• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2022

Background: Bronchiectasis patients with neutrophilic airway inflammation develop symptoms of chronic cough, sputum production, and recurrent exacerbations. Roflumilast has anti-inflammatory actions via decreased neutrophilic airway inflammation. The effectiveness of roflumilast to reduce bronchiectasis exacerbation has never been evaluated. Methods: We conducted a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Our primary objective was to assess the effect of roflumilast compared with that of a placebo in reducing exacerbation rates in bronchiectasis patients. The secondary objectives were the changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Bronchiectasis patients older than 18 years who had had two exacerbations during the previous 12 months were randomly assigned to receive either 500 ㎍ of either roflumilast or a placebo once daily for 6 months in a 1:1 ratio. Results: Forty bronchiectasis patients who had experienced exacerbations were screened. Thirty patients completed the study after 6 months of treatment: roflumilast group (n=15) and placebo group (n=15). The rates of exacerbations were 0.57 and 0.59 per patient in the roflumilast and placebo groups, respectively. Prebronchodilator FEV₁ increased by 0.07 L from baseline in the roflumilast group and decreased by 0.015 L in the placebo group, but the difference was not significant. No significant differences were observed in the change of SGRQ scores between the roflumilast and placebo groups. Roflumilast had significant side effects, including loss of appetite and headache. Conclusion: Roflumilast did not significantly affect the rate of exacerbations or quality of life. However, FEV₁ tended to improve more in the roflumilast group than in the placebo group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1188-1195
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• 2001

A tetraparental chimeric bull was successfully produced by aggregating bovine IVF embryos of F1 (female Holstein${\times}$male Japanese Black) and F1(female Japanese Brown${\times}$male Limousin) and culturing in vitro without the zona pellucida at Yamaguchi Research Station in Japan. In the microsatellite genotyping, 12% (28/228) microsatellite primer sets ware potentially useful for this parentage analysis in the chimeric bull, 78.6% (22/28) of microsatellite present in the chimeric bull were uniquely contributed from the Japanese Black and 21.4% (6/28) from Limousin. This chimeric bull semen was used in producing IVF embryos. The chromosome preparations were made from peripheral lymphocytes. Based on chromosome analysis the Chimera had apparently normal chromosomes (29 acrocentric pairs, one large sub metacentric X chromosome and one small sub metacentric Y chromosome). The proportion of acrosome reacted spermatozoa after 1 h of incubation was higher (p<0.01) with the Chimera than with the Holstein and in Japanese Brown bulls. But did not differ from Japanese Black and Limousin bull sperm. Fertilization rates observed after 5 h of sperm-oocyte incubation with Chimera sperm were higher (p<0.05) than with Japanese Brown and (p<0.01) than with Holstein sperm, but did not differ from Japanese Black and Limousin sperm. The cleavage rates of IVF oocytes inseminated with Chimera sperm were also higher (p<0.001) compared with Holstein, (p<0.01) Japanese Brown and (p<0.05) Limousin, but did not differ from Japanese Black sperm. The blastocyst rates of IVM oocytes inseminated with sperm were higher (p<0.05) than in Limousin, Japanese Brown and Holstein, but did not differ from Japanese Black. Chimeric cattles were produced by aggregation of parthenogenetic (Japanese Brown) and in vitro fertilized (Holstein) bovine embryos at the Yamaguchi Research Station in Japan and by aggregation of parthenogenetic (Red Angus) and in vitro fertilized (Holstein) embryos at the St. Gabriel Research Station in Louisiana. The aggregation rate of the reconstructed demi-embryos cultured in vitro without agar embedding was significantly lower than with agar embedding. The aggregation was also lower when the aggregation resulted from a whole parthenogenetic and IVF-derieved embryos cultured without agar than when cultured with agar. The development rate to blastocysts, however, was not different among the treatment. To verify parthenogenetic and the cells derieved from the male IVF embryos in blastocyst formation, 51 embryos were karyotyped, resulting in 27 embryos having both XX and XY chromosome plates in the same sample, 14 embryos with XY and 10 embryos with XX. The viability and the percentage of zonafree chimeric embryos at 24 h following cryopreservation in EG plus T with 10% PVP were significantly greater than those cryopreserved without PVP. Pregnancies were diagnosed in both stations after the transfer of chimeric blastocysts. Twin male and single chimeric calves were delivered at the Yamaguchi station, with each having both XX and XY chromosomes detected. Three pregnancies resulted from the transfer of 40 chimeric embryos at the Louisiana station. Two pregnancies were Jost prior to 4 months and one phenotypically chimeric viable male born.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2012

The present paper investigates the performance of the KOH aqueous solution as an absorbent to capture carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). The chemical absorption was carried out according to consecutive reactions that are generated in the order of $K_2CO_3$ and $KHCO_3$. The overall absorption was completed with following the physical absorption. When the absorption was conducted with the KOH as the limiting reactants in batch a reactor, $K_2CO_3$ production rate was the 1st order reaction for $OH^-$. However, $KHCO_3$ generation reaction was independent of the $CO_3^{2-}$ concentration and the rate was calculated to be $0.18gCO_2/min$ for all KOH absorbents, which is the same value of the reaction rate using $K_2CO_3$ aqueous solution as the absorbents. The overall $CO_2$ capture ratio of the 5% KOH absorbent was estimated to be 19% and the individual value in section 1 and 2 was 57 and 12%, respectively. The amount of $CO_2$ absorbed in the solution was very slightly less than the theoretical value, which was ascribed to the side reaction that produces $K_2CO_3{\cdot}KHCO_3{\cdot}1.5H_2O$ during the reaction and the consequent diminish in $CO_2$ absorption in the KOH solution.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2011

This study was performed in order to determine optimum flushing solution using the direct embryo collection (DEC). Donors, at random stages of the estrous cycle, received a CIDR. 7 days later, 200 mg FSH was treated with 40, 30, 20, 10 mg FSH levels in declining doses twice daily by intramuscular injection for 4 days. On the 3$^{rd}$ day administration of FSH, 25 mg $PGF_2{\alpha}$ was administered and CIDR was withdrawn. After FSH injections were complete, donors were artificially inseminated twice at 12 hr intervals. The donor cattle received 250 ${\mu}g$ GnRH at time of 1$^{st}$ insemination and embryos were recovered 8 days after the 1$^{st}$ insemination. Embryo collection from superovulated donors were performed to flushing by DEC and conventional method. As a results, the average number of recovered embryos were significantly higher as 19.1${\pm}$1.40 with DEC method than 12.0${\pm}$0.44 with conventional embryo collection method, respectively (p<0.05). Also, The average number of transferable embryos were significantly higher (p<0.05) as 15.8${\pm}$1.72 with DEC method than 6.9${\pm}$0.35 from conventional embryo recovery procedures. Meanwhile, number of recovered embryos and number of recovered transferable embryos following the number of flushing times until 6${dr}$ flushing were significantly higher as 8.6${\pm}$0.53 and 8.6${\pm}$0.53 from 2$^{nd}$ flushing time than other groups (p<0.05). No. of Ear. B stage embryos were significantly higher as 3.9${\pm}$0.90 and 3.9${\pm}$0.90 with 2$^{nd}$ flushing time in total collected embryos and transferable embryos (p<0.05). Com M stage embryos were significantly higher as 3.7${\pm}$1.00 in 2$^{nd}$ flushing time and as 2.2${\pm}$0.76 in 3$^{rd}$ flushing time for recovered embryos (p<0.05). In transferable embryos, Com. M stage embryos were significantly higher (p<0.05) as 3.7${\pm}$1.00 in 2$^{nd}$ flushing time and as 2.2${\pm}$0.76 in 34$^{dr}$ flushing time, also. No. of degradation embryos was significantly higher as 2.2${\pm}$0.72 in 5${rd}$ flushing time, On the other hand, degradation embryos was not observed in transferable embryos (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that DEC method should effective methods for production of in vivo embryos using less flushing solution following perform until 4$^{rd}$ flushing time than conventional embryo collecting method. Also, it might be effectively collection of transferable embryos following more less procedure times compared to conventional embryo recovery methods.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.263-267
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• 2003

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of thidazuron(TDZ) on shoot proliferation and growth from axillary buds of 20-years-old Corylopsis coreana. Shoots proliferation was effectively achieved on WPM(Woody Plant Medium) supplemented with 0.03∼0.1mg/L TDZ. The highest shoot number(6.5$\pm$0.7) was obtained on 0.1mg/L TDZ treatment. On the TDZ medium shoots formed as clusters less than 1cm in height and therefore needed to subculture on GA$_{3}$ containing medium to induce elongation. In consecutive cultures, phenolic compounds were excreted at the proximal part of the explants and inhibited growth of the explants. Growth inhibition by the compounds was overcome using liquid and paper bridge culture system. About 60％ of the elongated shoots rooted on half- strength MS medium containing IBA. Generally, IBA was mire effective on in vitro rooting than NAA with optimal range of 0.5mg/L to 1.0mg/L. Rooted plantlets were transferred in an artificial soil(vermculite) and acclimatized in high humidity greenhouse condition. Survival rate differed greatly depending on rooting types of the explants. Two types of rooting were observed. The first type was direct rooting from the explants. The second type was callus formation followed by rooting from the callus. The explants showing the 1st type rooting survived can be multiplicated in vitro by TDZ treatment followed by elongation with GA$_{3}$ and rooting with IBA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1585-1592
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• 2016

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of simulated heat stress on digestibility and methane ($CH_4$) emission. Four non-lactating crossbred cattle were exposed to $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, and $40^{\circ}C$ temperature with a relative humidity of 40% to 50% in a climatic chamber from 10:00 hours to 15:00 hours every day for 27 days. The physiological responses were recorded at 15:00 hours every day. The blood samples were collected at 15:00 hours on 1st, 6th, 11th, 16th, and 21st days and serum was collected for biochemical analysis. After 21 days, fecal and feed samples were collected continuously for six days for the estimation of digestibility. In the last 48 hours gas samples were collected continuously to estimate $CH_4$ emission. Heat stress in experimental animals at $35^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$ was evident from an alteration (p<0.05) in rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate, water intake and serum thyroxin levels. The serum lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase activity and protein, urea, creatinine and triglyceride concentration changed (p<0.05), and body weight of the animals decreased (p<0.05) after temperature exposure at $40^{\circ}C$. The dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (p<0.05) at $40^{\circ}C$ exposure. The dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities were higher (p<0.05) at $35^{\circ}C$ compared to $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ exposure whereas, organic matter (OM) and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were higher (p<0.05) at $35^{\circ}C$ than $40^{\circ}C$ thermal exposure. The $CH_4$ emission/kg DMI and organic matter intake (OMI) declined (p<0.05) with increase in exposure temperature and reached its lowest levels at $40^{\circ}C$. It can be concluded from the present study that the digestibility and $CH_4$ emission were affected by intensity of heat stress. Further studies are necessary with respect to ruminal microbial changes to justify the variation in the digestibility and $CH_4$ emission during differential heat stress.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.104-109
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• 2016

Rosa rugosa is a medicinal, ornamental, and edible plant native to Eastern Asian countries, including Korea, Japan, and China. The aim of this study was to establish a system for biomass production and secondary metabolite accumulation during in vitro culture and acclimatization of Rosa rugosa. The highest rate of multiple shoot proliferation was achieved with $8.8{\mu}M$ benzyladenine (BA) (83.3%). However, the number of shoots (14.4 per explant) at $4.4{\mu}M$ BA was higher than that at $8.8{\mu}M$ BA. Compared to BA, a combination of thidiazuron (TDZ) and indole butyric acid (IBA) exhibited significantly lower shoot induction, with only 50.0~79.2% and 4.2~16.7% relative shoot formation, respectively. During acclimatization, shoots were sampled every week and their total phenolic contents were analyzed. Among various growth factors, fresh weight showed the most dramatic increase from the 3rd week (88.0 mg/plant) to 4th week (132.7 mg/plant). Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were the highest at $1^{st}$ week of acclimatization. Depending on developmental stages, total phenolics and flavonoids contents were higher in 1-yr-old shoots grown ex vitro than in those of older field-grown or in vitro-grown plants. Amongst different ages of field grown plants, 6-year-old plants, the oldest in this study, showed the lowest content in total phenolics.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.24.1-24.8
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• 2017

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different algae in diet on growth, survival, and interleukin-10 productions of sea cucumber. At first, a 9-week feeding trail was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and survival of the sea cucumber fed one of the six experimental diets containing ST (Sargassum thunbergii), UL (Ulva lactuca), UP (Undaria pinnatifida), LJ (Laminaria japonica), SS (Schizochytrium sp.), and NO (Nannochloropsis oculata) in a recirculating aquaculture system. The result showed that survival was not significantly different among the dietary treatments, and the specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumber fed the UL diet ($1.58%d^{-1}$) was significantly higher than that of sea cucumber fed the other diets (P < 0.05), except for the LJ and NO diets. Secondly, interleukin (IL)-10 gene expression was determined where mice splenocytes were stimulated with $10{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ of sea cucumber extracts for 2 h. The result showed that IL-10 gene expression levels were significantly increased in UL, LJ, and NO diets fed sea cucumber extracts compared to other experimental diets. The results suggest that dietary inclusion with Ulva lactuca, Laminaria japonica, and Nannochloropsis oculata algae may improve the growth of juvenile sea cucumber and could upregulate IL-10 gene expression in mice splenocytes. Such detailed information could be helpful in further development of more appropriate diets for sea cucumber culture.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.609-614
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• 2015

This study was to investigate the production of combustion toxic gases of pinus rigida specimens treated with pyrophosphoric acid (PP)/4ammonuium ion ($4NH_4{^+}$), methylenepiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP) and PIPEABP/$4NH_4{^+}$. Each pinus rigida plates was painted in three times with 15 wt% in the aqueous solution followed by drying the species at room temperature. Emission of combustion toxic gases was examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). First-time to peak mass loss rate (1st-$TMLR_{peak}$) treated with chemicals was delayed upto 66.7~250.0% compared to those of untreated specimens. For test pieces treated with the chemicals, the emission of peak carbon monoxide ($CO_{peak}$) values of 0.0136~0.0178% and peak carbon dioxide ($CO_{2\;peak}$) value of 0.04432~0.3648% were obtained, which were higher than those for the virgin plate. In particular, oxygen emission is much higher than the level of 15% which can be fatal to humans. Therefore, the resulting risk could be eliminated. However it is supposed that the combustion-toxicities were partially increased compared to those of virgin plate.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.99-109
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to survey the conditions of women's wears manufacturing industries and finds out their qualitative problems and suggests the solutions to help women's wears manufacturing industries adapting themselves well to the fashion industries which is being individualized, high profiled and differentiated and thus helpes them to produce the competitive commodities through high-qualities and technological improvements. For this purpose, I had sampled the factories which located in Seoul and Kyunggido areas and produced women's apparels for domestic consumers. The questionnaires for this survey were designed by interviewing the representatives of 31 women's wears manufacturing industries, while the collected data were processed using the SAS statistical program for frequency, percentage, chi-square test, t-test. The results of the survey can be summarized as follows; 1. It was found that women's wears manufacturing industries were getting smaller scale or pettier in terms of capital, number of employees or scale of factory. 2. The number of the employees is getting decrease every year, which is posed as most serious problems of the surveyed manufacturer. Such a decrease of employees may be attributable to the fact that women's wears manufacturing industries are regarded as one of 3D businesses and therefore the employees leave their workspaces for more rewarding service industries. 3. It was found that women's wears manufacturing industries relied on more recontracts than self-productions. In 1995, 83.7% of their productions were out of recontracts, and this rate is getting increase. 4. 51.6% of the surveyed manufacturer operate by straight line system or other types of line system, while 48.4% of the remaining managed a pair system. 5. As a result of surveying the perspective of women's wears manufacturing industries into the 21 st century is as followed. 41.9% of them were optimistic, and 25.8% were pessimistic about their futures.