• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.119-126
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• 2016

Five empirical farmhouses were selected to reduce the high temperature damage in oak mushroom cultivation using bed-logs. The cultivation facilities were categorized as follows: those having two blackout curtains or one blackout curtain and outdoor oak mushroom cultivation. The inequality of the indoor condition, oak mushroom hyphae rampant ratio, and fruit body production in each test condition was evaluated. $3^{\circ}C$ was lower in indoor temperature of cultivation facility having two blackout curtains than one blackout curtain. Specifically, the indoor air humidity average of cultivation facilities having one or two blackout curtains was 10% lower than that of outdoor oak mushroom cultivation. This condition is not ideal for oak mushroom cultivation as continuous indoor humidity control is essential for producing good fruit bodies. The Inoculated bed-log surface and oak mushroom hyphae rampant ratio of bed-logs cultivated with two blackout curtains was superior to other tested conditions. The mushroom production ratio observed in facilities with two blackout curtains was 117-204% higher than those cultivated in facilities with only one blackout curtain. Furthermore, the mushroom production ratio increased in based on these findings, we recommended five cultivation facility models to reduce high temperature damage in oak mushroom cultivation using bed-logs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 1987

본 연구는 경관선호에 관한 평가방법을 서술적으로 구명하면서 기존의 경관선호에 관한 평가방법이 자연적 요소를 많이 포함한 경관의 평가출 정착히 하는데 따르는 문제점을 제시하고 경관의 우연적 국면에 따라 경관선호의 우연성(Contingency in Landscape Preference)을 개관하면서 경관평가의 우연성(Contingency in Landscape Evaluation)에 의한 우연적 경관평가방법(Contingent Approach in Landscape Evaluation)의 가능성을 시사했다. 최근까지의 경관평가방법을 크게 분류하면 총체적(Universal) 접근방법, 개성적(Idiosyncratic) 접근방법, 조화적(Contrastic) 접근방법 등으로 나눌 수 있다. 그런데 경관성에서의 우연성을 강조함 으로써, 앞의 세방법만을 가지고서는 경관의 실체 파악이 어렵기 때문에 새로운 방법이 강구되어야 한다. 이의 한 대안으로 경관선호에 대한 평가를 우연적 접근방법으로 해결함으로써 평가영역과 평가요소를 확장시킬 수 있다. 따라서 수학적 매트릭스가 가능하다는 시사를 본 연구에서 구시하면서 새로운 평가방법으로 우연적 경관평가방법을 제시했다. 우연적 경관평가방법은 우연적 경관성에 의한 심미성을 고려하여 종합적으로 분석할 수 있으나 우연적 영역을 의도적으로 설정하지 않는 한 현실적으로 재정적 흑은 시간적 제약성을 지니고 있다. 그러나, 경관선호의 정도에 관한 평가보다는 경관의 본질을 구성하는 모든 요소를 고려한 평가가 경관선호평가에 대한 종합성을 반영할 수 있다. 경관평가의 모호성에도 불구하고 경관의 본질은 우연성에 의존한다고 본다면 우연적 경관평가방법은 크게 무리가 없다. 결국 경관은 생명성을 지니고 있기 때문에 현상으로만 볼 것이 아니라 동시적이면서 산재적 이며 상황적 다양성으로 간주해야 하며 고러란 관점을 강조한 것이 우연적 경관선호 및 경관평가에 대한 접근이라 할 수 있다.도 나타났다. 직업간의 유의성은 학생과 타 직업간에 나타났다. 직업간의 유의성은 학생과 타 직업간에 현격하게 나타났으나, 개인차를 나타내는 속성적 변수는 상호보완적인 변수기능을 수행하고 있기 때문에 다양한 행동의 설명력있는 이유로 볼 수 없다.때로는 민담에서도 풍수가 주제가 되는 경우가 있고, 일반적으로는 역사적 사실이나 인물을 통하여 취락민이지녀온 자연요소에 대한 인식관 또는 그러한 생활에서 나타나는 윤리관 등이 암암리에 표현되기도 한다. 민담을 통하여 우리는 주민들 의식 속에 남아있는 취락의 중요한 요소나 장소들을 찾아볼수 있고 더불어 이들을 중심으로 이루어 졌을지도 모를 생활모습들을 생각해볼 수 있다. 이러한 것들은 $\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$의 다른 일면 또는 때에 따라서는 극히 의도적인 $\ulcorner$표현$\lrcorner$적인 한 면모 - 그 대표적인 경우로 정원을 구성하는데 개재된 인간의 의미는 무언가를 표현 또는 표출하고자 함에 있다는 점 -라 볼수도 있을, 예로써 성리학적 사고관념으로써 집과 정사 그리고 주변 경관을 자신의 내적본직 또는 윤리적 영역으로 삼아 묘사.표현.구체화 시켜가기도 한다. 최소한 동족부락의 한두 예들에서 그러한 $\ulcorner$표현$\lrcorner$적 의도에 의한 경관구성의 일면을 확인할수 있지만 엄밀히 생각하여 보면 이러한 예의 경우도 최락의 총체적인 외형은 마찬가지로 $\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$의 범위를 벗어나지 않는다. 그렇기 때문에도 $\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$과 $\ulcorner$표현$\lrcorner$의 성격과 형태를 외형상으로 더욱이 공간상에서는 뚜렷하게

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.80-83
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• 2004

Objectives: The multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) is commonly used as a valid objective measure of sleepiness. The procedure of MSLT is well standardized but the sleep onset criterion is somewhat variable. One epoch of stage 1 sleep is the most commonly used criterion, and the criterion of three epochs of stage 1 sleep is also used. The purpose of this study was to compare the two criteria used to determine sleep onset. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 60 consecutive MSLT that were performed according to a standaridized protocol. We scored each test using the two different criteria for sleep onset and then statistically analyed the results. Results: Using the different criteria, 20 patients among 60 showed changes in mean sleep latency (33.3%). The extent of change ranged from 1.3% to 38.5% (mean 15.9%). Non-narcoleptic patients showed a significantly higher incidence of change than other sleep disorder patients. Conclusion: Changes in mean sleep latency occurred according to the different criteria of sleep onset. But the difference arising from different criteria was statistically not significant in patients with moderate to severe sleepiness. Considering that 1 epoch criterion for sleep onset is more sensitive in detecting clinically significant sleepiness, the authors suggest that the 1 epoch criterion is more reliable than the 3 epochs criterion.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.392-401
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• 2014

This research was carried out to understand the impact of mountainous torrent on topographical change of slope and sediment volume within a deposit line by dredging of soil erosion control dam. Terrestrial LiDAR surveys were conducted at dredged and non-dredged sites. Terrestrial LiDAR has an advantage on detecting topographical changes easily without demanding workmanship and technical skill for users. The distribution of erodible slope ($20^{\circ}-40^{\circ}$) was higher in non-dredged site than that of dredged site. However, the distribution was higher in dredged site than that of non-dredged site after rainy season. Erosion and deposition appeared regularly in a dredged site, but those occurred irregularly in the non-dredged site. The inflow of soil per square meter was 1.7 times higher in dredged site than that of non-dredged site after rainy season. The difference of rainfall in each site did not affect to soil erosion. The distribution of erodible slope was increased in dredged site than that of non-dredged site after rainy season due to inflow of soil from upper stream caused by dredging.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

The aim of this study is the safety and an accident prevention in limestone terrain by the underground tunneling. The geology of the study area consists of a Paleozoic sedimentary sequence dominated by limestone, sandstone, shale, and carbonaceous shale. The sequence gently dips to the northeast but the joint contains steep with variable trend. A significant fracture zone is developed in the limestone and shale beds, sub-parallel to bedding, and follows in part the limestone-sandstone contact. Monitoring of groundwater levels in the area shows marked fluctuations in the water table, which repeatedly rose to a level of -4 m before sinking to -15 m. These cycles occurred in mid-May, 2007 and in early and middle June. The data indicate that these fluctuations were unrelated to rainfall that occurred during the study period. We infer that the fluctuations were associated with the development of underground karstic networks along the deep fracture zone, and overlying ground subsidence is likely related to the rapid sinking of groundwater and the associated strong downward suction force.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1764-1771
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• 2010

Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae) is an herb primarily distributed throughout in the world. The species is regarded as ecologically important in the world. Safflower was used for medicines, as well as making red (carthamin) and yellow dyes. We have used the RAPD technique to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of C. tinctorius. We obtained 123 bands from all the 26 cultivars. The average number of bands was 9.5 per primer. The genetic diversity of safflower is found among cultivars and there is a high among-cultivar differentiation. The OPC18-01 band is the specific marker for Syria cultivar, whereas no products were detected in individuals from other country cultivars. We found seven phenetic bands for determining the specific marker of cultivars with SCAR markers. Though the number of individuals sampled for analysis was small and probably not fully representative of the total available diversity in C. tinctorius, this study demonstrates that the regions (Morocco, Syria, and Turkey) of the Mediterranean Sea were more variable than other regions with the exception of India. In this result, although only simple result of RAPD is difficult to assert the center of species diversity of C. tinctorius, the regions of the Mediterranean Sea may be the most probable candidate for the origin of safflower. India was also the candidate of the center or secondary center of species diversity of C. tinctorius. RAPD markers were effective in classifying cultivar levels of safflower.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.152-157
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• 2007

In an attempt to develop functional salts having beneficial health effects, we experimentally prepared three functional salts by fortification with soluble seaweed minerals (Hizikia mineral salt, HMS), fucoidan (fucoidan salt, FS) and laver extracts (laver salt, LS). To characterize the functional salts, their physicochemical properties and in vitro functionalities, such as pH, color, mineral composition, solubility, oxidation-reduction potential, sensory properties, angiotesin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, and bile acid binding capacity were investigated. The functional salts revealed slightly lower NaCl concentrations, but showed a variety of pH values compared with conventional table salt. The pH values of HMS, FS, and LS were 11.3, 6.8, and 6.5, respectively. The oxidation-reduction potentials (ORP) of the functional salts varied from -229 mV to 38 mV, significantly lower than refined salt. The functional salts were significantly darker in color than refined salt, and the mineral composition of HMS was considerably enriched compared to refined salt, particularly in potassium ion. As a result of the sensory evaluation, FS and LS were comparatively palatable in saltiness, pungency, bitterness, and overall acceptance compared with refined salt. It was also found that one functional salt had ACE inhibitory activity (54.8% in LS) and another had bile acid binding capacity (80.7% in FS).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 1979

In order to evaluate the effect of gamma ray irradiation to the soils added with several organic matters on release sad fixation of $^{65}Zn$, a soil incubation test was carried out by use of an acidic and a calcareous soil. The results obtained were summarized as follows : DTPA extractable $^{65}Zn$ decreased gradually with elapsed time of incubation owing to fixation of $^{65}$Zn by the soils but after four weeks DTPA extractable $^{65}Zn$ was reached an equilibrium state. The most parts of $^{65}Zn$ activity in the equilibrium state was found in the solid phase. The extent of zinc fixation in acidic Keumgok and calcareous Jecheon soils represented as activity basis was 89 and 93.7 per cent of applied $^{65}Zn$ respectively. Increased tendency of DTPA extractable zinc was shown by irradiating gamma ray to both soils because of $^{65}Zn$ fixation could be decreased by irradiation. The extractability of fixed $^{65}Zn$ by DTPA solution was 38.9 per cent in acidic Keumgok soil and only 9.5 per cent in calcareous Jecheon soil. Release of fixed $^{65}Zn$ by irradiation of gamma ray is closely related to pH of both soils. Much more $^{65}Zn$ could be released under low pH condition. Effect of gamma ray irradiation to organic matter sources on release of $^{65}Zn$ could not be differentiated. But in the case of nonirradiated soils, however, glucose treated soils couldrelease much more the extractable zinc as compared to those of the straw or cellulose treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.126-140
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• 2001

The influence of small urban parks(green ratio is 100%) on the temperature pattern over the urban and its surrounding area was examined by analyzing the case of in and around Changkyeong palace, Changdeok plalace and Jongmyo, Jongro-gu, Seoul. The pattern of temperature over urban parks and their surrounding built-up area was analyzed from September to November 2000, measuring maximum and minimum temperatures with fixed sensors(maximum and minimum thermometer)and real-time temperature depends largely on both the land-use type and the distance from the park border. In the case of maximum temperature, the lowest value appeared on the green area within parks and the highest value on the built-up area far from the green area. The maximum temperature difference between parks and built-up areas was up to $7.3^{\circ}C$. In the built-up area, the maximum temperature of commercial areas was higher than residential areas. In the night time, not only land-use type but also topography is important for the spatial distributlon of temperature because of the cold airflow from adjacet hills. The horizontal temperature profile by mobile measurement is also related to land-use type and to the distance from the park borders. There is a magnitude of $1^{\circ}C$ temperture difference over a distance of 200m and $3~4^{\circ}C$ over a distance of 400m from the park borders.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.282-291
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• 1996

The song of the bush warbler, Cettia diphone, consists of an introdudory whisde portion and a complex ending syllable portion. In bush warbiers, a song with two or fewer notes in the whistle portion is classified as an a song mode, while a song with three or more notes in the whistle portion as a $\beta$ song mode. Although some variations occur in mode seledion by individuals and populations, the proportion of a mode songs to total songs is 55% (range 51.6-58.7%) on average. The a mode has a higher dominant frequency in the whistle portion than does the $\beta$ mode, but the number of syllables m the complex ending syllable portion is fewer. Bush warbler mode sequences are defined as $\alpha$$\alpha$, $\alpha$$\beta$, $\beta$$\alpha$ and $\beta$$\beta$ mode sequences. In order to test the hypothesis that song modes and mode sequences play a role in the defence of territory in Jeju and Wando populations in the south-coastal geographic song variation group, playback experiments were executed. Mode sequences differed between naturally produced songs and songs produced in response to playback for two populations. In particular, for birds in the Wando populations our results indicate that the use of song modes may be affeded by habitat, singing site and type of territory, and further propose that particular mode sequences may play a more important role than song mode in vocal interadions.