• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.128-135
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• 2000

Purpose : The aim of this study is to develope the Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy(MRS) data processing S/W which plays an important role as a diagnostic tool in clinical field. Materials and methods : Post-processing software of MRS based on graphical user interface(GUI) under windows operating system of personal computer(PC) was developed using MATLAB(Mathwork, U.S.A.). This tool contains many functions to increase the quality of spectrum data such as DC correction, zero filling, line broadening, Gauss-Lorentzian filtering, phase correction, etc. And we obtained the normal human brain $^1H$ MRS data from parietal white matter, basal ganglia and occipital grey matter region using 1.5T Gyroscan ACS-NT R6 (philips, Amsterdam, Netherland) MRS package. The analysis of the MRS peaks were performed by obtaining the ratio of peak area. Results : The peak ratios of NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, MI/Cr for the different MRS machines have a little different values. But these peak ratios were not significantly different between different echo time MRS peak ratios in the same machine (p<0.05). Conclusion : MRS post-processing S/W based on GUI using PC was developed and applied to the analysis of normal human brain $^1H$ MRS. This independent MRS processing job increases the performance and throughput of patient scan of main console. Finally, we suggest that the database for normal in-yivo human MRS data should be obtained before clinical applications.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.220-233
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• 2019

Bacterial lysates have become a common ingredient for natural health care. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) could serve as potential candidates for lysate production: the lactic acids produced by LAB have been utilized for their moisturizing, antimicrobial, and rejuvenating effects, while other substances provide topical benefits and health effects for the skin. Our study aimed to obtain lysate from a LAB S. macedonicus MBF 10-2 through an optimized fermentation using the Response Surface Methodology. Strain MBF10-2 was cultivated in a 2L fermenter tank in de Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium and in plant-based peptone modified MRS, i.e. Soy-peptone and Vegitone. The duration and the medium composition (dextrose and soy peptone or proteose peptone) were adjusted to obtain an optimum production of cell lysate. Central Composite Design was employed for Design Expert 7.0.0 by adjusting 3 factors: dextrose (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%), soy or proteose peptone (0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25% and 1.5%), and duration of fermentation (8, 10, 12 14, and 16 h for MRS-Soy peptone and 15, 17, 19, 21, and 23 h for MRS Vegitone). Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitor Substance activity of lysate and pH were used as indicators. The optimum condition for lysate production using MRS Soy Peptone and Vegitone are as follows: dextrose concentration 2.5%, plant-based peptone 1.25%, while optimum fermentation duration were 11.18 h (MRS Soy Peptone) and 17 h (MRS Vegitone) with a starter concentration of 10% at $OD_{600nm}$ $0.2{\pm}0.05$. However, the standard MRS medium produced better quality lysate compared to MRS plant-based peptones.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.589-595
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• 2017

This study evaluated the effect of gadolinium contrast agents on the spectrum of metabolites during $^1H-MRS$ of brain and to investigate whether the contrast agents injected before MR spectroscopy significantly affect the estimated peaks of MRS. From January to May 2017, brain MR spectroscopy was performed on 30 patients to compare the spectrum before and after contrast injection of the brain white matter tissue. As a result, the spectrum of metabolites decreased after the paramagnetic contrast agents injected. However, it was not statistically significant which indicated that the use of contrast agent did not meaningfully affect the spectrum of metabolites. In conclusion, the use of the paramagnetic contrast before the acquisition of the spectroscopy may aid voxel positioning especially when it is difficult to determine the exact location of the lesion or the contrast is low.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.126-140
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• 2006

Purpose: Contrary to the human study, it has rarely investigated metabolic alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of depressed rats versus age and sex-matched controls using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Thus, the purpose of this research was to verify the feasibility of metabolic differences between the normal rat and the depression model rat. Materials and Methods: A homogeneous group of 20 SD male rats was used for MRI and in vivo 1H MRS. To induce a depressed status in SD rats, we performed the forced swimming test (FST). Using image-guide, water suppressed in vivo 1H MRS with 4.7 T MRI/MRS system, NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios were mainly measured between depressed rats and normal subjects. Results: In depressed rats, increased Cho/Cr ratio was measured versus control subjects. However, no significant group effect for NAA/Cr was observed between case-control pairs. Discussion and Conclusions: The present 1H MRS study shows significant brain metabolic alterations of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with experimental depressed status of SD rat induced by FST compared to normal subjects. This result provides new evidence that in vivo 1 H MRS may be a useful modality for detecting localized functional neurochemical markers alterations in left DLPFC in SD rats.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.352-357
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• 2006

In this study, the growth characteristics of Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 55163 were evaluated. The species was cultured in three different types of broths which included the MRS broth, 6%, 12% whey broth, and 6%, 12% whey broth containing 1% yeast extract, respectively. Exponential phase of Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 55163 was within the range of 3 to 24 hours in the MRS broth and whey broth. The pH value of the whey broth dramatically decreased within the range of 3 to 24 hours. On the contrary, the total titratible acidity(TTA) of whey broth dramatically increased within the same range. During the same time, the lowest pH was showed in the 12% whey broth containing 1% yeast extract, and the highest TTA was showed in the same whey broth. Therefore, the concentration of whey broth and the yeast extract affected the multiplication of the Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 55163 seriously through the research.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2010

To evaluate the potential value of $^1H$ Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for detecting and characterizing invasive ductal carcinoma of breast. We conducted $^1H$ Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), using a 3.0T MR scanner, on 40 patients who were histologically diagnosed to have invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC); tumor areas of the patients were designated as experimental samples, and non-tumor areas as control samples. The peak at 3.2 ppm is characteristically intense and observed in 34 cases of the total 40 invasive ductal carcinoma (sensitivity 86.2%; specificity 100%; positive predictive value 100%; negative predictive value 60%). In constrast peak at 1.3 ppm is characteristically intense and observed in normal breast (sensitivity 86.2%; specificity 100%; positive predictive value 100%; negative predictive value 60%). The study shows that $^1H$ MRS can effectively discriminate invasive ductal carcinoma from normal breast in most cases. It also demonstrates the feasibility of localized in vivo $^1H$ MRS technique as a new diagnostic modality in the detection of breast tumor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to know the differences of metabolism in abnormal brain disease using a single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy(1H MRS) Together with five normal volunteers and each five patients with brain diseases, pathologically proved, underwent MRI and 1H MRS. The quantitative results of 1H MRS in adrenoleukodystrophy(ALD), hepatic encephalopathy(HE), and infarction gave unique information on the metabolite changes related with the white matter: the concentration of NAA decreased in all diseases; Cho, mI and Lac increased in ALD; Cho decreased in HE; and ${\beta}{\cdot}{\gamma}$-Glx and Lac increased in infarction. It is concluded that 1H MRS is capable of diagnosing brain diseases by monitoring metabolite changes in vivo that subsequently develope into abnormalities. 1H MRS may be a useful clinical tool for in both diagnosis and prognosis of brain diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2004

Authors investigated whether there is a lateral effect of $^1$H MRS observable metabolite ratios between the symptomatic and the nonsymptomatic side in the early stage of Parkinson's disease with unilateral symptom. Localized in vivo $^1$H MR spectroscopy (MRS) was used to measure the metabolite levels in the symptomatic and the nonsymptomatic sides of the lentiform nucleus in Parkinson"s disease with unilateral symptom (N=25). The metabolite ratios of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr in the symptomatic side were compared with those in the nonsymptomatic side. Significant metabolic lateral effect of NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratio was established between the symptomatic and the nonsymptomatic side of lentiform nucleus in Parkinson's disease with unilateral symptom (p<0.05). The ratio of NAA/(Cho+Cr) homolateral to the sympatomatic side of the patient is also lower than that of the control (P<0.05). On the basis of NAA/Cr ratios of lentiform nucleus between the symptomatic and the nonsymptomatic side, the present $^1$H MRS study shows a significant neuronal laterality in Parkinson's disease with unilateral symptom. In vivo $^1$H MRS may provide a diagnostic marker for neuronal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease with unilateral symptom.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2021

Sleep is essential to brain function and mental health. Insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are the two most common sleep disorders, and are major public health concerns. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) is a non-invasive method of quantifying neurometabolite concentrations. Therefore, ¹H-MRS studies on individuals with sleep disorders may enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders. In this article, we reviewed ¹H-MRS studies in insomnia and OSA that reported changes in neurometabolite concentrations. Previous studies have consistently reported insomnia-related reductions in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the frontal and occipital regions, which suggest that changes in GABA are important to the etiology of insomnia. These results may support the hyperarousal theory that insomnia is associated with increased cognitive and physiological arousal. In addition, the severity of insomnia was associated with low glutamate and glutamine levels. Previous studies of OSA have consistently reported reduced N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels in the frontal, parieto-occipital, and temporal regions. In addition, OSA was associated with increased myo-inositol levels. These results may provide evidence that intermittent hypoxia induced by OSA may result in neuronal damage in the brain, which can be related to neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with OSA. The current review summarizes findings related to neurochemical changes in insomnia and OSA. Future well-designed studies using ¹H-MRS have the potential to enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of sleep disorders including insomnia and OSA.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2004

Purpose : To investigate the signal enhancement ratio by NOE effect on in vivo $^{31}P$ MRS in human heart muscle and liver. we also evaluated the enhancement ratios of different phosphorus metabolites, which are important in 31P MRS for each organ. Materials and Methods : Ten normal subjects (M:F = 8:2, age range = 24-32 yrs) were included for in vivo $^{31}P$ MRS measurements on a 1.5 T whole-body MRI/MRS system using $^1H-^{31}P$ dual tuned surface coil. Two-dimensional Chemical Shift Imaging (2D CSI) pulse sequence for $^{31}P$ MRS was employed in all $^{31}P$ MRS measurements. First, $^{31}P$ MRS performed without NOE effect and then the same 2D CSI data acquisitions were repeated with NOE effect. After postprocessing the MRS raw data in the time domain, the signal enhancements in percent were estimated from the major metabolites. Results : The calculated NOE enhancement for liver $^{31}P$ MRS were $\alpha-ATP\;(7\%),\;\beta-ATP\;(9\%),\;\gamma-ATP\;(17\%),\;Pi\;(1\%),\;PDE\;(19\%)$ and $PME\;(31\%)$. Because there is no creatine kinase activity in liver, PCr signal is absent. For cardiac $^{31}P$ MRS, whole body coil gave better scout images and thus better localization than surface coil. In $^{31}P$cardiac multi-voxel spectra, DPG signal increased from left to right according to the amount of blood included. The calculated enhancement for cardiac $^{31}P$ MRS were : $\alpha-ATP\;(12\%),\;\beta-ATP\;(19\%),\;\gamma-ATP\;(30\%),\;PCr\;(34\%),\;Pi\;(20\%),\;(PDE)\;(51\%),\;and\;DPG\;(72\%)$. Conclusion : Our results revealed that the NOE effect was more pronounced in heart muscle than in liver with different coupling to 1H spin system and thus different heteronuclear cross-relaxation.