• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.497-526
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• 2019

The importance of "decoupling" to maintain economic growth and reduce greenhouse gases is emerging as the world has been mandated to reduce greenhouse gases since the 2015 Paris Agreement. This study covered 63 countries from 1980 to 2014 and analyzed the main characteristics and causes of decoupling phenomenon between economic growth and carbon emissions. In this study, the degree of decoupling was measured every five years. The analysis found that the decoupling rate of OECD countries and countries with large incomes was high, and that the decoupling phenomenon has accelerated worldwide since the 2000s. However, the degree of decoupling was different depending on the national characteristics. According to the results of dynamic panel model, the growth rate of manufacturing and the proportion of exports hampered decoupling, while the proportion of human capital and renewable energy had a positive effect on decoupling. Also income had a inverse U-shape non-linear effect on decoupling.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-44
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• 2013

This paper surveys the existing literatures on labor demand of Korea. It has been found that labor and capital are substitutes in Korea and the result holds even if labor is decomposed into white collar and blue collar workers. The elasticity of substitution lies between 0 and 1. It is yet unclear if employment and work hours are substitutes. The reduction of legal work week did not increase employment although decreased work hours. The labor demand elasticity is below 0.5 in the short run. Since mid 1990s, the technological change has shown skill bias and therefore increased demand for skilled labor.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.6 s.111
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• pp.770-788
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• 2005

In this article, major research trends are examined mainly from articles published in Journal of the Korean Geography, academic society journals of sub-fields in geography and Ph.D. dissertations in geography of universities in Korea. Based on the research trends up to current point, issues and research directions in order to raise the status of Korean Geography in the twenty first century are prospected. Sixty years of Korean Geography can be divided into 4 periods such as before 1970s, during the 1980s, during the 1990s, and the period after the 2001. Each period of time revealed distinct aspects of development both quantitatively and qualitatively. For the last 60 years, the study of Korean Geography has gone through enormous changes in the number of articles with dynamics and variety in contents and methodology, breathing with the changes of the Korean society. Experiencing urbanization and industrialization along with rapid economical growth, the study of Korean Geography has progressed by analyzing the issues and problems of national space and conducting various researches from the case studies for problem-solving to the theoretical and policy oriented studies. The key-words such as 'knowledge based information society', 'aged society', and 'the era of globalization' will be realized in the twenty flit century. And environment-friendly policies for sustainable development will be more stressed in a globalized world. In order to provide research methods and alternatives suitable for newly transformed global society and for utilizing the essence of Geography in the future, the studies on Korean Geography should actively focus on integrative studies between physical and human geography, on interdisciplinary studies, on regional studies related to foreign countries and North Korea, and on the establishment of Korean geographical theory and model.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.107-126
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• 1995

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 자본거래자유화정도를 명목상의 규제완화여부에 의해 판별하는 종래의 접근방법(接近方法)에서 벗어나, 형식적(形式的) 규제여부(規制與否)에 관계없이 자본거래(資本去來)가 실질적으로 경제적(經濟的) 유인(誘引)에 따라 얼마나 활발하게 이루어지고 있는가를 측정함으로써 자본거래자유화정도(資本去來自由化程度)를 평가할 수 있는 방법을 모색하고 있다. 이와 관련해서 본 연구는 모두 5가지 접근방법을 시도하고 있다. 그 첫째는, 총대외무역량대비 자본거래량비중으로서 자본거래량이 상대적으로 증가하면 자본거래자유화정도가 높다고 본다. 둘째는, 환율절하기대를 감안한 국내외실질 금리차로서 대내외자본거래(對內外資本去來)가 자유로울수록 국내외금리차(國內外金利差)는 낮아질 것이기 때문에, 동 금리차가 낮을수록 자본자유화정도가 높다고 본다. 동 지수로서는 통화선물시장의 존재 여부에 따라 위험포함 및 불포함 대내외금리차를 사용할 수 있다. 셋째로는, 다소 복잡한 계량경제학적 방법을 통해 국내외실질금리간의 연계관계를 측정하는 방법으로서 두번째 방법의 개선에 해당된다. 그리고 넷째로는, 셋째번 방법에 의한 연계관계를 시간변동지수로 전환하여, 시간의 경과에 따른 자본자유화정도의 변화를 측정하고 있다. 마지막으로는, 자본거래를 위험자산의 국제교역관계(國際交易關係)로 파악하여, 무역에 있어서의 산업내교역지수측정방법을 자본거래에 적용하여 자본거래총유출입지수를 측정하였다. 동 지수는 저축투자갭의 보정적(補正的) 거래차원을 넘어 위험자산거래 자체를 위한 자본거래의 정도를 측정함으로써 순수하게 자본거래 자체의 메커니즘에 의해 자생적으로 일어나는 자본거래의 활성화정도에 대한 척도가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 이상의 방법들을 주로 한국(韓國), 일본(日本), 대만(臺灣) 등에 적용해서 평가한 결과 한국의 자본거래자유화정도(資本去來自由化程度)는 일본에 비해서는 낮지만 대만에 비해서는 높으며, 특히 90년대 들어 크게 향상된 것으로 평가되었다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.91-115
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• 1988

1980년대 하반기부터 한국(韓國)의 석탄산업(石炭産業)은 70년대말에서 80년대초까지와는 상이한 여건에 직면함으로써 구조적(構造的) 변화(變化)를 필요로 하고 있다. 이에 반하여 정부(政府)는 석탄정책(石炭政策)에 깊이 개입하면서도 경제여건변화(經濟與件變化)에 적절한 정책대응(政策對應)을 펴지 못하고 오히려 기업퇴출(企業退出)(exit)을 막고 산업합리화(産業合理化)를 저해함으로써 장기적으로 경제(經濟)의 효율성(效率性)을 떨어뜨리고 자원배분(資源配分)을 왜곡(歪曲)시키는 결과를 초래하였다. 본고(本稿)에서는 미래의 에너지파동(波動) 가능성(可能性)을 고려한 국내석탄정책(國內石炭政策)과 수입탄정책(輸入炭政策)에 대하여 논의하고, 개방경제하(開放經濟下)에서의 사회적(社會的) 마찰(摩擦)을 극소화하기 위한 석탄가격구조(石炭價格構造) 개선방안(改善方案)을 제시하였다. 분석결과(分析結果)에 따르면 현행(現行) 수입탄가격(輸入炭價格)은 오히려 국내탄질(國內炭質)의 저급화(低級化)를 유발시키는 저급화(低級化)를 유발시키는 왜곡현상(歪曲現象)을 초래 하고 있으므로, 앞으로는 국내탄가(國內炭價)를 석공원가기준(石公原價基準)에서 수입탄가(輸入炭價)를 기준으로 하는 결정방식으로 전환하고 수입탄가(輸入炭價)와 국내탄가(國內炭價)의 열량별(熱量別) 가격구조(價格構造)를 개선할 필요가 있다. 그리고 정부주도(政府主導)의 탄광통폐합(炭鑛統廢合)은 또다른 비효율성(非效率性)과 자원배분(資源配分)의 왜곡(歪曲)을 가져올 우려가 있으므로 가격정책(價格政策), 정부보조(政府補助) 등을 통한 간접통제방식(間接統制方式)으로 민간경제의 효율성을 유도하여 주는 것이 바람직하며, 또한 기업퇴출(企業退出)에 따른 탄광지역(炭鑛地域)의 경제활동(經濟活動) 위축(萎縮)과 실업문제(失業問題) 등에 사전적인 정책대응(政策對應) 필요하다.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.84
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• pp.46-52
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• 2008

In an early stage, a study on speleologyand cave environment was very active even though the number of papers was limited. From the mid 1980s to 2000, the academic activities on caves were the most active with a variety of subjects. Since the 1990s, people started to focus on the environmental change in caves and preservation rather than development. Recently, many studies have dealt with humanistic environment, seeing caves as a tourism resource. Therefore, the correlation between the cave and surrounding tourist destinations has been actively studied.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.137-165
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• 1994

Structural adjustment of industry (or industrial restructuring) seems to be inherent in the process of capitalist economic development, which tends to be proceeded with shifts from one stage to another in order to overcome structural crises generated in each stage. The structural adjustment of industry is necessarily accompanied with regional restructuring, since it is not only projected on spece, but also mediated by space. Such a restructuring necessitates industrial and uneven regional devlopment through which capital can seek excessive profits over the rate of socio-spatial average. The industrial restructuring and uneven regional development in the 1980s in Korea can be seen as a process in which capital attempted with a strong support of the govenment to overcome the crises in the end of 1970s and hence to go on rapid economic growth. In this process, capital, especially monopoly capital concentrated into few conglomerates, pursued both extensive expansion and intensive development of industry simultaneously. In results, the Korean economy could eliminate some of peripheral characters and maturate the Fordist accumulation system. The extensive expansion of the Korean industry in the 1980s was stimulated mainly through the enlargement and adjustment of investment for equipment facilities which was planned to exclude or rationalize traditional light industries on some places, and to continue rapid growth of key heavy-chemical industries, especially of fabricated metal industry, on other places. In this process, keeping mainly the existing developmental axis which polarized the Seoul Metroplitan region and the Southeast region in Korea, the enhancing spatial mobiiity of capital and the further differentiating division of labour enforced a tendency of concentration of all types of industry in the Seoul Metropolitan region, and at the same time provoked the diffusion of some industries over Jeolla and Chungchong regions in a considerable extent. The intensive development of industriai structure in the 1980s was pursued through the strategic encouragement of subcontracting small firms mainly which produced assembling components, the technical enhancement and factory (semi-) automation, and the enrichment of service industries for estate management, finance, distribution and retailing which supported and complemented the production of goods. In this process, enabling capital to extend and elaborate its domination over space through the reorganization of regulating systems, the Fordist division of labour generated a socio-spatial hierarchy in the nation-wide scale that characterized: the Seoul Metropolitan region as an overmaturated (or overarching) Fordist region performing the conceptive functions of management, research and development, in which all types of industry (including service industries) tended to be reconcentrated; Kyungsang region as a maturated Fordist region with excutive branches of large conglomerates and with subcontracting firms around them which produced standardized products through the automized production processes in secialized Fordist industries or rationalized traditional industries; and Jeolla and Chungchong regions as newly devloping Fordist regions with newly migrated branches and some subcontracting small firms-in relatively older Fordist industries or partly rationalized traditional industries. From these analyses, it can be argued that the structural adjustment of the Korean industry in the 1980s, which had carried out both through the extensive expansion and the intensive deveiopment, strengthened further uneven regional development process, even though it appears to have reduced apparently the economic and regional disparity by balancing numerically large and small firms and by extending the Fordist industrial space nation-wideiy. And it seems more persuasive to see that the Korean industrial structure in the 1980s maturated the Fordist system of accumulation, but not yet transformed towards the post-Fordist (or the so-called flexible) accumulation system, even though the Korean economy in the 1990s seems to be under a pressure of restructuring towards the latter system.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.568-591
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• 2012

Korean historical geography as a distinct subset of modern geography began with the path-breaking efforts of Do-Yang Roh in the second half of the 1940s. He was joined in 1960 by founding father Dr. Chan Lee who carried with himself the Berkeley geography he learned from Fred Kniffen, his advisor, and Robert West at Louisiana State University. Dr. Lee, the single-most important figure in the development of Korean historical geography, founded in 1988 the Association of Korean Cultural and Historical Geographers in order to pull together those interested in past geographies and geographical change. Korean historical geography took off in the 1980s when large numbers of doctoral theses were produced domestically and abroad and British cross-sectional methodology added. Diversity in research theme and methodology characterizes present-day Korean historical geography.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.558-567
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• 2016

In the case of France which was successful in improving the ultra-low fertility rates of birth and South Korea, from the late 1980s, the birth rate fell continuously. In 1994, total fertility rate fell 1.66, but thanks to the active family policy of the government in the mid 1990s, it grew and maintained 2.0 average since the year 2008 until now. This study examined carefully how France was not classified as advanced welfare state, overcame the obstacles of low fertility problem in the socio-economic and institutional side and trying to get some suggestions from South Korea in which it of such problems in the field of low fertility.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.16 no.1 s.41
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• pp.97-110
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• 1992

Impressionism was the epoch in art which marked the beginning of modern times. For the relatively short period of twenty years, from the middle of the 19th century until approximately 1875, Impressionism was style forming. Then the dissolving tendencies became increasingly stronger A number of artists remained true to the style, some of them lifelong, well into the 20th century. Other, after years of experimenting with other styles, returned to their Impres- sionistic beginnings. However, they were individual personalities with their own artistic hand. Quite a few painters entered the circle of Impressionism after 1875 & used the perceptions of this art in their later works. Especially, Impressionism's light & color affected both 20th's painting & other sorts of art. From the fashion point of view, the influence of Impressionism affected a great deal on the 20th than 19th fashion. As a result the influence of Impressionism on Modern Fashion was as follow: 1. The soft, pretty pastel color was illuminated Modern Fashion. 2. Impressionism affected on the elegance, feminity of design of Modern Fashion