• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.163-175
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to propose a method for analyzing suitable achievement standards for the nature of science curriculum. This can be done by introducing various analysis methods, as well as using practical examples to analyze the achievement standards that are the starting point for teaching and learning in the 2015 revised curriculum. In this paper, three methods are shown: ① the method suggested by the Gyeonggido Office of Education, ② the method using understanding verbs of backward design, ③ the method using Bloom's revised taxonomy. In addition, we propose a method to analyze the achievement standards of science curriculum utilizing the characteristics of science curriculum. This method takes advantage of the above three analysis methods. After separating the content and performance verbs, subdividing the performance verbs into the performance verbs of six aspects of understanding and restatement of the achievement standards, the restatement of achievement standards enabled the analysis of in-depth achievement standards by linking to a process-focused assessment plan considering the level of thinking by utilizing the two-dimensional framework of Bloom's revised taxonomy. Through this study, I hope that elementary school teachers will develop meaningful teaching and learning methods that utilize the essence of the subject through in-depth analysis of the achievement standards of science as a subject.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.1777-1783
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• 2013

Parshall flume is more practical one of hydraulic structures for measuring flowrate in open channels and also has more advantages when the magnitude of flow velocity is relatively lower or much more sediments are brought from upstream. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has suggested the empirical formulas standardized by the sizes and dimensions of Parshall flume. However, the related studies using the numerical simulations and experiments are relatively rare. Therefore, in this study, it was examined whether the numerical simulation was adequacy for reproducing the hydraulic characteristics of Parshall flume as much as laboratory experiments by comparing the results from numerical simulations and empirical equation. And for arbitrary Parshall flume, that is unlisted in the ISO standards due to environmental conditions, constructional difficulties etc, thus, the hydraulic experiments should be conducted to obtain the empirical formulas for it, the results from numerical simulations were compared with those of laboratory experiments. Consequently, it was convinced that the numerical simulation about Parshall flume was simulated appropriately instead of experimental approach. And the dimensionless discharge equation of arbitrary ones was suggested using the results of numerical simulations, and the equation was validated by comparing with laboratory experimental results showing the maximum relative error of 2.3%. If the actual topography, the shape of inlet and submerged flow, which is excluded in this study, were carefully considered, it would be possible to supply a simple empirical discharge equation based on numerical results. Also, it can replete hard works for hydraulic experiment being error-prone with complex procedures to a minimum of economic effort.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2000

The IP(imaging plate) has been widely used to measure the two-dimensional distribution of incident radiation since it has a high sensitivity, reusability, a wide dynamic range, a high position resolution. Particularly, the easiness of acquiring digitized image using IP poses a strong merit because recent trend of data handling prefers image digitization. In order to test its usefulness in photon beam dosimetry, we measured the off-axis ratio(OAR) on portal planes and percent depth dose(PDD) within a phantom using IP, and compared the results with the data based on EGS4 Monte Carlo particle transport code, ion-chambers, conventional films. For the measurement, we used 6 MV X-rays, various field sizes. As a result, IP showed significant deviation from ion-chamber measurement: a significant overresponse, 100% greater than that of ion-chamber measurement at deep part of the phantom. Filtration of low-energy scattered photons at deep part of the phantom using 0.5 mm thick lead sheets did improve the result, only to the unacceptable extent. However, portal dose measurement showed possibilities of If as a dosimeter by showing errors less than 5%, as compared with film measurement.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.139-149
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• 1997

Electrical resistivity monitoring methods were adopted to detect groundwater table change in alluvium. Numerical modelling test using finite element method(FEM) and field resisfivity monitoring were conducted in the study. The field monitoring data were acquired in the alluvium deposit site in Jeong-Dong Ri, Geum River where pumping test had been conducted continuously for 20 days to make artificial changes of groundwater table. The unit distance of the electrode array was 4m and 21 fixed electrodes were applied in numerical calculation and field data acquisition. "Modified Wenner" and dipole-dipole array configurations were used in the study. The models used in two-dimensional numerical test were designed on the basis of the simplifving geological model of the alluvium in Jeong Dong Ri, Geum River. Numerical test results show that the apparent resistivity pseudosections were changed in the vicinity of the pootion where groundwater table was changed. Furthermore, there are some apparent resistivity changes in the boundary between aquifer and crystalline basement rock which overlays the aquifer. The field monitoring data also give similar results which were observed in numerical tests. From the numerical test using FEM and field resistivity monitoring observations in alluvium site of Geum River, the electrical monitoring method is proved to be a useful tool for detecting groundwater behavior including groundwater table change. There are some limitations, however, in the application of the resistivity method only because the change of groundwater table does not give enough variations in the apparent resistivity pseudosections to estimate the amount of groundwater table change. For the improved detection of groundwater table changes, it is desirable to combine the resistivity method with other geophysical methods that reveal the underground image such as high-resolution seismic and/or ground penetrating radar surveys.

• Archives of design research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.215-226
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• 1998

As late as middle of 1980s, what was referred to as new model cars consisted, on the premise of a standardized packaging layout, principally of the endeavor to transform their style images by changing little by little the form of layouts almosts similar to or with larger bodies than those of the old model ones. Afterwards even in the period of competition of engeineering and mechanical body styles for reducing fuel cost and improving comfortability in riding, the standardized packaging layout did not change visibly, simply trying to ameliorating commercialism through high output and high efficacy on the engineering part. Today the sudden prevalent motorization in every walk of life has brought about the development of the car industry, thus producing surplus supply and technical standardization. This phenomenon of technical standardization leads the concept of the renovation of car design to a way quite different from that of the past and so may be said to be confronted with an era that requires genuine-sense car design in a way. It seems that interior design plans are of much more importance than external shapes. This is because the effort for enhancing comfortability to keep car passengers' needs of transportation is one of the essences of car design. The objective of this study consists in inquiring into how to plan motorcar interior design, an essential prerequisite in determining the external or of a car, obtaining data needed via analysis of interior design plans of the car models that have won favorable criticism from consumers, thus contributing to the use of the data obtained for reference in car design activities in a genuine sense.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.169-182
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• 2016

This paper is the third investigation on the evaluation methods of flow characteristics in a steady flow bench. In the previous works, several assumptions used in the steady flow bench were examined and the flow characteristics were estimated both by the conventional impulse swirl meter and a particle image velocimetry at 1.75B position. From these works, it was concluded that the assumption of the solid rotation might cause serious problems and both of the eccentricity and the velocity profile distort the flow characteristics when using the ISM at 1.75B plane. Therefore, the understanding of the detail velocity profiles is very important to keep discussing the issues about the steady flow evaluation method. For this purpose, the planar velocity profiles were measure at 1.75B position by particle image velocimetry and the characteristics were examined according to the valve angles and lifts. The results show that the planar velocity profiles of 11, 16, $21^{\circ}$ valve angle heads according to the lift are similar to each other, however, that of $26^{\circ}$ angle is an exceptional case in the all aspects. In addition, the swirl behaviors are not apparent up to 6~8 mm lift under the $21^{\circ}$ angle and somewhat arranged motions are observed over the whole plane near the highest lift. At this point, the narrower the angle, the lower the lift at which the swirl motions become clear. On the other hands, when the angle is $26^{\circ}$, the center of swirl is always farthest from the cylinder center and only the indistinct swirl is observed even if at the highest lift. Also, all the swirl centers are quite apart from the cylinder center so that the effect of eccentricity may not be negligible at 1.75B regardless the valve angle. Related to the tangential velocity along with the radial direction, the bands of the velocity distribution are very wide and the mean velocities of cylinder center basis are lower than the velocity which is assumed in the ISM evaluation. Lastly, the mean tangential velocity profiles of swirl center basis are sometimes higher than that of ISM-assumed up to 0.6 non-dimensional distance less than 6mm lift, however, as the lift increases the profiles are different according to the angles and profile $11^{\circ}$ is the most closed to the ideal profile. Consequently, the real velocity profile is far from the assumption of ISM evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.307-325
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• 1995

IN order to gain a fundamental data for forecast or control of fish behavior and evaluated the feasibility of an application of the modeling technique to a field, in this paper a numerical model for describing the behavior of fishes in a water tank was presented. The parameters of the model were estimated by using the time-series data on the three-dimensional position of fishes and by applying the least squares algorithm. The estimated parameters were standardized to examine the variation of parameters according to the number of individuals and flow speed that the mean values of parameters were to be zero and their variances were to be one. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: (1) The standardized parameter $a^*$of propulsive force decreased according to increased the number of individuals and the flow speed. (2) The standardized parameter ${k_b}^*$ of interactive force increased according to increased the number of individuals, but decreased according to the flow speed. (3) The standardized parameter ${k_c}^*$ of schooling force increased according to │increased the number of individuals and the flow speed. (4) The standardized parameter │${k_w}^{+*}$│ of repulsive force against wall or bottom increased according to increased the number of individuals, but decreased according to the flow speed. (5) The standardized parameter │${k_w}^{-*}$│ of attractive force against wall or bottom was generally constant according to increased the number of individuals, but increased according to the flow speed. (6) The standardized parameter $\upsilon$ super(*) of damping force increased according to increased the number of individuals, but decreased according to the flow speed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.609-616
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• 2017

National Geographic Information Institute has established a plan that preoccupies UCPs (Unified Control Points) at 2~3km intervals in urban areas by considering the distance between existing UCPs by satellite images and aerial photographs in 2015. In this study, we discussed the method of selecting the locations of optimal UCPs by simulating GPS reception environment in candidate sites for UCPs using GIS. For this purpose, we selected new candidate sites for installing UCPs using satellite images and aerial photographs, and analyzed the GPS reception environment by calculating the visibility distance from buildings around UCPs using GIS skyline analysis. The number of and the arrangement of visible satellites that are capable of GPS satellite reception from the viewpoint of sky view were showed by GIS skyline analysis. Quality evaluation results of GPS observation data were compared with average PDOP calculated from hourly PDOP and TEQC in two points of Sungkyunkwan University during 8 hours. As a result of GPS reception environment using GIS, if the PDOP increases, the data acquisition rate is lowed, and the multipath error and the cycle slip are increased. Thus, this study verified that the quality of GPS observation data can be secured by constructing three-dimensional spatial information and simulating PDOP when preoccupying multiple UCPs using GIS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

This paper investigates inelastic lateral-torsional buckling of stepped beams subjected to uniformly distributed load and end moments. A three-dimensional finite-element program ABAQUS (2007) and a regression program MINITAB(2006) were used to analytically develop new design equation for singly and doubly stepped beams with simple boundary condition. The flanges of the smaller cross-section in the stepped beams were fixed at 30.48 by 2.54 cm, whereas the width and thickness of the flanges of the larger cross-section varied. The web thickness and height of the beams were kept at 1.65 cm and 88.9 cm, respectively. The ratios of the flange thickness, flange width, and stepped length of beam are considered with analytical parameters. Two groups of 27 cases and 36 cases, respectively, were analyzed for doubly and singly stepped beams in the inelastic buckling range. The combined effects of residual stresses and geometrical imperfection on inelastic lateral-torsional buckling of beams are considered. The distributions of residual stress of the cross-section is same as shown in Pi and Trahair (1995) and the initial geometric imperfection of the beam is set by central displacement equal to 0.1% of the unbraced length of beam. The comparisons between results from proposed equations and the results from finite element analyses were presented in this paper. The maximum differences of two results are of 13% for the doubly stepped beam and 10% for the singly stepped beam. The proposed equations definitely improve current design methods for the inelastic lateral-torsional buckling problem and increase efficiency in building and bridge design.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.5-48
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• 2014

Introduction : One of the important domains in OT is performance skills which include sensory perceptual skills, motor and praxis skills, emotional regulation skills, cognitive skills, and communication/social skills. All of these skills are support ed by integrated neurological processes. Body : Stereology robust tool when employed to investigate morphological changes in neurons, cortex area, and specific parts of brain involved in special brain function. Stereology is an interdisciplinary field focused or analyzing biological tissue with the three-dimensional interpretation of planer sections by using estimating method and mathematically unbiased sampling. With the unbiased stereological method based on probability theory, researchers can estimate morphological and anatomical changes in biological reference areas accurately and efficiently. Changes in anatomical and cytoarchitectural parameters, such as volume, number, and length, affect specific brain function related to the brain area. Occupational therapists provide treatment to improve functions for participation of occupation in neurological disorder. The functional improvements in neurological disorder reflect neurobiological changes because functional difficulties, such as motor cognitive disorder, are due to neurological disturbances. Thus, combination of two kinds of evidence, neurological changes and functional improvement, provide fundamental evidence for OT intervention in neurological disorder. Even though most of stereological studies are in animal model and in postmortem human because of practical and ethical issues, stereology provides fundamental knowledge to support OT theory and practice. Conclusion : Therefore, stereology informs translation from neuroscience to OT based on structure-function relationship in performance skills and experience-dependent neural plasticity.