• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.164-164
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• 2001

This study investigated expression pattern of PHGPx gene in male rat reproductive organs exposed to 17$\beta$-estradiol. First, in view of quantitative change, the exposure to 17$\beta$-estradiol for 1 week increased PHGPx mRNA level in testis and prostate. PHGPx mRNA level in epididymis decreased weakly as compared to control group.(omitted)

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 1989

The study was carried out to find out the changes of the sex hormone concentrations in the blood plasma and antrum of follicular and lutein cystic ovaries of Holstein cows. The progesterone, estradiol-17$\beta$, testosterone, FSH and LH from samples of the blood plasma and antrum of cystic ovaries of cows assayed by radioimmunoassay method. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. The concentrations fo progesterone and estradiol-17$\beta$ in the blood plasmaat estrous and luteal phase were 0.95$\pm$0.18ng/ml, 11.45$\pm$3.12pg/ml and 4.25$\pm$0.27ng/ml, 6.27$\pm$0.82pg/ml respectively. The concentrations of progesterone and estradiol-17$\beta$ in the antrum fluid of follicles at estrous and luteal phase were 24.8$\pm$4.12ng/ml, 54.3$\pm$7.25pg/ml and 21.7$\pm$3.79ng/ml, 14.3$\pm$2.72pg/ml respectively, and showed significant changes among the estrous and luteal phase and blood plasma and antrum fluid of follicles. 2. The concentrations of progesterone, estradiol-17$\beta$, testosterone and LH in the blood plasma of follicular cystic ovareis of cows were 0.85$\pm$0.25ng/ml, 9.23$\pm$2.72pg/ml, 17.12$\pm$3.26pg/ml and 3.78$\pm$1.02mIU/ml respectively. And the concentrations of progesterone, estradiol-17$\beta$, testosterone and LH in the antrum fluid of follicular cystic ovareis of cows were 284$\pm$48.21ng/ml, 389$\pm$67.23ng/ml, 12.84$\pm$0.29ng/ml and 1.84$\pm$0.17mIU/ml respectively, and showed significant changes between in the blood plasma and antrum fluid of cystic ovaries. 3. The concentrations of progesterone, estradiol-17$\beta$, testosterone and LH in the blood plasma of lutein cystic ovaries of cows were 3.40$\pm$0.78ng/ml, 4.02$\pm$0.42pg/ml, 10.72$\pm$2.74pg/ml and 0.76$\pm$0.12mIU/ml respectively. And the concentrations of progesterone, estradiol-17$\beta$, testosterone and LH in the antrum fluid of lutein cystic ovareis of cows were 427$\pm$35.79ng/ml, 0.76$\pm$0.07ng/ml, 3.45$\pm$0.57ng/ml and 0.29$\pm$0.07mIU/ml respectively, and showed significant changes between the blood plasma and antrum fluid of cystic ovaries. 4. Accordingly, the diagnosis of follicular and lutein cystic ovareis of cows from progesterone, estradiol-17$\beta$ and LH levels in the blood plasma and antrum of cystic ovaries of cows is thought to be possible a diagnostic means.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.217-221
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• 2003

To clarify the roles of gonadal steroids on pancreatic exocrine secretion, effects of progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ on spontaneous and secretagogue-induced exocrine response of isolated perfused rat pancreas were investigated. Intra-arterial infusion of progesterone resulted in significant increase of the spontaneous pancreatic fluid and amylase secretion dose-dependently. However, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ did not exert any influence on spontaneous pancreatic exocrine secretion. Exogenous secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and acetylcholine markedly stimulated pancreatic fluid and amylase secretion. Progesterone initially enhanced secretin-induced amylase secretion, but this stimulatory response declined thereafter to basal value. Moreover, secretin-induced fluid secretion was not affected by infusion of progesterone. Therefore, initial increase of secretion-induced amylase secretion by progesterone seems to be a non-specific action by washout effect of secretin. Estradiol-$17{\beta}$ failed to change the secretin-induced fluid and amylase secretion. Both progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ did not exert any influence on CCK-induced fluid and amylase secretion. Acetylcholine-induced exocrine secretion of isolated perfused pancreas also was not affected by intra-arterial infusion of progesterone or estradiol-$17{\beta}$. It is concluded from the above results that progesterone could enhance the spontaneous pancreatic fluid and amylase secretion of isolated perfused rat pancreas through non-genomic shortterm action, and that these effects could be masked by more potent stimulants such as secretin, CCK, and acetylcholine.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.297-297
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• 1994

It has been known that adrenal corticosteroids influence the expression of adrenomedullary catecholamine-synthetizing enzymes and also suppress the emission of axonal-like processes in cultured chromaffin cells. In the present study, it was attempted ta investigate the effect of 17${\alpha}$-estradiol on catecholamine(CA) secretion evoked by acetylcholine(ACh), DMPP, McN-A-343, excess K$\^$+/ and Bay-K-8644 from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland. The perfusion of 17${\alpha}$-estradiol (10$\^$-6/ 10$\^$-4/M) me an adrenal vein for 20min produced relatively dose-dependent inhibition in CA secretion evoked by ACh (5.5 ${\times}$ 10$\^$-3/M), DMPP (10$\^$-4/M for 2min), McN-A-343 (10$\^$-4/M for 4min) and Bay-K-8644 (10$\^$-5/M for 4min), while did not affect the CA secretory effect of high K$\^$+/(5.6 x 10$\^$-2/M). Also, in the presence of 17${\beta}$-estradiol, CA secretion of ACh, DMPP and McN-A-343 without any effect on excess K$\^$+/-evoked CA secretion. However, in adrenal glands preloaded with 17${\alpha}$-estradiol (10$\^$-5/M) plus tamoxifen (10$\^$-5/M), which is known to be a selective antagonist of estrogen receptors (for 20min), CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, DMPP and McN-A-343 were considerably recovered as compared to that of 17${\alpha}$-estradiol only, but excess K$\^$+/-induced CA secretion was not affected.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.76-82
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• 1986

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of trophoblastic vesicles (TV) and estradiol-17$\beta$ on the development in vitro of rabbit embryos. Thirty matured female rabbits were treated with PMSG followed by HCG injection and mating. Embryos were recovered with D-PBS (Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline) after superovulation, and normally developed to two-to four-cell embryos were used in the subsequent in vitro culture. Basal medium was Medium-199 su, pp.emented with 1.5% bovine serum albumin. Embryo on Day 5 after mating (Day 0) was cut into two or three pieces to remove the embryonic disc. Each piece of tissue was cultured for 24 hours at 37$^{\circ}C$ in 0.5 mlMedium-199 in 5% CO2. During culture, peices of trophoblastic tissue changed into spherical vesicles which were used for co-culture. These spheres were called trophoblstic vesicles. Two-to four-cell embryos were cultured for 4 days in Medium-199 in the absence or presence of trophoblastic vesicle, and two-to four-cell embryos cultured with varing concentration (0, 0.1, 1, 10ng/ml) of estradiol-17$\beta$ for 4 dyas. Culture vessels used were watch glass for coculture with trophoblastic vesicles and micortube for estradiol-17$\beta$ infusion. Compared with the Medium-199 alone as basal culture medium, more blastocysts (46.7% vs 15.1%; P<0.01) and morulae (84.4% vs 56.6%; P<0.05) were developed in the co-culture with trophoblastic vesicles. Estradiol-17$\beta$ infused in culture medium was not effective for embryo development to blastocysts (78.3% in control, 50.0% in 0.1ng/ml, 61.5% in 1ng/ml and 64.4% in 10ng/ml) and also to morulae (91.3% in control, 84.2% in 0.1ng/ml, 92.3% in 1ng/ml and 91.1% in 10ng/ml). Compared with the watch glass culture mehotd, more (P<0.01) blastocysts were developed in microtube culture (78.3% vs 56.6%) and more (P<0.01) morulae in microtube culture (91.3% vs 56.6%).

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1986

본 연구는 한개의 뇌하수체를 이식시켜 과배란된 미성숙 흰쥐에서 혈중 progesterone과 estradiol-17${\beta}$ 의 수준 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 시도되었다. 30일령 숫컷 휜쥐에서 뇌하수체를 제거하기 15일 전에 고환을 제거시켰으며 고환이 제거된 쥐에서 얻은 한개의 뇌하수체를 실험 시작일(임신 3일전 : D-2) 오전 7시에서 10시사이에 28일령의 암컷 흰쥐의 우측 신장 피막 아래 이식시켰다. 대조군은 같은날 오전 10시에 4 IU PMSG 를 투여하였다. 실험에 사용된 쥐들은 혈중 호르몬 수준을 측정하기 위하여 임신 3일전, 2일전, 1일전, 임신 1일, 2일, 3일 및 5일에 희생시켜 채혈하였다. 임신 1일에는 교배후 estrogen의 과량분비를 차단하기 위하여 난소를 제거한 후 난소 호르몬을 투여하고 임신 8일에는 착상 상태를 조사하였다. 혈중 progesteron과 estradiol-17${\beta}$ 수준은 gamma counter(Packard)로 계측하였다. 본 실험에서 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 난소를 제거하고 progesterone과 estradiol-17${\beta}$를 투여한 과배란된 흰쥐는 난소를 제거하지 않고 과배란된 흰쥐나 대조군에 비하여 효과적인 착상율을 보이지 않았다(P<0.001). 2. 과배란된 흰쥐에서 혈중 progesterone 수준은 대조군에 비해 교배후 계속적으로 높은 상승을 보였으나 교배전 수준은 대조군에 비해 낮았다(P<0.001). 3. 과배란된 흰쥐에서 혈중 estradiol-17${\beta}$ 수준은 과배란 2일전부터 임신 1일까지 아주 높은 상태를 유지하였으며 임신 1일전(발정전기)에는 638${\pm}$134 pg/ml 으로 절정을 나타내었으나 임신 1일 이후 부터는 급격히 감소하여 임신 5일에는 10pg/ml이하로 떨어졌다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1991

The present investigation has been undertaken to elucidate the functional role of ovarian steroids on the mechanism of oviduct differentiation during early embryonic development in rat. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) was measured in the oviduct tissue under different steroids treatment regime on day 9 pregnancy. The ALPase activity of the oviduct of pseudopregnant rat was compared with that of normal pregnant rat. The results of day 9 pregnancy rat oviduct clearly demonstrated that $17{\beta}-estradiol$ and progesterone were effective in pseudopregnant rat oviduct. In the ovary intact group the ALPase activity was similar in both of normal and pseudopregnant oviduct, but in the $17{\beta}-estradiol$ treated group the ALPase activity in normal pregnancy was significantly higher than that in pseudopregnancy. The effect of estradiol on the normal pregnant rat oviduct was apparently found on day 3 and day 9 pregnancy. This study, therefore, clearly demonstrates that $17{\beta}-estradiol$ is much potent in oviduct tissue differentiation. It is suggested that absence of $17{\beta}-estradiol$ effect on pseudopregnant rat oviduct is due to there is no embryo passing througth the oviduct.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.352-357
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• 2005

The optimization of extraction conditions of phytoestrogen from pomegranate by hot water was conducted by analyzing the extraction characteristics. The purpose of this study was effective utilization of bioactive components of pomegranate, and the analyzing was performed with response surface methodology (RSM). This study established 10 sections based on the central composite design with the independent variables of extraction temperature (60, 70, 80, 90, $100^{\circ}C$) and extraction time (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 hr) to predict the optimal conditions for extraction of the effective components. The dependent variables were measured for extracted materials, those were, the major components such as chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, $17-{\alpha}-estradiol\;and\;17-{\beta}-estradiol$ content, and regression analysis was performed by SAS program, and optimal conditions for each characteristics were predicted, and the characteristics of extraction were analyzed by response surface methodology. It was found that chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, and $17-{\alpha}-estradiol$ content were greatly affected by extraction temperature. However, $17-{\beta}-estradiol$ content was affected significantly by extraction time. Regression formulas for each variable were elicited from this study, and the chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, $17-{\alpha}-estradiol\;and\;17-{\beta}-estradiol$ content depending on response surface methodology factor were superimposed. It was shown that optimal temperature and extraction time were $98{\sim}100^{\circ}C\;and\;3{\sim}5$ hrs, respectively.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2008

For estimating the ovulation time in Miniature Schnauzer dogs during the estrous cycle, radioimmunoassay of plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone concentrations was conducted on blood samples in 21 pregnant and 13 non pregnant dogs. When Day 0 was that plasma progesterone concentrations exceeded 4.0 ng/ml, on Day 64, parturition day, progesterone declined below 1.0 ng/ml with $0.92\;{\pm}\;0.29\;ng/ml$ and when Day 0 was that plasma progesterone concentrations declined below 1.0 ng/ml, on Day -64, progesterone increased above 4.0 ng/ml with $4.56\;{\pm}\;0.87\;ng/ml$. Gestational length was $63.71\;{\pm}\;1.35$ (Mean${\pm}$S.D.) days from plasma progesterone concentrations exceeded 4.0 ng/ml and was $66.29\;{\pm}\;1.98$ days from first male acceptance. The plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentrations reached maximum value with $28.20\;{\pm}\;2.86\;pg/ml$ on Day .2, and plasma progesterone concentrations reached $5.90\;{\pm}\;0.36 ng/ml, 5.18\;{\pm}\;0.32 ng/ml on Day 0, and the maximum of 61.58\;{\pm}\;10.47 ng/ml on Day 19 and 56.05\;{\pm}\;8.86\;ng/ml$ on Day 16 in pregnant and non pregnant dogs, respectively. Afterward, plasma progesterone concentrations declined below 1.0 ng/ml on Day 64 with $0.92\;{\pm}\;0.29\;ng/ml$ in pregnant cycles and on Day 58 with $0.95\;{\pm}\;0.63\;ng/ml$ in non pregnant dogs. No difference were found pregnant and non pregnant dogs in plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone concentrations (p<0.01). Based on first male acceptance (Day 0), the maximum of plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentrations ($29.31\;{\pm}\;3.61\;pg/ml$) occurred on Day -1 and plasma progesterone concentrations exceeded 4.0 ng/ml on Day 2 in pregnant ($5.37\;{\pm}\;0.76\;ng/ml$) and non pregnant ($4.25\;{\pm}\;0.80\;ng/ml$) dogs. These results suggest that in Miniature Schnauzers, the ovulation occurred when plasma progesterone concentrations exceeded 4.0 ng/ml, 3 days after plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ peak and 2 days after first male acceptance.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1971

Application of the spectrophotometer to the analysis of 17 ${\alpha}-ethinyl$ estradiol and $17{\alpha}-ethinyl-19-nortestosterone$ acetate mixture in oral contraceptive has been accomplished. It is used Beckman Du Spectrophotometer as a apparatus. The petroleum ether extract of ethinyl estradiol is determined at $535\;m{\mu}$ and the chloroform extract of norethindrone acetate is determined at $380\;m{\mu}$ respectively. This analytical method is formed Lambert Beer's law. This method can be used to the analysis of ethinyl estradiol aid norethindrone acetate mixture in commercial dosage form of routine assay.