• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 1989

Three species of lactobacilli (L. casei, L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus) were tested for their antibacterial activity. They all were antagonistic to growth of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis in associative cultures in YS-medium (0.1 % yeast extract + skimmilk). Sal. enteritidis was more sensitive to the inhibition than was E. coli. Control cultures of E. coli and Sal. enteritidis were pH 5.08 and 5.70 in 72 hrs of incubation and the associative cultures were pH 3.35-4.48. The increases in pH resulting from growth of the lactobacilli in the associative cultures appeared to be sufficient and mainly responsible for the antagonistic actions exerted on the pathogens.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.85-89
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• 2016

Lactic acid fermentations were conducted using water hyacinth. It is known that the pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis process optimize the potential of water hyacinth. Lactic acid produced by using lactic acid bacteria. All cells were grown at $37^{\circ}C$ and initial pH 5.5. Lactic acid production was measured by HPLC. All Lactobacillus strains could produce lactic acid from pretreated water hyacinth. The highest lactic acid was achieved when lactic acid fermentation was carried out by L. delbrueckii for D-form and L. helveticus for L-form lactic acid production. The lactic acid concentration was 10.70 g/L by L. delbrueckii and it converted glucose in the medium to lactic acid, almost perfectly. Lactic acid production became higher when fermentation was carried out at a controlled pH 5.5. Lactic acid yield and productivity were 0.52 g/g and 0.19 g/L/h for L. helveticus, while L. delbrueckii was 0.64 g/g and 0.27 g/L/h. This study showed that water hyacinth medium could be alternative medium which can replace the complex and expensive medium for growing Lactobacillus strains in production of lactic acid.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.204-209
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the anti-diabetic activity of Kocat-D1, which is widely used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes in Shandong, China. Sprague Dawley rats (8 weeks of age) were separated into 4 groups: a normal control, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat group (DM control), Kocat-D1-1 (diabetic rat treated with 0.25 g/kg/day hot water extract), and Kocat-D1-2 (diabetic rat treated with 1 g/kg/day hot water extract). After eight weeks of treatment, the fasting blood glucose levels of the Kocat-D1-1 ($334.3{\pm}32.9\;mg/dL$) and Kocat-D1-2 group ($259.5{\pm}35.0\;mg/dL$) were significantly lower when compared to the DM control group ($451{\pm}42.6\;mg/dL$). Furthermore, the levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), albumin and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the serum of the Kocat-D1-2 group were significantly normalized when compared to the DM control group. However, significant differences were not observed between the Kocat-D1-1 group and the DM control group. Histochemical staining of the liver of the Kocat-D1-2 group revealed no fat accumulation. The insulin level was significantly upregulated in the Kocat-D1-2 group ($0.13{\pm}0.02\;ng/mL$) when compared to the DM control group ($0.05{\pm}0.04\;ng/mL$). The relative volume of $\beta$-cells in the pancreas of the Kocat-D1-2 group ($49.4{\pm}4.2%$) also increased significantly when compared to the DM control group ($12.9{\pm}7.9%$). These results suggest that Kocat-D1 exerts an anti-hyperglycemic effect through the enhancement of insulin secretion.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.480-483
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• 2003

Purpose : We evaluated clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in patients with measles according to C-reactive protein(CRP) concentration. Methods : A retrospective analysis was performed using the medical records of patients with measles at The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital from October 1999 to May 2000. We divided the patients with measles into four groups according to CRP level, i.e., those with below 5 mg/L(134 patients, negative group), those with 6-19 mg/L(85 patients), those with 20-49 mg/L(27 patients), and those over 50 mg/L(7 patients). We compared clinical and laboratory characteristics among these four groups. Results : The mean CRP level of all patients was $11.1{\pm}7.5mg/L$. No statistical differences were present between the negative group and the 6-19 mg/L group or the 20-49 mg/L group in the duration of fever, hospitalization days, complications determined with longer hospitalization for more than eight days, white blood cell count, and incidence of hepatitis. Compared with the negative group, the over 50 mg/L group showed a longer duration of fever($4.7{\pm}1.7$ vs $7.2{\pm}3.9days$), duration of hospitalization($5.4{\pm}1.4$ vs $9.4{\pm}4.7days$), incidence of complications(5.2% vs 42.9%) and a higher mean level of WBC count($5,900{\pm}2,700/mm^3$ vs $12,700{\pm}6,700/mm^3$). With an increasing CRP level, there was a tendency for the duration of fever, complications and WBC count to increase. However the levels of liver enzymes(AST/ALT) were not associated with CRP level. Conclusion : A CRP level of over 50 mg/L in measles is associated with severity and complications.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.595-600
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• 2000

Transdermal delivery of ketorolac tromethamine, a potent non-narcotic analgesic, through human cadaver skin was investigated in vitro. A mixture of ethanol/water (40/60) containing 0, 1, 3, 5, and 8 (w/v)% L-menthol were used as a vehicle and penetration enhancer respectively. The permeation of ketorolac through human cadaver skin from saturated drug solution was evaluated at $37^{\circ}C$ with modified Franz diffusion cell. The in vitro skin flux and lag time were $1.23\;{\pm}\;0.11\;{\mu}g/cm^2{\cdot}hr$ and $5.56\;{\pm}\;0.34\;hr$, respectively. The cumulative amount of penetrated ketorolac containing L-menthol in ethanol/water (40/60) binary system was increased by the following order; 3%, 5%, 8%, 1%, 0%, and the lag time was decresed by the following order; 3%, 5%, 8%, 0%, 1%. The results suggested that a potential use of 3% L-methol is an effective penetration enhancer of ketorolac tromethamine through the human cadaver skin.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.411-416
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• 2005

We have designed an extended L-band Erbium-doped fiber amplifier to amplify 1625 nm optical time domain reflectometry signal for a long distance monitoring system. The proposed amplifier has a dual-stage structure without an isolator. Gain improvement of 5.1 dB has been achieved by adding a fiber Bragg grating and a narrow band pass filter. As a result, the 16.3 dB gain and 7.1 dB noise figure has been successfully accomplished.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.459-464
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• 2001

Leaf disks from cultivar 'Kennebec' and one selection line (ND 860-2) were cultured on Murashige-Skoog medium with various combinations of indole acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside. Shoots, roots and callus were induced at various combinations of plant growth regulator levels. The medium containing $3.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ IAA and $4.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ zeatin riboside produced the most plantlets. Rooted regenerants were grown in the greenhouse. The growth of regenerated plants obtained from the MS medium supplemented with $7.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ IAA and $3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ zeatin riboside was significantly greater than those grown from nodal expalnts. In ND 860-2, a leaf chimera with chlorophyll deficient (light yellow) sectors was found in plants regenerated fiom leaf disks (grown on MS medium supplemented with $3.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ IAA and $3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ zeatin riboside) but not in plants grown from nodal explants. The phenotypic variability was also observed in the tuber number, size and weight.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.530-537
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine the inactivation effect of electrolyzed water and organic acids either alone or in combination on L. monocytogenes or natural microflora on lettuce. Acidic electrolyzed water completely inactivated L. monocytogenes in broth system within 60 sec, but alkalin electrolyzed water caused approximate 1.7 log CFU/g reduction. However, acidic electrolyzed water reduced only 2.5 log CFU/g of L. monocytogenes on lettuce, and similar antimicrobial effect was observed with alkalin electrolyzed water. In the meantime, acidic and alkaline electrolyzed water caused approximately 2 log CFU/g reduction compared to control, whereas both electrolyzed water combined with $1\%$ organic acids ranged from 2.6 to 3.7 log CFU/g reduction. Among the organic acids, both electrolyzed water combined with $1\%$ citric acid showed the strongest synergistic antimicrobial effect to reduce L. monocytogenes on lettuce as well as total counts, yeast and molds. When antimicrobials, alone or in combination were treated into L. monocytogenes inoculated lettuce at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;15^{\circ}C$ for designed periods, the combined alkalin electrolyzed water with $1\%$ citric acid showed the greatest potential to inhibit growth of the bacteria. According to Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), the treatment of electrolyzed alkali water in combination with $1\%$ citric acid highly reduced the growth of the L. monocytogenes compared to single treatment and resulted in causing the destruction of cell membrane.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.355-363
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• 2023

This study used a batch DAF (dissolved air flotation) jar tester to evaluate the algae removal efficiency of alum and PAC coagulants during coagulation, flocculation, and flotation. Optimal coagulant dosages were 0.06 ~ 0.15 mL/L (12.0 ~ 26.0 mg Al/L,17%), 0.08 ~ 0.20 mL/L (10.0 ~ 24.0 mg Al/L, 12%), 0.25 ~ 0.30 mL/L (25.0 ~ 30.0 mg Al/L, 10%) for PAC, and 3.0 ~ 5.0 mL/L (81.0 ~ 135.0 mg Al/L, 2.7%) for alum. Turbidity of treated water was 1.0 ~ 2.0 NTU in optimal coagulation, flocculation, and flotation conditions for the four coagulants types. The amount of coagulant injected tended to decrease with increasing Al content in the coagulant, as follows : 17% PAC < 12% PAC < 10% PAC < 2.7% alum. Turbidity removal efficiencies were in the order of 12% PAC (93.6%) > 10% PAC (92.7%) > 17% PAC (91.3%) > 2.7% Alum (88.1%).

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.233-244
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• 2008

In this study, the antioxidative effects, inhibitory effects on elastase and tyrosinase, and component analysis of Psidium guajava leaf extracts were investigated. The free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activities $(FSC_{50})$ of extract/fractions of Psidium guajava leaf were in the order: 50% ethanol extract $(7.05{\mu}g/mL)$ < ethyl acetate fraction $(3.36{\mu}g/mL)$ < deglycosylated flavonoid aglycone fraction $(3.24{\mu}g/mL)$. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities $(OSC_{50})$ of some Psidium guajava leaf extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The order of ROS scavenging activities were 50% ethanol extract $(OSC_{50},\;2.17{\mu}g/mL)$ < ethyl acetate fraction $(0.64{\mu}g/mL)$ < deglycosylated flavonoid aglycone fraction $(3.39{\mu}g/mL)$. Aglycone fraction showed the most prominent ROS scavenging activity. The protective effects of extract/fractions of Psidium guajava leaf on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The Psidium guajava leaf extracts suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner $(1{\sim}10{\mu}g/mL)$, particularly deglycosylated flavonoid aglycone fraction exhibited the most prominent celluar protective effect ${\tau}_{50}\;107.5min\;at\;1{\mu}g/mL)$. Aglycone fraction obtained from the deglycosylation reaction of ethyl acetate fraction among the Psidium guajava leaf extracts, showed 1 band in TLC and 1 peak in HPLC experiments (360 nm). One component was identified as quercetin. TLC chromatogram of ethyl acetate fraction of Psidium guajava leaf extract revealed 5 bands and HPLC chromatogram showed 5 peaks, which were identified as quercetin 3-O-gentobioside (10.32%) , quercetin 3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (isoquercitin, 13.30%), quercetin 3-O-${\beta}$-D-galactoside (hyperin, 11.34%), quercetin 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-arabinoside (guajavarin, 19.70%), quercetin 3-O-${\beta}$-L-rhamnoside (quercitrin, 45.33%) in the order of elution time. The inhibitory effect of Psidium guajava leaf extracts on tyrosinase were investigated to assess their whitening efficacy. Finally, their anti-elastase activities were measured to predict the anti-wrinkle efficacy in the human skin. Inhibitory effects $(IC_{50})$ on tyrosinase of some Psidium guajava leaf extracts was 50% ethanol extract $(149.67{\mu}g/mL)$ < ethylacetate fraction $(30.67{\mu}g/mL)$ < deglycosylated aglycone fraction $(17.10{\mu}g/mL)$. Inhibitory effects $(IC_{50})$ on elastase of some Psidium guajava leaf extracts was 50% ethanol extract $(6.60{\mu}g/mL)$ < deglycosylated aglycone fraction $(5.66{\mu}g/mL)$ < ethylacetate fraction $(3.44{\mu}g/mL)$. These results indicate that extract/fractions of Psidium guajava leaf can function as antioxidants in bioloigcal systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. And component analysis of Psidium guajava leaf extract and inhibitory activity on elastase of the aglycone fraction could be applicable to new functional cosmetics for smoothing wrinkles.