• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.319-331
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• 2007

Nowadays, urbanized area expands its boundary, and distribution of urbanized area is gradually transformed into more complicated pattern. In Korea, SMA(Seoul Metropolitan Area) has outstanding urbanized area since 1960. But it is ambiguous whether urban distribution is clustered or dispersed. That is to say, it is difficult to understand spatial distribution pattern of urbanized area, although urbanized area has grown gradually. This study aims to show the way in which expansions of urbanized area impact on spatial distribution pattern of urbanized area. We use GIS analysis based on raster dataset, quadrat analysis, and nearest neighbor analysis to know distribution pattern of urbanized area in time-series urban growth. Experiments show that cohesion of SMA's urbanized area had increased to the early 1980s, but has decreased from the middle 1980s. Also, urban growth of SMA has been characterized not by spillover growth but by leapfrogging growth and road-influenced growth since the middle 1980s.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.178-199
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• 2014

Changwon Industrial Complex is commonly framed as the best example of strong initiative of the Korean developmental state. And this explanation has been given in the theoretical frame of 'neo-Weberian accounts' i.e., strongly 'national-territorial' and state-centric terms of the predominant. I argue that a geopolitical economy approach focusing on the historical background of the development of Changwon Industrial Complex will shed light on crucial sociospatial dimensions of the Korean developmental state's industrial complex success. I examine, in particular, the multi-scalar processes through which the changes of the industrial complex building plans for the promotion of machine industry in 1960's have been influenced by the complex and dynamic interactions among social actors acting at diverse geographical scales. I show that the formation of the industrial complex in Korea was more heavily influenced by the interactions, contestations, and collaborations among social actors, acting in and through the state, rather than by the state initiative.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.35-50
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• 2022

This study examines the design intent and the construction background of the UNESCO House in Korea planned in the 1950s, with a focus on the initial plans of the House by Kuzosa Architects & Engineers in 1959. To this day, the House has been evaluated as a representative example of an office building in the 1960s, and an early case of introducing curtain walls in Korea. However, only its technical characteristics have been explored with less emphasis on further research data. This study attempts to demonstrate the social and cultural expectations and the demands of the construction of the House by examining the documents produced at the time and the initial plan. This study also highlights the fact that the House was the first project of the architect Pai Ki Hyung to realize high-rise reinforced concrete construction in Seoul's dense center. In the 1950s, the House was planned as a modern building with a complex of various cultural facilities and offices due to the character of activities of the Commission, and the lack of public cultural facilities in Korea. The plan of the Kuzosa Architects & Engineers was selected through a design competition held in 1959. The House was completed in 1967, which took about eight years from planning to completion with design modification in the 1960s. The initial plan submitted before the design modification shows that Pai used the vocabulary and logic of modern architecture and planned the House not as a simple office building but as a complex cultural facility.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.75-94
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• 2024

This study aims to examine changes in the location and spatial structure of the Korean manufacturing industry and to consider the factors that influenced them. From the 1960s to the 1980s, under Korea's export-oriented industrial policy and location policy of large-scale industrial complexes, a manufacturing spatial structure was centered on the Seoul Metropolitan Region and the Southeastern Region. Since the mid-1990s, with the emergence of economic globalization and strengthening corporate competitiveness, technology- and knowledge-intensive manufacturing and R&D activities have been concentrated in the Seoul Metropolitan Region. On the other hand, as the overseas relocation of assembly plants accelerated, the decline of industrial cities in the non-Metropolitan Region progressed. Since the 2010s, manufacturing and start-up activities have become more concentrated in the Seoul Metropolitan Region, showing signs of expanding to the adjacent northern Chungcheong Region. This results from changes in the global value chains followed by overseas relocation of production functions at the global level, and concentration of knowledge-intensive manufacturing and R&D activities in the Seoul Metropolitan Region at the national level, which are reflected in the spatial structure of the manufacturing industry.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.631-655
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• 2004

This study clearly shows that the commercial dispute management is very important for the enterprise and the national economy and the international commercial arbitration as a ADR needs to be activated to settle the trade dispute for the more in the Republic of Korea. The trade dispute has increased for more than thirty years from 1960s and the problem of the occurrence of trade dispute has been very serious in the Republic of Korea. In general, the annual average increase rate of trade dispute has been higher gradually to present and has been high more than the annual average increase rate of export from the 1960s. Also the annual average increase rate of trade dispute in R.O.K. in general high than the Japan and the Taiwan. Accordingly, the trade dispute has been the factor of weakening of international competitiveness. On the other hand, the occurrence of commercial dispute is apt to affect the enterprise and the national economy. It can be called as micro and macro effect. Also, it's analysed that all these problems occurred because of business quality of businessman than the quality problem of goods. Several improvements directions recommended are as follows according to the analyses above. The first, it's required that the consciousness level of commercial dispute management of businessman should be higher to prevent occurrence of commercial dispute and settle the dispute efficiently. The second, the government concerned had better fix policy to raise the standard of commercial dispute management since the trade dispute affects the enterprise and the national economy. And ADR institutions such as the KCAB cooperate with each other for the activation of ADR such as conciliation. The third, is's desirable that the KCAB should promote international commercial arbitration and activate the cooperation of international arbitration activity with other countries. The fourth, it's desirable that the system of Certified Dispute Manager(CDM) should be established to raise the standard of commercial dispute management and the trade order.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.113-122
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• 2019

In the 1970s, under the tyrannical regulation and censorship of the Yushin regime, realistic dramatization techniques were forced to reveal their limitations. Choosing the 'allegory' technique, a double-meaning narrative structure, Lee Kang-baek sets up virtual spaces or unrealistic figures, both of which lack 'realism'. Lee Kang-baek has allergic the illusion of detadiscourse, the diaspora character, and the universality of 'Political Unconsciousness'. So it's linked to the perception of history in the 1960s. This creates a semantic network of public and casual perception of history. This was a 'bypass' strategy which more clearly disclose the violent politics. Therefore Lee Kang-baek's play shows the desperate situation of the diaspora character being oppressed by detadiscourse, and the desire of the author who can never give up on freedom of expression, though under that oppression. Furthermore, it was an attempt to acquire a timeless universality and symbolism about human freedom and liberation through the Allegory play technique.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.279-285
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• 2020

We intended to describe 2 digenean trematodes found from a Chinese sea snake, Laticauda semifasciata, as the new fauna in the Republic of Korea. The snake was caught offshore of Aewol-eup, Jeju-do, in August 2017. Two species of fluke were found in the lung and intestinal tract of the snake in the process of necropsy. They were identified as Pulmovermis cyanovitellosus Coil and Kuntz, 1960 and Harmotrema laticaudae Yamaguti, 1933, respectively based on the morphological characters. Pulmovermis cyanovitellosus showed elongated body with well-developed and elongated male genital system and compact vitelline. And H. laticaudae was characterized by linguiform body with heavily armed cirrus with excretory system. This is the first time both species have been reported and described off the Korean coast. We provide morphological descriptions with some comments on their biology and geographical distribution. In addition, the taxonomic validity of the genus Hydrophitrema Sandars, 1960 was discussed, in terms of morphological descriptions and host ranges. This study provides novel insight into digenean fluke species existing off the coast of Korea.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.23-38
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• 2007

Based on a time series of ocean climate indices and catch records for seven pelagic fish species in the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC) and Kuroshio-Oyashio Current (KOC) regions from 1910 to 2004, we detected regional synchrony in the long-term fluctuations of the fish populations and identified alternation patterns of dominant species related to climate shifts. The annual catches of Pacific herring, Japanese sardines, Japanese anchovies, jack mackerel, chub mackerel, Pacific saury and common squid in the TWC region fluctuated in phase with those in the KOC region, which suggests that they were controlled by the same basin-wide climate forcing. After the collapse of the herring fishery, the alternation sequence was: sardines (1930s), Pacific saury, jack mackerel, common squid and anchovies ($1950s{\sim}1960s$), herring ($late\;1960s{\sim}early\;1970s$), chub mackerel (1970s) and then sardines (1980s). As sardine biomass decreased in the late stages of the cool regime, catch of the other four species increased immediately during the warm period of the 1990s. Regional differences in the amplitude of long-term catch fluctuations for the seven pelagic fishes could be explained by regional differences in availability, fishing techniques and activity.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.55-65
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• 2007

The commercial value of the Korean animation was developed by the government's policies of revitalizing reform and national harmony from 1960 to the middle of 1980. Especially, the character of the anti communistic animation was organized by the structure of confrontation between South (good) and North (evil). The confrontation was viewed by communism and liberal democracy by red and white (or blue) and a pig or a boy. Such ideology and the policy of Korean culture gave some impact on its culture, for example, movie and animation. The animation became the tool of educating the idea of anti-communism and the policy of Korean culture by firming the policy of anti communism. But that animation of anti communism must not be blamed because it is a general animation of Korea which describes the reality. We have to take a hard view of the time and reconsider it by the new point of view.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.70-97
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• 1995

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the trend of urbanization and population distribution in North Korea. Although North Korean data lack comparable details, attention has been given to the comparison of urban system between North and South Korea. In North Korea, the pace of urbanization was most rapid just after the Korean War, from 1954 to 1960. However, the pace slowed down markedly in the early 1970s and has remained sluggish since then. North Korea is currently much less urbanized than South Korea. As specific features of urbanization in North Korea, emergence of new cities along inland borders, prominence of intermediate-sized cities, and sudden population growth of major cities due to boundary expansion are stressed. Available demographic data also indicate an overwhelming primacy of Pyongyang Municipality in the urban system, and rapid growth of satellite cities in the west-central region. It appears that, in North Korea, urbanization process has been a product of the government's development policies rather than individual's socioeconomic motivation to migrate urbanward. Finally, migration issues after unification of the Korean Peninsula and related problems are discussed in this study.