• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2022

Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) is a prominent technique for the separation of heavy metal ions from wastewater due to the fast extraction and is a single-stage operation of stripping-extraction. The selection of the components (Surfactant and Carrier) of ELM is a very significant step for its preparation. In the ELM technique, the primary water- in-oil (W/O) emulsion is emulsified in water to produce water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion. The water in oil emulsion was prepared by mixing the membrane phase and internal phase. To prepare the membrane phase, the extractant D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid) was used as a mobile carrier, Span-80 as a surfactant, and Paraffin as a diluent. Moreover, the internal (receiving) phase was prepared by dissolving sulphuric acid in water. Di-(2- ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid such as surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, sulphuric acid concentration in the receiving (internal) phase, agitation time (emulsion phase and feed phase), the volume ratio of the membrane phase to the receiving phase, the volume ratio of the external feed phase to the primary water-in-oil emulsion and pH of feed were studied on the percentage extraction of metal ions at 20℃. The results show that it is possible to remove 78% for As(V), 98% for Cd(II), and 99% for Pb(II). Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) is a well-known technique for separating heavy metal ions from wastewater due to the fast extraction and is a single-stage operation of stripping-extraction. The selection of ELM components (Surfactant and Carrier) is a very significant step in its preparation. In the ELM technique, the primary water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion is emulsified to produce water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion. The water in the oil emulsion was prepared by mixing the membrane and internal phases. The extractant D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid) was used as a mobile carrier, Span-80 as a surfactant, and Paraffin as a diluent. Moreover, the internal (receiving) phase was prepared by dissolving sulphuric acid in water. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid such as surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, sulphuric acid concentration in the receiving (internal) phase, agitation time (emulsion phase and feed phase), the volume ratio of the membrane phase to the receiving phase, the volume ratio of the external feed phase to the primary water-in-oil emulsion and pH of feed were studied on the percentage extraction of metal ions at 20℃. The results show that it is possible to remove 78% for As(V), 98% for Cd(II), and 99% for Pb(II).

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제29A권11호
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• pp.62-69
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• 1992

In this paper, a measurement system of surface flatness test using 2-Bucket algorithm phase-shifting interferometry is designed and constructed. In the conventional surface flatness test system using phase shifting interferometry, it is needed more than 3 fringe datas but we propose 2-Bucket algorithm phase-shifting interferometry which only uses two fringe datas. 2-Bucket algorithm uses the relative phase differences of the neighbour pixels. If we watch the result of phase-shift error test simulation, 2-Bucket algorithm has the same calculating values that 3-Bucket, 4-Bucket and 5-Bucket algorithm have them. Experiments have been carried out on the silicon wafer. The measurement of silicon wafer's surface flatness shows that the flatness topography using 2-Bucket algorithm is similar to that of other algorithms.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.651-656
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• 1993

Granulated Y-TZP powders were coated by using Sol-Gel method and the coating effect of Al2O3 on the isothermal phase transformation in Al2O3 coated Y-TZP powders was investigated. During aging, tetragonal phase in Y-TZP powder were isothermally transformed to monoclinic, but the tetragonal phase in Al2O3 coated Y-TZP powders was continuously retained in spite of long aging. It can be considered that the improvement of thermal stability of tetragonal phase in Al2O3 coated Y-TZP powders may be due to the increase of constraint effect near tetragonal phase, and the suppression of surface transformation by obstructing the reaction between the surface of Y-TZP and H2O.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.677-683
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• 1990

Melt-textured growth of the YBa2Cu3O7-x phase from a supercooled melt created locally aligned, barshaped grains of the orthorhombic 1-2-3 phase. Based on all the observed phenomena, the gross mechanism of the melt-textrued growth of YBa2Cu3O7-x on the (100) plane of MgO was delineated by three basic patterns of reactions. These are : (ⅰ) formation of the aligned 1-2-3 phase and the Y-rich 2-1-1 phase at the bulk region away from the (100) plane of MgO ; (ⅱ) formation of the Cu-richprecipitates at the interfacial region by the selective interface-induced precipitation of the liquid phase ; (ⅲ) condensation reaction of the entrapped Cu-rich vapor with Mg atoms during the initial stage of rapid cooling from 130$0^{\circ}C$ to 98$0^{\circ}C$.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2011년도 제37회 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.313-316
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• 2011

초음속 유동과 2상 유동이 공존하는 화염유도로 내 유동해석을 위한 사전 해석검증의 일환으로, 초음속 단상 노즐 플룸의 2차원 축대칭 해석과 물 분사가 포함된 3차원 2상 아음속 유동을 해석하였다. 단상초음속 노즐 플룸의 경우 충격파 셀 구조를 통해 물리적으로 위배되는 현상은 발견되지 않았다. 물분사가 포함된 3차원 2상 아음속 유동의 경우, 액적의 거동과 기화 과정을 정성적으로 볼 수 있었으며 물 분사시 고온공기의 냉각 모사가 가능함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이들 기초 검증 결과들은 추후 초음속 2상 물분사 플룸 유동에 적용되어 3차원 화염유도로 해석에 응용될 예정이다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제4권8호
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• pp.906-914
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• 1994

상온과 액체질소온도에서 압축시험을 통하여 $LI_{2}$단상함금 및 $LI_{2}$상에 제 2상을 수 %또는 20%정도 포함하는 합금조성을 선택하였다. 일반적으로 제 2상을 20%정도 포함하는 2상합금들은 $Ll_{2}$단상합금에 비해 항복강도는 높으나 연성은 좋지 않았다. 그러나 $Cr_{2}AI$을 제 2상으로하는 20%정도 포함하는 Al-21Ti-23Cr합금은 다른 합금들에 비해 비교적 높은 항복강도와 함계 우수한 연성을 나타내었다. 또한 $Li_{2}$단상합금 및 $Cr_{2}Al$을 수% 포함하는 2상합금에 대한 소성거동도 조사하였다. 균질화처리 후에 제 2상의 양은 줄었으나 pore의 양은 증가하였다. 균질화처리 후에 $Ll_{2}$단상조직에서 나타나는 pore의 양은 Cr의양이 증가할수록 줄어들었으며, Cr 의 양이 더욱 증가하여 $Cr_{2}$Al이 제2상으로 생성될 때는 pore가 완전히 소멸하였다. 변형속도를 $1.2 \times 10^{-4}/s$와 $1.2 \times 10^{-2}/s$의 두가지 조건으로 변화시키면서 압축시험을 행하여 합금의 연성에 미치는 환경취성의 영향을 조사하였다. $LI_{2}$단상합금인 AI-25Ti-10Cr합금이 환경취성의 영향을 가장 적게 받는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 pore의 생성, 환경취성, ingot 주조조직 등을 종합평가해 보면 $Cu_{2}Al$을 제 2상으로 20%정도 포함하는 Ak-21Ti-23Cr합금이 가장 우수한 인장연싱율을 나타낼 것으로 기대된다.

• 약학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.378-384
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• 1999

Retinoic acid (RA) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) induce the differentiation of the multipotent embryonic carcinoma cell line, F9 cells, into parietal endoderm like cell. The F9 cells are highly proliferative doubling approximately 12 hourse. S Phase is predominant, lasting 10 hours and G2/M phase occupies most of the remaining cycle (2 hours) and G1 phase is nearly non-existent. In this study, we showed the effect of RA and dbcAMPon the cell cycle associated molecules (especially around G1 phase) during F9 cell differentiation. Differentiation of F9 cells was induced by the combined addition of RA ($10^{-7}M$) and dbcAMP (0.5mM), and cells were harvested daily up to 4 days. Flow cytometric analysis showed the prolongation of G1 phase around 30 hours after induction. Western blot analysis revealed that the amount of cyclin D1 and cdk2 were increased at day 4. However, histone H1 kinase activity of cdk2 was decreased. These data strongly suggest that RA and dbcAMP induce the growth arrest of F9 cells at G1 phase by decreasing the activity of cdk2, although they have increased the protein contents of cyclin D1 and cdk2. The reason for the discrepancy between the H1 kinase activity and protein contents are not clear yet.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.329-333
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• 2013

The structural phase transformations of $0.7Pb(Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-0.3PbTiO_3$ (PMN-0.3PT) were studied using high resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) as a function of temperature and electric field. A phase transformational sequence of cubic (C)${\rightarrow}$tetragonal (T)${\rightarrow}$rhombohedral (R) phase was observed in zero-field-cooled conditions; and a $C{\rightarrow}T{\rightarrow}$monoclinic $(M_C){\rightarrow}$ monoclinic ($M_A$) phase was observed in the field-cooled conditions. The transformation of T to $M_A$ phase was realized through an intermediate $M_C$ phase. The results also represent conclusive and direct evidence of a $M_C$ to $M_A$ phase transformation in field-cooled conditions. Beginning from the zero-field-cooled condition, a $R{\rightarrow}M_A{\rightarrow}M_C{\rightarrow}T$ phase transformational sequence was found with an increasing electric field at a fixed temperature. Upon removal of the field, the $M_A$ phase was stable at room temperature. With increasing the field, the transformation temperature from T to $M_C$ and from $M_C$ to $M_A$ phase decreased, and the phase stability ranges of both T and $M_C$ phases increased. Upon removal of the field, the phase transformation from R to $M_A$ phase was irreversible, but from $M_A$ to $M_C$ was reversible, which means that $M_A$ is the dominant phase under the electric field. In the M phase region, the results confirmed that lattice parameters and tilt angles were weakly temperature dependent over the range of investigated temperatures.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2003년도 춘계종합학술대회
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• pp.97-99
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• 2003

커플링 수가 1개이고, 2.3GHz에서 사용할 수 있는 새로운 45$^{\circ}$ Schiffman 위상 천이기가 측정 결과와 함께 제시되었다. 제안한 테플론 기반 위상 천이기는 기존의 Schiffman 위상 천이기에 비해 더 작은 면적과 저 비용으로 제작할 수 있다. 이외에도 제작된 위상 천이기의 특성들이 추출되었고 또한 비교되었다. 제안한 위상 천이기는 특히 장래 2.3GHz 무선 응용에 유용할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.235-238
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• 2001

Deformation phase can be obtained by using Least-Square Fitting. In extraction of phase values, Least-Square Fitting is superior to usual method like as 2, 3, 4-Bucket Algorithm. That can extract almost noise-free phase and retain 2$\pi$discontinuities. But more fringe in phase map, 2$\pi$ discontinuities is destroyed when that is filtered and reconstruction of deformation is not reliable. So, we adapted Least-Square Fitting using an isotropic window in dense fringe. using Sine-Cosine filter give us perfect 2$\pi$discontinuities information. We showed the process and result of extraction of phase map and filtering in this paper.