4{\mu}g\;rifampicin(RMP)/m{\ell}$, $4.0{\mu}g\;streptomycin(SM)/m{\ell}$ and $4.0{\mu}g\;ethambutol(EMB)/m{\ell}$. Results : Live and dead Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells fluoresced green and red with the acridin (Syto 9) and propidium treatments, respectively. These results are very well accorded with conventional drug susceptibility testing by proportional method on Lowensen-Jensen media (L-J) containing 4 drugs (INH, RMP, EMB and SM), showing a 93.7 % accordance rate in susceptible strains and 95% in resistant strains. Conclusion : The results of the drug susceptibility testing using the live and dead bacterial cell assay showed high accordance rates compared with the conventional proportion method on L-J. This finding suggests that the live and dead bacterial cell assay can be used as an alternative to conventional drug susceptibility testing for M. tuberculosis strains.