• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.621-627
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• 1999

A food waste composting apparatus of 450 L was designed for and tested with changing conditions of inlet air flow rate, agitation and inoculation. Agitation was done twice per day for 5 min and inlet air flow rate was set as 22.7 L/min for RUN 1. For RUN 2 and RUN 3, agitation was continuous, and inlet air flow rate was changed frequently as 10 L/min, 15 L/min and 20 L/min in order to maintain temp. above 5$0^{\circ}C$, and the concentration of $O_2$over 7 mol%. The compost of RUN3 was inoculated with 10 wt% of accomplished compost, and it was compared with RUN 1 and 2 to show the effect of inoculation. The composting rates of RUN 2 and RUN 3 were faster than that of RUN 1, because agitation was continuous and temperature was controlled in RUN 2 and RUN 3. Inoculated RUN 3 was better than RUN 1 and RUN 2 in the concentrations of $CO_2$and reduction of volatile solids. while the effect of inoculation on C/N ratios, pH change and the numbers of microoragnisms was not clearly appeared.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.610-614
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• 2016

Objective : The purpose of this study was to present the outcome of the microsurgical foraminotomy via Wiltse paraspinal approach for foraminal or extraforaminal (FEF) stenosis at L5-S1 level. We investigated risk factors associated with poor outcome of microsurgical foraminotomy at L5-S1 level. Methods : We analyzed 21 patients who underwent the microsurgical foraminotomy for FEF stenosis at L5-S1 level. To investigate risk factors associated with poor outcome, patients were classified into two groups (success and failure in foraminotomy). Clinical outcomes were assessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of back and leg pain and Oswestry disability index (ODI). Radiographic parameters including existence of spondylolisthesis, existence and degree of coronal wedging, disc height, foramen height, segmental lordotic angle (SLA) on neutral and dynamic view, segmental range of motion, and global lumbar lordotic angle were investigated. Results : Postoperative VAS score and ODI improved after foraminotomy. However, there were 7 patients (33%) who had persistent or recurrent leg pain. SLA on neutral and extension radiographic films were significantly associated with the failure in foraminotomy (p<0.05). Receiver-operating characteristics curve analysis revealed the optimal cut-off values of SLA on neutral and extension radiographic films for predicting failure in foraminotomy were $17.3^{\circ}$ and $24^{\circ}s$, respectively. Conclusion : Microsurgical foraminotomy for FEF stenosis at L5-S1 level can provide good clinical outcomes in selected patients. Poor outcomes were associated with large SLA on preoperative neutral (>$17.3^{\circ}$) and extension radiographic films (>$24^{\circ}$).

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.234-238
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• 2001

Percutaneous laser discectomy has potential advantages over conservative therapy and classical open surgery as a minimally invasive procedure, although clinical experiences are limited. We experienced a patient treated with herniated lumbar discs using Nd：YAG laser. A 55-year-old woman complained of severe back pain with sciatica on L4/5 and L5/S1 dermatome for several months. The MRI finding showed bulging discs at L4/5 and L5/S1. Epidural, transsacral and root block treatments were attempted without effect. Under fluoroscopic guidance, a 14 G biopsy needle was inserted into the L4/5 and L5/S1 disc spaces to the margin of the nucleus pulposus. Laser irradiation for vaporization of tissue was performed at 20 W/second to 1200 J. A laser fiber ($600{\mu}m$) was advanced 1 cm from the tip of the needle. At the end of the procedure, the patient began to feel relief of pain (VAS changed from 9 to 4) and was discharged the same day after staying 2 hours in the recovery room. Antibiotics were administered for prevention of discitis. She had no complaints of pain until the 1-month follow up visit. Percutaneous laser discetomy technique has the disadvantages of expensive equipment, high temperature and amount of vaporing disc tissue is empirical. However, this technique, as one of the therapeutic modalities for disc herniation, provides faster relief from acute attack than conservative management techniques in carefully selected patients with sciatica due to disc prolapse.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.321-325
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the extracts (water, 70% ethanol and ethylacetate) from dandelion (Traxancum platycarpum D.) leaf and root on the inhibitory activities of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus. And also, the amounts of gas formation from kimchi with different concentration of the ethylacetate extracts (EE) were analyzed. EE of dandelion leaf inhibited the growth of Leuc. mesenteroides and L. acidophilus, and L. brevis by 50 and 33% at concentration of 0.5%, respectively. But no affected in L. plantarum estimated by pH, acidity, turbidity and clear zone. And no difference was founded in leaf and root. Gas was formed from the soaking day to 5-6 days of fermentation at $20^{\circ}C$, and the accumulated gas volumes were 80 ml/100 g in control, 30 ml/100 g in 0.5% EE, 8 ml/100 g in 1.0% EE.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 1991

In order to produce alcohol for the alternative energy from dried powder of Jerusalem artichoke was investigated with Kluyveromyces marxianus UCD(FST)55-82, which was reported to assimilate inulin. The optimal condition for the production of ethanol by K. marxianus was elucidated to be incubation temperature of $30^{\circ}C$, initial pH 5.44, agitation of 100 rpm, 1,000 ml of medium in a 2.5l-vessel, anaerobic state, and inoculation of 2.5%(v/v). Addition of antifoam A concentrate(si1icon polymer) of 0.01% and urea of 0.1% increased the concentration of ethanol effectively. The optimized condition showed ethanol concentration of 6.8%(v/v) in Jerusalem artichoke liquid medium, production yield of 91.91% and productivity of 2.71 g/l/hr during the first day and 0.71g ethanol/l/hr during four days of incubation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.557-565
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• 2017

For our survey of insecticidal resistance of Palm thrips (Thrips palmi Karny), we established the discriminating time (DT) and concentration (DC) of nine insecticides, and we conducted a bioassay about seven local populations via leaf-dipping methods. The discriminating times of the recommended concentration (RC) were 24 h at emamectin benzoate EC and spinetoram SC, 48 h at chlorfenapyr EC, 72 h at spinosad SC, cyantraniliprole EC, acetamiprid WP, dinotefuran WG, imidacloprid WP and thiacloprid SC after treatment. The DC estimated the concentration which showed the difference within the mortalities of these local populations. The DCs were emamectin benzoate EC $0.013mg\;L^{-1}$ (RC, $10.8mg\;L^{-1}$), spinetoram SC $0.125mg\;L^{-1}$ (RC, $25.0mg\;L^{-1}$), chlorfenapyr EC $0.25mg\;L^{-1}$ (RC, $50.0mg\;L^{-1}$), spinosad SC $0.083mg\;L^{-1}$ (RC, $50.0mg\;L^{-1}$) and cyantraniliprole EC $5.0mg\;L^{-1}$ (RC, $50.0mg\;L^{-1}$), and DCs of neonicotinoids were their RCs, that is, acetamiprid WP (RC, $40.0mg\;L^{-1}$), dinotefuran WG (RC, $20.0mg\;L^{-1}$), imidacloprid WP(RC, $50.0mg\;L^{-1}$) and thiacloprid SC (RC, $50.0mg\;L^{-1}$). From our investigation into the resistance of the local populations with DT and DC application, the neonicotinoid insecticides have shown a high resistant level for all the local populations, and the other insecticides have demonstrated low or non-resistance. In the use of neonicotinoid insecticides to control Palm thrips, one must take caution. As a result, the establishment of DT and DC in the single dose bioassay method was helpful for surveying the insecticide response dynamics and the development of an insecticide resistance management strategy.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 2005

To develop a high efficiency plant regeneration system from in vitro cultures of strawberry, cv. Yeobong, petiole and leaf explants were cultured on MS basal medium containing a combination of 0.5 mg/L IBA and 3.2 mg/L kinetin or zeatin or benzyl amino purine (BAP) for 6 weeks, and leaf explants with dark pretreatment for a week ($T_1$), 2 weeks ($T_2$), and 4 weeks ($T_3$) were cultured on medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IBA and 3.2 mg/L zeatin under 16 hr photoperiod for 6 weeks. Shoot organogenesis was observed from the greenish calli containing minimal anthocyanin formed at proximal cutting edges of the leaf explant (57%) when cultured adaxial side on the medium, whereas was directly formed from a cutting edges of petiole explant (6.3%). Frequency of callus formation and shoot organogenesis at large size of leaf explant ($1.0{\sim}1.5\;cm^2$) was higher than small size ($0.5{\sim}1.0\;cm^2$), and dark pretreatment significantly improved the frequency of leaf explants that produced calli and shoots. The maximum frequency (87%) for shoot organogenesis was obtained from the leaf explants that transferred to a 16 hr photoperiod condition after the initial 4 weeks dark period. The improved frequency (87%) in comparision with control without dark pretreatment (27%). When the shoots were transferred to 1/2 MS basal medium, formed roots with 20 d of culture. The rooted plants were subsequently transferred to the pots and to the field.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.312-317
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• 1999

Quality control was carried out the three analytes, BOD, COD, TN, TP of high and low concentration for thirteen laboratories. Evaluation values of Quality control was determined from average value which were made by six times test, repeatedly and periodically. This value had not only error ratio of within 5% from prepared sample value but also high precision of standard deviation, 0.44 (BOD, low concentration), 2.15 (BOD, high concentration), 0.12 (COD, low concentration), 1.63 (COD, high concentration), 0.35 (TN, low concentration), 1.99 (TN, high concentration), 0.05 (TP, low concentration), 0.14 (TP, high concentration). Upper (Lower) Warning Limit (ULWL) and Upper (Lower) Acceptance Limit (ULAL) values made from quality control chart. Three (5.30, 9.70, 5.30 mg/L) and five laboratories were over ULAL value in low and high BOD concentration, respectively. Two (41.00, 30.60 mg/L) and four laboratories were over ULAL value in low and high COD concentration, respectively. while, other eleven laboratories appeared reliable data. One laboratory (0.70 mg/L) was over ULAL at low TN concentration, while other eleven laboratories had reliable values. In case of high TN concentration, eleven laboratories were over ULAL value, it should be focuced for improvement of reliability about measurement and analysis of TN. Four (1.14, 0.45, 0.64, 1.49mg/L) and seven laboratories were over ULAL in low and high TP concentration, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.138-148
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• 2024

The production of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was optimized by serial fermentation of Dendropanax morbiferus extract (DME) using Bacillus subtilis HA and Lactobacillus plantarum KS2020. The 1st alkaline fermentation was performed on 60% DME including 2% glucose and 10% monosodium ʟ-glutamate (MSG) as a precursor. The 1^st fermented DME had 57 mg% tyrosine. Consequently, the 2^nd lactic acid fermentation for 5 days increased the tyrosine content of 106 mg%. The mucilage containing γ-PGA showed a high content of 3.50% on the first day of alkaline fermentation and then increased to 4.10% after 2 days. The precursor (MSG) remaining in the 1^st fermented DME was efficiently converted to GABA by the 2^nd lactic acid fermentation in the presence of 5% skim milk, 1.5% glucose and 0.5% yeast extract, resulting in the production of 18.29 mg/mL GABA. The viable cells of lactic acid bacteria increased and indicated 9.49 log CFU/mL on the fermentation for 5 days, and the acidity of co-fermented DME indicated the highest value of 1.55%. Conclusively, the serial fermented DME has multi-functional ingredients containing γ-PGA, GABA, peptides and probiotics.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.252-257
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• 2001

To get the basic information for the water quality improvement and control of water resource at Mankyeong river stream, the water quality in four site of main stream and three site of branch stream at the upper stream were investigated mainly from February to August in 2000. The water temperature was affected by depth, flow rate of the water, and air temperature, and ranged 6.4 to $30.8^{\circ}C$. The pH, DO and BOD values of the water was $5.9{\sim}9.7$, $4.6{\sim}14.50\;mg/L$, and $0.1{\sim}11.8\;mg/L$ range, respectively. The content of total nitrogen, $NO_3-N$ and $NH_4-N$ was $1.19{\sim}10.61\;mg/L$, $1.00{\sim}5.93\;mg/L$, and ND $(non\;detected){\sim}2.79$ mg/L, respectively. The concentration of total phosphorus was ND to 1.14 mg/L. The concentration of Cl ion was $3.5{\sim}196.4\;mg/L$. The content of Fe and Mn was $0.002{\sim}0.100\;mg/L$ and $ND{\sim}0.04\;mg/L$, respectively. The contents of heavy metal Cd, Cu, and Zn were $ND{\sim}0.03\;mg/L$, $ND{\sim}0.05\;mg/L$, and $0.001{\sim}0.17\;mg/L$, respectively. Pb was not detected in all the samples. The pH, total nitrogen contents, and total phosphorus content were frequently exceeded the water quality standard for agriculture. The degree of water pollution was very varied by the sampling place. The water quality was generally polluted in the dry season more than in rainy season. The highest level of water pollution observed in the area of Samyea Bridge among the 7 sites.