• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.sup2
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• pp.325-338
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to compare and quantify the expression of IL-6, e1stase and ${\alpha}_1-PI$ in the gingival tissues of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy adults with chronic periodontitis. Gingival tissue samples were obtained during periodontal surgery or tooth extraction. According to the patient's systemic condition & clinical criteria of gingiva, each gingival sample was devided into three groups. Group 1 (n=8) is clinically healthy gingiva without bleeding and no evidence of bone resorption or periodontal pockets, obtained from systemically healthy 8 patients. Group 2 (n=8) is inflammed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis. Group 3 (n=8) is inflammed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes. Tissue samples were prepared and analyzed by Western blotting. The quantification of IL-6, elastase and ${\alpha}_1-PI$ were performed using a densitometer and statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. 1. The expression levels of IL-6 showed increasing tendency in group 2 and 3, and It was highest in group 3. 2. The expression of elastase showed increasing tendency in group 2 and 3, and It was highest in group 3. 3. The expression of ${\alpha}_1-PI$ showed increasing tendency in group 3 compared to group 1. 4. The ${\alpha}_1-PI$/elastase ratio was decreased in group 2 and 3 compared to group 1, especially most decreased in group 3. 5. As IL-6 levels were increasing, elastase showed increasing tendency in group 3, and although IL-6 and elastase levels were increasing, ${\alpha}_1-PI$ level in group 3 showed slightly increasing pattern comparing to group 1. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the expression levels of IL-6 and elastase will be inflammatory markers of periodontal inflammed tissue and DM. The ${\alpha}_1-PI$/elastase ratio also may be important measuring inflmmatory factors in the progression of periodontal inflammation associated to type 2DM.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.285-290
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• 1997

The insulin-like growth factors(IGFs) are bound to several binding proteins(IGFBPs) that appear to regulate IGF transport, receptor binding, and its action. The concentration of these peptides are altered by catabolic conditions. To determine IGF-I and IGFBP levels in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), sera was obtained from 5 patients and 7 controls. Serum levels of IGF-I in NIDDM were lower than those in either of the controls. By western immunoblot analysis, especially IGFBP-1 levels are increased, whereas IGFBP-3 levels decreased and their fragments was increased in NIDDM serum. IGFBP-3 proteolytic activity in NIDDM sera was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF), aprotinin, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA). This pattern of inhibition was consistent with a metal-dependent serine protease. By gelatin zymography, these proteolytic enzymes were identified as the size of 97 and 69 kDa. IGFBP-1, which is primarily insulin regulated, was increased in NIDDM and may modulate circulating IGF-I levels by regulating capillary passage of IGF-I. IGFBP-3 proteolysis markedly reduces its affinity for the IGFs, particularly for IGF-I. This accelerates their kinetics of dissociation, thereby increasing the proportions of IGF-I in free form and its availability to the cells.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.243-253
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• 2018

This study aimed to investigate the effects of DCI on glucose control, quality of life(SF-36 Version 2.0, Korean) and SDSCA(Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed on 46 patients with HbA1c 7.0% taking triple anti-diabetic drug regimen who visited the department of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Chungnam National University Hospital between March 2015 and May 2016. As a result, DCI treatment in the intervention group resulted in significantly reduced HbA1c levels $8.75{\pm}0.79%$(baseline), $8.36{\pm}1.03%$(after 12weeks), and $8.65{\pm}0.81%$(after 24weeks). However, patients in the control group did not show any significant change. Interestingly, both DCI treatment group and the control group significantly showed improvements in SDSCA. Participants in the intervention group showed a small yet significant improvement in their only fasting blood glucose test in SDSCA and revealed significant increase in the quantitative levels of quality of life, from $73.05{\pm}16.85$ to $82.74{\pm}10.68$. By using pathway analysis, improvement of SDSCA scores(${\beta}=-0.505$, t=-2.743) was the most influential factor to the fasting blood glucose. The quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was affected by changes of SDSCA scores(${\beta}=0.411$, t=2.024) and fasting c-peptide(${\beta}=-0.445$, t=-2.668) in DCI treatment group. In conclusion, treatment of DCI effectively improved glucose control in patients with type 2 DM(HbA1c level>7.0%) after 12 weeks of treatment, although it had no impact on glucose control after 24 weeks of treatment. Improved glucose control may encourage diabetic patients to conduct self-care activities and improve the quality of life. Based on the present study, we suggest that diabetes self-management, as well as consideration of comprehensive laboratory findings, may be important factor in regulating the quality of life in type 2 DM patients.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to identify patterns of diagnosis and to explore risk factors for type 2 diabetes beyond the postpartum period in women with a previous history of gestational diabetes, and to identify differences in such risk factors between early and late-onset (aged <45 and ${\geq}45$). Methods: Using epidemiological data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, a retrospective analysis of 175 women with various timings of type 2 diabetes diagnosis was performed. Results: The average age ($42.6{\pm}10.6$) at type 2 diabetes diagnosis was earlier than the general population, and obesity was prevalent with marked weight gains around 35 years old. Longer duration of breastfeeding was observed in women with late-onset of type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: For prevention of type 2 diabetes, early intervention is required, and modifiable factors such as weight control and breastfeeding should be taken into consideration for intervention strategies.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.649-659
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the level of MMP-1 in the healthy or inflamed gingival tissue of patients with or without type 2 diabetic mellitus. We investigated whether mean amount of MMP-1 was changed by chronic periodontitis and type 2 DM. Gingival tissue samples were obtained during periodontal surgery or tooth extraction. According to the patient's systemic condition & clinical criteria of gingiva, each gingival sample was divided into the three group. Group 1(n=8) was clinically healthy gingiva without bleeding and no evidence of bone resorption or periodontal pockets, obtained from systemically healthy 8 patients. Group 2(n=8) was inflamed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis. Group 3(n=8) was inflamed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes. Tissue samples were prepared and analyzed by Western blotting. The quantitative analysis of MMP-1 was performed using a densitometer and statistically analyzed by ANOVA. MMP-1 was expressed in all samples and an increased MMP-1 level was observed in group 2 compared to group 1 and decreased MMP-1 level was found group 3 compared to group 2, but the differences among 3 groups were not statistically significant. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that MMP-1 levels of inflamed gingiva of systemically healthy patient(group 2) were higher than normal gingiva of systemically health patients and although the severity of gingival inflammation in group 2 and 3 were similar, MMP-1 expression was decreased in diabetic patients than systemically healthy periodontal patients.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.5700-5707
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• 2014

This descriptive study was performed to identify the factors that influence fatigue in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 117 subjects were recruited from a university hospital in J city. For data collection, a questionnaire survey was performed between May 1 and June 28 2013. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson Correlation, and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS WIN 15.0 package. The mean fatigue scores of the subjects was 2.80. Depression, age, and time since the diagnosis were the variables influencing fatigue. The total explanatory power of these factors on fatigue was 40%. In conclusion, it is essential to develop a fatigue control nursing program considering depression, age and time since the diagnosis for patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1139-1150
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the silkworm powder on blood levels of glucose, Hb Alc, insulin, and lipids. Thirty-one NIDDM patients from Kyung Hee Medical Center were divided into two groups : patients with silkworm powder supplements and drug treatments(Drug diabetes) and patients with silkworm powder supplement only(Non-drug diabetes). For the control group, age-matched subjects were recruited. During the 4 weeks of the experimental period, silkworm powder(500mg/mea1) was given to the subjects right after each meal. Nutritional assessments and dietary education were carried out periodically, and body weight and blood pressure were measured when patients visited the hospital. Overnight fasting and 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels were measured at 2 week intervals. The blood levels of insulin, Hb Alc, and lipids were measured before and after the supplements. The mean ages of the three groups were 56.7-59.6 years old. The height, weight, and BMI did not differ among the groups. The fasting blood glucose levels were 138.1$\pm$22.0mg/dl for the Drug treated diabetes group, 175.0$\pm$32.0mg/dl for the Non-drug diabetes group, and 108. 3$\pm$16.gmg/dl for the control group at the begining of the supplement. After 4-wks of supplements, the blood levels of glucose tended to decrease in all three experimental groups. Before the supplements, the 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels of the Drug diabetes, Non drug diabetes, and control groups were 244.7$\pm$62.6mg/dl, 272.4$\pm$40.1mg/dl, and 147.7$\pm$28.0mg/dl, respectively. After the supplement, the levels were 197.2$\pm$30.gmg/dl, 208.6$\pm$ 56.6mg/dl, and 151.3$\pm$30.3mg/dl, respectively. This shows that silkworm powder tended to lower blood levels by 19.4% and 23.4% in NIDDM patient groups. However, the changes in the blood levels of insulin, Hb Alc, ind lipids were not observed after the supplement. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated that silkworm powder has a tendency to decrease 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels, but it should be used with caution in controlling the diabetes. (Korean J Nutrition 31(7) 1139-1150, 1998)

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.924-930
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of web-based diabetic education on plasma glucose and serum lipids in obese people with diabetes. Method: A random allocation design with control and experimental groups being assessed pre- and post-intervention was used. Eighteen patients were randomly allocated to an intervention group and 16 to a control group. Participants were requested to input their blood glucose levels weekly for 3 months at http://www.biodang.com by cellular phone or wire Internet. The researcher sentoptimal recommendations to each patient weekly for 3 months using a short message service (SMS) of the cellular phone and wire Internet. Results: Patients in the intervention group had a mean decrease of $1.2\%$ in glycosylated haemoglobin ($HbA_{1}c$) levels and those in the control group had no difference in HbA1c levels. There was a significant mean change in 2-hour post prandial blood glucose (2HPPG) for the intervention group, with a mean change of -120.1 mg/dl. The mean change in the control group, however, was not significant. Conclusion: These findings indicate that this web-based intervention using SMS of the cellular phone for 3 months improved $HbA_{1}c$ and 2HPPG, but did not affect total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in obese type 2 diabetic patient.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.275-280
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on obesity of nurse education using the short message service (SMS) of cellular phones and wire Internet. Method: Forty patients in an experimental group, which was assessed pre- and post intervention, completed this study. The patients were divided into two groups according to degree of obesity. The goal of the intervention was to keep blood glucose concentrations close to the normal range. The intervention was applied weekly for 3 months. Participants were requested to input the blood glucose level everyday at http://www.biodang.com by cellular phone or wire internet. The researcher sent optimal recommendations to each patient using SMS of cellular phones and wire Internet. The plasma glucose levels and serum lipids were measured before and after the intervention. Results: After 3 months of education, Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) decreased by 1.4% in non-obese patients and 0.7% in obese patients. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) decreased 22.6mg/dl in non-obese patients and 22.3mg/dl in obese patients. Two-hour plasma glucose (2HPG) decreased 97.0mg/dl in non-obese patients and 67.8mg/dl in obese patients. Conclusion: These results indicate that a nurse SMS intervention would improve HbAlc, FPG, and 2HPG in both non-obese and obese patients.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2015

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar level) in the context of insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin. Recently, much scientific evidence has shown that the risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 could be reduced by dairy intake. A significantly strong relationship has been noted between this disease and dairy intake. In particular, from the different types of fat in dairy foods that were reported to have a beneficial impact, low-fat dairy foods have been found to have the best effect with respect to reducing the risk of diabetes mellitus type 2. Therefore, the role of specific components of dairy foods, such as calcium, vitamin D, dairy fat, and trans-palmitoleic acid, which could be responsible for this effect and for the positive effect of dairy foods in obesity and metabolic syndrome, needs to be identified. There is a strong and relatively consistent body of accumulating evidence indicating that dairy foods may significantly reduce the risk of diabetes mellitus type 2, likely in a dose-response manner. Dairy recommendations should be an essential part of public health guidance, and identifying strategies to increase dairy food consumption to optimal levels is of utmost importance. Hence, this review summarizes various positive effects of dairy foods with respect to reducing the risk of diabetes mellitus type 2, based on available evidence, and discusses the need for further research on preventing or decreasing the risk of diabetes mellitus type 2.