• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.85-94
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• 2015

This study is to investigate the characteristic of tonal elements in word utterance of 30 pre-school children. For the analyses, 240 utterances of 4 syllable words were processed to extract acoustic values and then the data was transformed into tonal height in order to examine the contour. The results show that the mean pitch of a note is $C4{\frac{1}{2}}(271.17Hz)$ and high and low pitched notes are $C5{\frac{1}{2}}(452.57Hz)$ and $G{\sharp}3{\frac{1}{2}}(192.54Hz)$. The pitch patterns of the 4 syllables measured at the frication and aspiration portion are $E4{\frac{1}{2}}-F4-B3{\frac{1}{2}}-A3$ and F4-E4-B3-A3. The pitch patterns of consonant clusters are $B3{\frac{1}{2}}-D4-B3{\frac{1}{2}}-A3{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $A{\sharp}3{\frac{1}{2}}-C4-A3-D4{\frac{1}{2}}$. The analyses of tonal elements in this study provide evidentiary data on tonal height helpful for developing melodic contour.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.200-216
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• 2015

This paper empirically investigates the role of R&D intensity on market concentration of firms using four key market valuation variables, namely (1) market share, (2) labor intensity, (3) firm age and, (4) firm's market value. The empirical tests use database at firm level for the Indian IT sector from 1999 to 2013 from the CMIE Prowess database. The results of the regression analyses partially support our hypothesis that R&D intensity positively influences firm's market value measure by the H-index. The test results are consistent with the hypotheses that R&D spending is more valuable for firms with larger market shares, higher labor intensity, and firms that are diversified.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.5-9
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• 2011

An alkaloid, 3-methylcanthin-5, 6-dione, was isolated from the stem of Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn. and characterized by comprehensive analyses of its 1D and 2D NMR spectra. It was also evaluated for its cytotoxic activity in vitro against three human cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, HT-29 and NCI-N87), using MTT assays. We found that 3-methylcanthin-5, 6-dione exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity via inhibiting NO production induced in LPS-stimulated murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. The antioxidant activity of 3-methylcanthin-5, 6-dione was measured by DPPH free radical scavenging assays, hydroxyl radical scavenging assays and reducing power assays. Our results showed that 3-methylcanthin-5, 6-dione has significant biological activities.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.102-109
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of the T1 3D subtraction technique and the conventional 2D dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) technique in diagnosing Cushing's disease. Materials and Methods: Twelve patients with clinically and biochemically proven Cushing's disease were included in the study. In addition, 23 patients with a Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC) diagnosed on an MRI with normal pituitary hormone levels were included as a control, to prevent non-blinded positive results. Postcontrast T1 3D fast spin echo (FSE) images were acquired after DCE images in 3T MRI and image subtraction of pre- and postcontrast T1 3D FSE images were performed. Inter-observer agreement, interpretation time, multiobserver receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and net benefit analyses were performed to compare 2D DCE and T1 3D subtraction techniques. Results: Inter-observer agreement for a visual scale of contrast enhancement was poor in DCE (${\kappa}=0.57$) and good in T1 3D subtraction images (${\kappa}=0.75$). The time taken for determining contrast-enhancement in pituitary lesions was significantly shorter in the T1 3D subtraction images compared to the DCE sequence (P < 0.05). ROC values demonstrated increased reader confidence range with T1 3D subtraction images (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94-1.00) compared with DCE (95% CI: 0.70-0.92) (P < 0.01). The net benefit effect of T1 3D subtraction images over DCE was 0.34 (95% CI: 0.12-0.56). For Cushing's disease, both reviewers misclassified one case as a nonenhancing lesion on the DCE images, while no cases were misclassified on T1 3D subtraction images. Conclusion: The T1 3D subtraction technique shows superior performance for determining the presence of enhancement on pituitary lesions compared with conventional DCE techniques, which may aid in diagnosing Cushing's disease.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2012

외과적으로 가슴의 볼륨 측정은 석고법, 가슴 X선 사진을 이용한 가슴의 볼륨을 산출하는 방법과 MRI, 3차원 측정 시스템 등을 이용한 측정 방법들이 주로 이용되었다. 그러나 최근 화장품 영역에서 가슴 볼륨 증가 및 탄력개선 제품의 증가로 효능평가가 필요하나 외과적 방법들의 적용은 어려운 실정이다. 그리하여 본 연구는 화장품 영역에서 최초로 등고선 사진을 이용하여 가슴 탄력개선을 평가하였다. 또한 가슴둘레 측정, 디지털 이미지 분석, 3차원 가슴이미지 분석 값과의 상관성을 비교하였고 등고선 사진평가를 가슴의 탄력을 평가하는 새로운 방법으로 제안하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 병력조사 및 피부 상태 진단을 통해 건강한 여성 피험자 30명이 시험에 참여하였다. 피험자로 하여금 제품사용 전과 2주, 4주, 8주 후 시점에서 가슴둘레 측정, 유두점의 각도와 거리 분석, Moire's Topography를 이용한 scoring, 3D가슴측정을 실시하여 가슴확대 및 탄력개선 정도를 평가하였다. 평가 결과 디지털 이미지를 분석결과 유두점의 각도(Angle)는 시점별로 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 유의성은 없었다. 유두점으로부터 밑가슴까지의 길이(Length)는 시점별로 유의하게 증가하였다(p < 0.05). 또한, 유두점으로부터 밑가슴까지의 높이는 4주 후, 8주 후 시점에서 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다(p < 0.05). Moire's Topography Score 평가 결과 각 시점별로 유의하게 개선하였다(p < 0.05). 3차원 가슴 부피 분석 값은 각 시점별로 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 상관성 분석결과 Moir$\acute{e}$ tophography score는 디지털 이미지 분석 값 중 길이, 높이와 유의한 상관성이 있었고 3차원 부피 분석 값과 유의한 상관성이 관찰되었다. 따라서 Moire's Topography Score 평가는 이미지 분석과 3차원 부피분석 평가법과 더불어 화장품에 의한 탄력 및 처짐 개선을 평가하는 데 중요한 평가방법으로 사용될 것으로 사료된다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.83-88
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• 1997

Anthocyanin pigments of purple sweet potato roots (Ipomoea batatas L.) were extracted with 0.5% TFA (Trifluoroacetic acid) in 95% EtOh, and further isolated an purified by Amberlite XAD-7 and ODS column chromatography, and final preparative HPLC. Among nine anthocyanins isolated, the structure of three major anthocyanins were identified as 3-O-(6-O-trans-caffeyl)-2-O-(6-O-trans-caffeylglucopyranosyl)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-5-O-($\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl)-peonidin, 3-O-(6-O-trans-caffeyl)-2-O-(6-O-trans-feruloyl-glucopyranosyl)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-5-O-($\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl)-peonidin, and 3-O-(6-O-trans-caffeyl)-2-O-(6-O-p-hydroxylbenzoylglucopyranosyl)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl)-peonidin, by using UV-visible absorption spectra, $^1$H-NMR and FAB-MS analysis.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.187-195
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• 2023

Intensive rainfall during the summer season in Korea has triggered numerous devastating landslides outside of downtown in mountainous areas. The 2D slope stability analysis that is generally used for cut slopes and embankments is inadequate to model slope failure in mountainous areas. This paper presents a new 3D slope stability formulation using the global sliding vector in the limit equilibrium method, and it uses an ellipsoidal slip surface for static and quasi-static analyses. The slip surface's flexibility of the ellipsoid shape gives a lower FS than the spherical failure shape in the Fellenius, Bishop, and Janbu's simplified methods. The increasing sub-columns of each column tend to increase the FS and converge to a steady value. The symmetrical geometric conditions of the convex turning corners do not indicate symmetrical failure of the surface in 3D analysis. Pseudo-static analysis shows that the horizontal seismic force decreases the FS and increases the mass volume at the critical failure state. The stability index takes the FS and corresponding sliding mass into consideration to assess the potential risk of slope failure in complex mountainous terrain. It is a valuable parameter for selecting a vulnerable area and evaluating the overall risk of slope failure.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2021

Background: Dialysis patients are prone to having disabilities. We aimed to evaluate the association between disability and various clinical outcomes in Korean dialysis patients. Methods: This study consisted of 1,615 dialysis patients from 27 centers. We evaluated disability by using four questions on the activities of daily living (ADLs) concerning whether help was needed for feeding, dressing/undressing, getting in/out of bed, or taking a bath/shower. We divided the patients into three groups: no disability (Non-D, none of the four ADL domains required help; n=1,312), mild disability (Mild-D, one ADL domain required some/full help; n=163), or moderate to severe disability (MS-D, two or more ADL domains required some/full help; n=140). We evaluated falls, frailty, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), mortality, and hospitalization. Results: The numbers of participants with a fall during the last 1 year were 199 (15.2%), 42 (25.8%), and 44 (31.4%) in the Non-D, Mild-D, and MS-D groups, respectively (p<0.001). The numbers of participants with frailty in the Non-D, Mild-D, and MS-D groups were 381 (29.0%), 84 (51.5%), and 93 (66.4%), respectively (p<0.001). In both univariate and multivariate analyses, the physical component scale and mental component scale scores decreased as the grade of disability increased (p<0.001 for both scores). Hospitalization-free survival rate at 500 days was 64.2%, 56.7%, and 51.1% in the Non-D, Mild-D, and MS-D, respectively (p=0.001 for trend). Patient survival rate at 500 days was 95.3%, 89.5%, and 92.3% in the Non-D, Mild-D, and MS-D, respectively (p=0.005 for trend). Conclusion: Disability was associated with falls, frailty, HRQoL scales, and survival trends in Korean dialysis patients.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권12호
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• pp.4664-4670
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• 2023

Radiation is the main safety issue for almost all nuclear applications, which must be controlled to protect living organisms and the surrounding materials. In this context, radiation shielding materials have been investigated and used in nuclear technologies. The choice of materials depends on the radiation usage area, type, and energy. Polymer materials are preferred in radiation shielding applications due to their superior characteristics such as chemical inertness, resistivity, low weight, flexibility, strength, and low cost. In the presented work, ABS polymer material, which is possibly the most commonly used material in 3D printers, is mixed with Gd₂O₃ and Er₂O₃ nanoparticles. ABS filaments containing these rare-earth elements are then produced using a filament extruder. These produced filaments are used in a 3D printer to create shielding samples. Following the production of shielding samples, SEM, EDS, and gamma-ray shielding analyses (including experiments, WinXCOM, GEANT4, and FLUKA) are performed. The results show that 3D printing technology offers significant enhancements in creating homogeneous and well-structured materials that can be effectively used in gamma-ray shielding applications.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.747-753
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• 2019

Metaheuristic algorithm is used to solve the weight minimization problem of truss structures considering shape, and sizing design variables. The cross-sectional areas of the line element in trusses are the design variables for size optimization and the changeable joint coordinates are the shape optimization used in this study. The design of plane and spatial truss structures are optimized by metaheuristic technique named Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO). Finite element analyses of structures and optimization process are carried out by the computer program visually developed by the authors coded in MATLAB. The four benchmark problems (trusses 2D ten-bar, 3D thirty-seven-bar, 3D seventy-two-bar and 2D two-hundred-bar) taken from literature are optimized and the optimal solution compared the results given by previous studies.