• Title/Summary/Keyword: 2-Phase

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Removal study of As (V), Pb (II), and Cd (II) metal ions from aqueous solution by emulsion liquid membrane

  • Dohare, Rajeev K.;Agarwal, Vishal;Choudhary, Naresh K.;Imdad, Sameer;Singh, Kailash;Agarwal, Madhu
    • Membrane and Water Treatment
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.201-208
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    • 2022
  • Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) is a prominent technique for the separation of heavy metal ions from wastewater due to the fast extraction and is a single-stage operation of stripping-extraction. The selection of the components (Surfactant and Carrier) of ELM is a very significant step for its preparation. In the ELM technique, the primary water- in-oil (W/O) emulsion is emulsified in water to produce water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion. The water in oil emulsion was prepared by mixing the membrane phase and internal phase. To prepare the membrane phase, the extractant D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid) was used as a mobile carrier, Span-80 as a surfactant, and Paraffin as a diluent. Moreover, the internal (receiving) phase was prepared by dissolving sulphuric acid in water. Di-(2- ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid such as surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, sulphuric acid concentration in the receiving (internal) phase, agitation time (emulsion phase and feed phase), the volume ratio of the membrane phase to the receiving phase, the volume ratio of the external feed phase to the primary water-in-oil emulsion and pH of feed were studied on the percentage extraction of metal ions at 20℃. The results show that it is possible to remove 78% for As(V), 98% for Cd(II), and 99% for Pb(II). Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) is a well-known technique for separating heavy metal ions from wastewater due to the fast extraction and is a single-stage operation of stripping-extraction. The selection of ELM components (Surfactant and Carrier) is a very significant step in its preparation. In the ELM technique, the primary water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion is emulsified to produce water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion. The water in the oil emulsion was prepared by mixing the membrane and internal phases. The extractant D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid) was used as a mobile carrier, Span-80 as a surfactant, and Paraffin as a diluent. Moreover, the internal (receiving) phase was prepared by dissolving sulphuric acid in water. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid such as surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, sulphuric acid concentration in the receiving (internal) phase, agitation time (emulsion phase and feed phase), the volume ratio of the membrane phase to the receiving phase, the volume ratio of the external feed phase to the primary water-in-oil emulsion and pH of feed were studied on the percentage extraction of metal ions at 20℃. The results show that it is possible to remove 78% for As(V), 98% for Cd(II), and 99% for Pb(II).

Surface Flatness Test using 2-Bucket Algorithm Phase-shifting Interferometry (2-Bucket 알고리즘 위성 전이 간섭계를 이용한 평면 편평도 측정)

  • 정근욱;김동욱;길상근;박한규
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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    • v.29A no.11
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    • pp.62-69
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    • 1992
  • In this paper, a measurement system of surface flatness test using 2-Bucket algorithm phase-shifting interferometry is designed and constructed. In the conventional surface flatness test system using phase shifting interferometry, it is needed more than 3 fringe datas but we propose 2-Bucket algorithm phase-shifting interferometry which only uses two fringe datas. 2-Bucket algorithm uses the relative phase differences of the neighbour pixels. If we watch the result of phase-shift error test simulation, 2-Bucket algorithm has the same calculating values that 3-Bucket, 4-Bucket and 5-Bucket algorithm have them. Experiments have been carried out on the silicon wafer. The measurement of silicon wafer's surface flatness shows that the flatness topography using 2-Bucket algorithm is similar to that of other algorithms.

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Isothermal Phase Transformation Beahviors in $Al_2O_3$ Coated Y-TZP Powders ($Al_2O_3$로 코팅된 Y-TZP 분말의 등온 상전이 거동)

  • 이종국;양권승
    • Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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    • v.30 no.8
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    • pp.651-656
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    • 1993
  • Granulated Y-TZP powders were coated by using Sol-Gel method and the coating effect of Al2O3 on the isothermal phase transformation in Al2O3 coated Y-TZP powders was investigated. During aging, tetragonal phase in Y-TZP powder were isothermally transformed to monoclinic, but the tetragonal phase in Al2O3 coated Y-TZP powders was continuously retained in spite of long aging. It can be considered that the improvement of thermal stability of tetragonal phase in Al2O3 coated Y-TZP powders may be due to the increase of constraint effect near tetragonal phase, and the suppression of surface transformation by obstructing the reaction between the surface of Y-TZP and H2O.

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Phase Formation Characteristics of Superconducting $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-x}$ Prepared by the Melt-Textured Growth (용융-조직 성장에 의한 초전도성 $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-x}$상의 생성 특성)

  • 장현명;문길원
    • Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.677-683
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    • 1990
  • Melt-textured growth of the YBa2Cu3O7-x phase from a supercooled melt created locally aligned, barshaped grains of the orthorhombic 1-2-3 phase. Based on all the observed phenomena, the gross mechanism of the melt-textrued growth of YBa2Cu3O7-x on the (100) plane of MgO was delineated by three basic patterns of reactions. These are : (ⅰ) formation of the aligned 1-2-3 phase and the Y-rich 2-1-1 phase at the bulk region away from the (100) plane of MgO ; (ⅱ) formation of the Cu-richprecipitates at the interfacial region by the selective interface-induced precipitation of the liquid phase ; (ⅲ) condensation reaction of the entrapped Cu-rich vapor with Mg atoms during the initial stage of rapid cooling from 130$0^{\circ}C$ to 98$0^{\circ}C$.

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CFD Investigation of Rocket Nozzle Plume for Flame Deflector Preliminary Analysis (화염유도로 예비 해석을 위한 로켓노즐 플룸의 CFD 해석 검증)

  • Jun, Doo-Sung;Kim, Jae-Woo;Kim, Jong-Rok;Kim, Woo-Kyeom;Kim, Seung-Cheol;Moon, Hee-Jang
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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    • 2011.11a
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    • pp.313-316
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    • 2011
  • This paper investigates CFD investigation on single phase supersonic nozzle flow and 2-phase subson ic flow prior to rocket nozzle supersonic 2-phase flow with water injection within the flame deflector. Numerical results of supersonic nozzle single phase flow showed no notable unrealistic behavior as it captures the usual shock cell structures. Three-dimensional 2-phase flow analysis has also been performed to verify whether the approach can grab the droplet behavior during cooling by water injection. It is expected these basic studies will enhance the cooling problem analysis of supersonic 2-phase rocket plume in the future.

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Plastic Behaviro of Two Phase Intermetallic Compounds Based on $Li_2$-type$(Ai, Cr)_3$/Ti ($Li_2$$(Ai, Cr)_3$/Ti기 2상 금속간화합물의 소성거동)

  • Park, Jeong-Yong;O, Myeong-Hun;Wi, Dang-Mun;Miura, S.;Mishima, Y.
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.4 no.8
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    • pp.906-914
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    • 1994
  • Plastic behavior of two-phase intermetallic compounds based on $LI_{2}$-type $(Al, Cr)_3$ Ti was investigated using compression test at R.T. and 77K. $LI_{2}$ single phase alloys and two-phase alloys consisting of mainly $LI_{2}$ phase and a few or 20% second phases were selected from AI-Ti-Cr phase diagram. In general, compared with Llz single phase, two-phase alloys consisting of 20% second phase showed relatively high yield strength and poor ductility. Among the alloys, however, AI-21Ti-23Cr alloy consisting of 20% $Cr_{2}Al$ phase showed available ductility as well as high yield strength. Plastic behavior of $LI_{2}$ single phase alloys and two-phase alloys consisting of a few% $Cr_{2}Al$ was also investigated. Homogenization of arc melted ingots substantially reduced the amount of second phases but introduced extensive pore. When Cr content increased in $Ll_{2}$ single phase alloys after the homogenization, the volume fraction of pore in the alloys decreased, and no residual pore was observed in two-phase alloys consisting of a few% $Cr_{2}Al$ phase. Environmental effect on the ductility of the alloys was investigated using compression test at different strain rates($1.2 \times 10^{-4}/s$ and $1.2 \times 10^{-2}/s$). Environmental embrittlement was least significant in A1-25Ti-10Cr alloy consisting of LIZ single phase among the alloys tested in this study. However, based on the combined estimation of the pore formation, environmental embrittlement and ingot cast structure, AI-21Ti-23Cr alloy consisting of 20% $Cr_{2}Al$ as the second phase is expected to show the best tensile elongation behavior.

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Effect of Retinoic Acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on G1 Phase Associated Molecules during F9 Embryonic Carcinoma Cell Differentiation (Retinoic acid와 dibutyryl cyclic AMP가 F9 embryonic carcinoma cell 분화 중 G1 Phase 관련 분자에 미치는 영향)

  • 박귀례;김건홍;한순영;이유미;장성재
    • YAKHAK HOEJI
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    • v.43 no.3
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    • pp.378-384
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    • 1999
  • Retinoic acid (RA) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) induce the differentiation of the multipotent embryonic carcinoma cell line, F9 cells, into parietal endoderm like cell. The F9 cells are highly proliferative doubling approximately 12 hourse. S Phase is predominant, lasting 10 hours and G2/M phase occupies most of the remaining cycle (2 hours) and G1 phase is nearly non-existent. In this study, we showed the effect of RA and dbcAMPon the cell cycle associated molecules (especially around G1 phase) during F9 cell differentiation. Differentiation of F9 cells was induced by the combined addition of RA ($10^{-7}M$) and dbcAMP (0.5mM), and cells were harvested daily up to 4 days. Flow cytometric analysis showed the prolongation of G1 phase around 30 hours after induction. Western blot analysis revealed that the amount of cyclin D1 and cdk2 were increased at day 4. However, histone H1 kinase activity of cdk2 was decreased. These data strongly suggest that RA and dbcAMP induce the growth arrest of F9 cells at G1 phase by decreasing the activity of cdk2, although they have increased the protein contents of cyclin D1 and cdk2. The reason for the discrepancy between the H1 kinase activity and protein contents are not clear yet.

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Effect of Electrical Field on the Phase Transformation of 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 Single Crystals (단결정 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 의 상전이에 미치는 전장의 영향)

  • Lee, Eun-Gu
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.23 no.6
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    • pp.329-333
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    • 2013
  • The structural phase transformations of $0.7Pb(Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-0.3PbTiO_3$ (PMN-0.3PT) were studied using high resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) as a function of temperature and electric field. A phase transformational sequence of cubic (C)${\rightarrow}$tetragonal (T)${\rightarrow}$rhombohedral (R) phase was observed in zero-field-cooled conditions; and a $C{\rightarrow}T{\rightarrow}$monoclinic $(M_C){\rightarrow}$ monoclinic ($M_A$) phase was observed in the field-cooled conditions. The transformation of T to $M_A$ phase was realized through an intermediate $M_C$ phase. The results also represent conclusive and direct evidence of a $M_C$ to $M_A$ phase transformation in field-cooled conditions. Beginning from the zero-field-cooled condition, a $R{\rightarrow}M_A{\rightarrow}M_C{\rightarrow}T$ phase transformational sequence was found with an increasing electric field at a fixed temperature. Upon removal of the field, the $M_A$ phase was stable at room temperature. With increasing the field, the transformation temperature from T to $M_C$ and from $M_C$ to $M_A$ phase decreased, and the phase stability ranges of both T and $M_C$ phases increased. Upon removal of the field, the phase transformation from R to $M_A$ phase was irreversible, but from $M_A$ to $M_C$ was reversible, which means that $M_A$ is the dominant phase under the electric field. In the M phase region, the results confirmed that lattice parameters and tilt angles were weakly temperature dependent over the range of investigated temperatures.

Asymmetric 45$^{\circ}$ Schiffman Phase Shifter (PS) (비대칭 45$^{\circ}$ Schiffman 위상 천이기)

  • 채동규;임문혁;김동현;윤기완
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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    • 2003.05a
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    • pp.97-99
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    • 2003
  • Novel asymmetric 45$^{\circ}$ Schiffman phase shifter having l-coupling for 2.3GHz applications is presented along with measurement results. The proposed phase shifter with a Teflon substrate is fabricated in a smaller area and cost-effective way as compared to the conventional Schiffman phase shifter. In addition, the characteristics of the fabricated phase shifter is extracted and compared. The proposed phase shifter seems useful particularly for the future 2.3GHz wireless applications.

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Ideal Phase map Extraction Method and Filtering of Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI 에서의 이상적인 위상도 추출과 필터링 방법)

  • 유원재;이주성;강영준;채희창
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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    • 2001.04a
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    • pp.235-238
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    • 2001
  • Deformation phase can be obtained by using Least-Square Fitting. In extraction of phase values, Least-Square Fitting is superior to usual method like as 2, 3, 4-Bucket Algorithm. That can extract almost noise-free phase and retain 2$\pi$discontinuities. But more fringe in phase map, 2$\pi$ discontinuities is destroyed when that is filtered and reconstruction of deformation is not reliable. So, we adapted Least-Square Fitting using an isotropic window in dense fringe. using Sine-Cosine filter give us perfect 2$\pi$discontinuities information. We showed the process and result of extraction of phase map and filtering in this paper.

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