• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.450-455
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• 1997

The preparation of Bacillus coagulans is used as a therapeutics for human intestinal disorders. However, the bacterium in the preparation is very susceptible to rifampic in and fluoroquinolones. When the preparation is taken with rifampicin or fluoroquinolones, its therapeutic effect can not be expected. So B. coagulans RFR17 resistant to rifampicin was obtained by treating the parent B. coagulans with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. B. coagulans OFR17 was produced by serial passage of B. coagulans RFR17 on agar with 2-fold minimal inhibitory concentration of ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin. B. coagulans OFR17 was resistant to fluoroquinolones up to 16~64 fold higher than that for the original strain. B. coagulans OFR17 also exhibited identical characteristics with the parent strain when they were tested for lactic acid production and growth inhibition of E. coli MB4-01 and Shigella sonnei MB4-10411. From in vitro test, it was also identified that rifampicin and ofloxacin are not inactivated by certain factors of B. coagulans OFR17. Conclusively, B. coagulans OFR17 can be regarded as a promising strain which can be developed as the preparation for the treatment of the intestinal disorders of the tuberculosis patients under rifampicin and ofloxacin therapy.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.254-263
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• 2021

Purpose: Periodontitis is associated with a dysbiosis of periodontopathic bacteria, which stimulate the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis that plays an essential role in the immunopathogenesis of this disease, leading to alveolar bone destruction through receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). IL-23 receptor mRNA (IL-23R) has been identified in periodontitis, and IL-17 receptor A mRNA (IL-17RA) and its protein have not yet been evaluated in patients with periodontitis. In this study was measure IL-23R and IL-17RA in gingival tissue (GT) from patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) and to explore correlations with clinical parameters. Methods: We included 16 healthy subjects (HS), 18 patients with GCP, and 14 with GAP. GT samples were collected during periodontal surgery. Both IL-23R and IL-17RA were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The results were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman' rank correlation coefficients using SPSS version 25.0. We found lower IL-23R levels in patients with GCP and GAP than in HS. Contrarily, we observed higher IL-17RA levels in GCP and GAP patients than in HS. Moreover, we found negative correlations between IL-23R in GT and probing depth and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Likewise, a positive correlation of IL-17RA in GT with CAL was found. Conclusions: The results of these findings suggest that the reverse behavior between IL-23R and IL-17RA in periodontitis patients may also be involved with the activation of RANKL, which promotes alveolar bone loss.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.46.1-46.16
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• 2023

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) affects all age group and occurs mainly in women. Pyroptosis is a novel programmed cell death featured with cell bursting and release of proinflammatory cytokines. A deeper understanding of AIH pathogenesis will contribute to novel therapy for AIH patients. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of IL-17 in immune-mediated liver injury. The levels of cytokines were measured by ELISA, and mRNA levels of STAT3 and IFN gamma-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) were detected by PCR. Expressions of STAT3, IFI16, gasdermin D and cleaved caspase-1 were measured by western-blotting. Immunohistochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy were applied to evaluate liver histopathological changes of the treated mice. Our results showed that the levels of IFI16 was increased in hepatocytes treated with IL-17 protein, and further elevated after STAT3-overexpressed (STAT3-OE) lentivirus treatment. The levels of IFI16 were reduced in hepatocytes treated with IL-17 neutralizing Ab (nAb), but were significantly increased after STAT3-OE treatment. Pyroptosis was observed in hepatocytes treated with IL-17 protein, and further cell damage was observed after STAT3-OE lentivirus treatment. Liver damage was alleviated in mice treated with IL-17 nAb, however sever damage was experienced after STAT3-OE lentivirus treatment. A binding interaction between IFI16 and STAT3 was detected in IL-17 treated hepatocytes. Glutathione transaminase activity was enhanced in concanavalin A-induced AIH mice compared to the control group (p<0.01). IL-17 plays an important role in activating STAT3 and up-regulating IFI16, which may promote the pyroptosis in AIH-related liver injury through STAT3-IFI16 axis.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.14.1-14.26
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• 2024

The inflammatory response during cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) involves immune and non-immune cell cooperation to contain and eliminate Leishmania parasites. The orchestration of these responses is coordinated primarily by CD4⁺ T cells; however, the disease outcome depends on the Th cell predominant phenotype. Although Th1 and Th2 phenotypes are the most addressed as steers for the resolution or perpetuation of the disease, Th17 cell activities, especially IL-17 release, are recognized to be vital during CL development. Th17 cells perform vital functions during both acute and chronic phases of CL. Overall, Th17 cells induce the migration of phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) to the infection site and CD8⁺ T cells and NK cell activation. They also provoke granzyme and perforin secretion from CD8⁺ T cells, macrophage differentiation towards an M2 phenotype, and expansion of B and Treg cells. Likewise, immune cells from the inflammatory infiltrate have modulatory activities over Th17 cells involving their differentiation from naive CD4⁺ T cells and further expansion by generating a microenvironment rich in optimal cytokines such as IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-21. Th17 cell activities and synergies are crucial for the resistance of the infection during the early and acute stages; however, if unchecked, Th17 cells might lead to a chronic stage. This review discusses the synergies between Th17 cells and the inflammatory infiltrate and how these interactions might destine the course of CL.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 2011

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is ATPase-directed molecular chaperon and affects survival of cancer cell. Inhibitory effect of Hsp90 by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the cancer cell was reported. However, its role during oocyte maturation and early embryo development is very insufficient. In this study, we traced the effects of Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), on meiotic maturation and early embryonic development in pigs. We also investigated several indicators of developmental potential, including structural integrity, gene expression (Hsp90-, cell cycle-, and apoptosis-related genes), and apoptosis, which are affected by 17-AAG. Then, we examined the roles of Hsp90 inhibitor on viability of primary cells in pigs. Porcine oocytes were cultured in the NCSU-23 medium with or without 17-AAG for 44 h. The proportion of GV arrested oocytes was significantly different between the 17-AAG treated and untreated group (78.2 vs 34.8%, p<0.05). After completion of meiotic maturation, the proportion of MII oocytes was lower in the 17-AAG treated group than in the control group (27.9 vs 71.0%, p<0.05). After IVF, the percentage of penetrated oocytes was significantly lower in the 17-AAG treated group (25.2%), resulting in lower normal pronucleus formation (2PN of 14.6%). Therefore, the inhibition of meiotic progression by Hsp90 inhibitor played a critical role in fertilization status. Porcine embryo were cultured in the PZM-3 medium with or without 17-AAG for 6 days. In result, significant differences in developmental potential were detected between the embryos that were cultured with or without 17-AAG. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) showed that the number of containing fragmented DNA at the blastocyst stage increased in the 17-AAG treated group compared with control (7.5 vs 4.4, respectively). Blastocysts that developed in the 17-AAG treated group had low structural integrity and high apoptotic nuclei than those of the untreated control, resulting in decrease the embryonic qualities of preimplantation porcine blastocysts. The mRNA expressions of cell cycle-related genes were down-regulated in the 17-AAG treated group compared with control. Also, the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax increased in 17-AAG treated group, whereas expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bel-XL decreased. However, the expression of ER stress-related genes did not changed by 17-AAG. Cultured pESF cells were treated with or without 17-AAG and used for MIT assay. The results showed that viability of pESF cells were decreased by treatment of 17-AAG ($2{\mu}M$) for 24 hr. These results indicated that 17-AAG decreased cell proliferation and increased cell death. Expression patterns Hsp90 complex genes (Hsp70 and p23), cell cycle-related genes (cdc2 and cdc25c) and apoptosis-related genes (Bax and Bcl-XL) were significantly changed by using RT-PCR analysis. The spliced form of pXbp-1 product (pXbp-1s) was detected in the tunicamycin (TM) treated cells, but it is not detected in 17-AAG treated cells. In conclusion, Hsp90 appears to play a direct role in porcine early embryo developmental competence including structural integrity of blastocysts. Also, these results indicate that Hsp90 is closely associated with cell cycle- and apoptosis-related genes expression in developing porcine embryos.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.97-110
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• 1991

This study was undertaken to understand the seasonal changes of hormone levels such as luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol-$17{\beta}$, serum components such as albumin, total protein and triglycerides, and GSI of rainbow trout (Onco-rhynchus mykiss) under the normal-light circumstances. LH levels were the highest in November whereas FSH levels were decreased progressively from October to February. Serum GTH, such as LH and FSH, levels were low immediately after egg-stripping and were significantly increased in the summer in association with the initiation of vitellogenesis. Serum albumin, total protein, and triglycerides were significantly increased in August in association with initiation of vitellogenesis and were peak in November prior to egg-stripping. Oocyte growth, measured by oocyte diameter and GSI, was significantly increased in August and showed the highest value in January. Correlation coefficients of serum LH with FSH and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ were +0.844 and +0.947, respectively. Correlation coefficients of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ with albumin and total protein were +0.634 and +0.859, respectively. Correlation coefficients of serum estradiol-$17{\beta}$ with triglycerides and GSI were +0.673 and +0.694, respectively. Probably by positive feedback mechanism, LH, FSH and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ appeared to stimulate to liver to secrete albumin, total protein and triglycerides for vitellosenesis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1230-1238
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• 2013

The regulatory effect of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 on the apoptogenic activity of $17{\alpha}$-estradiol ($17{\alpha}-E_2$) was compared between HCT116 ($p53^{+/+}$) and HCT116 ($p53^{-/-}$) cells. When the HCT116 ($p53^{+/+}$) and HCT116 ($p53^{-/-}$) cells were treated with $2.5{\sim}10{\mu}M$ $17{\alpha}-E_2$ for 48 h or with $10{\mu}M$for various time periods, cytotoxicity and an apoptotic sub-$G_1$ peak were induced in the HCT116 ($p53^{+/+}$) cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, the HCT116 ($p53^{-/-}$) cells were much less sensitive to the apoptotic effect of $17{\alpha}-E_2$. Although $17{\alpha}-E_2$ induced aberrant mitotic spindle organization and incomplete chromosome congregation at the equatorial plate, $G_2/M$ arrest was induced to a similar extent in both cell types. In addition, $17{\alpha}-E_2$-induced activation of Bak and Bax, ${\Delta}{\Psi}m$ loss, and PARP degradation were more dominant in the HCT116 ($p53^{+/+}$) than in the HCT116 ($p53^{-/-}$) cells. In accordance with enhancement of p53 phosphorylation (Ser-15) and p53 levels, p21 and Bax levels were elevated in the HCT116 ($p53^{+/+}$) cells treated with $17{\alpha}-E_2$. The HCT116 ($p53^{-/-}$) cells exhibited barely or undetectable levels of p21 and Bax, regardless of $17{\alpha}-E_2$ treatment. On the other hand, although the level of Bcl-2 was slightly lower in the HCT116 ($p53^{+/+}$) than in the HCT116 ($p53^{-/-}$) cells, it remained relatively constant after the $17{\alpha}-E_2$ treatment. Together, these results show that among the components of the $17{\alpha}-E_2$-induced apoptotic-signaling pathway, which proceeds through mitotic spindle defects causing mitotic arrest, subsequent activation of Bak and Bax and the mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade, leading to PARP degradation, $17{\alpha}-E_2$-induced activation of Bak and Bax is the upstream target of proapoptotic action of p53.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.771-777
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• 2007

Several endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) were monitored to evaluate the estrogenic activities and the concentrations by yeast two-hybrid assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) in sewage treatment plant(STP) which consist of industrial and domestic line. In the influent of domestic line, estrone, 17$\beta$-estradiol, 17$\alpha$-ethinylestradiol and alkylphenolethoxylate(APE) were detected up to 167.1, 39.7, 7.3 and 145.4 ng/L, respectively. The average removal efficiency of 17$\beta$-estradiol after the activated sludge process was 77.5% and further removed to 80.8% after the sand filtration-ozonation step. These results suggests that the activated sludge process has limited potential to remove the estrogenic activity effectively. The contributions of the estrogenic chemicals to the estrogenic activities were 70.7, 23.3, 3.7 and 2.3% for estrone, 17$\beta$-estradiol 17$\alpha$-ethinylestradiol and APE, respectively, in the domestic line effluents. Therefore, 17$\beta$-estradiol and estrone contributed most of the estrogenic activity in the domestic line effluents.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2003

This study was carried out to determine the proper pin-heading induction time(spawn running time) when different incubation temperature were applied to Pleurotus ostreatus(Chunchu 2ho, Suhan 1ho, Heukpyung). Incubation period was 17 days at 23 and 21 days at 17 for Chunchu 2ho, 17 days at 23 and 26 for Heukpyung, and 22~23 days at 17~23 for Suhan 1ho. Incubation period for Suhan 1ho was not significantly affected by incubation temperature. The time required for initial pin-heading was 4~5 days at 17, 20, 23 and 26 for Chunchu 2ho as well as Heukpyung, and was 3 days at 17, 20, 23 and 5~6 days at 26 for Suhan 1ho. As the incubation period became longer, the available fruit-bodies at Chunchu 2ho were made more but they were short. The yield of Chunchu 2ho and Heukpyung increased when incubated for 22~27 days at 20~23 and that of Suhan 1ho also increased when incubated for 22~23 days at 17~23.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.525-532
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• 1995

The periods of germination and seedling emergence, epidermal cell size and the activities of peroxidase and amylase of 6 rice cultivars were examined to clarify the response to 3 temperature conditions, constant temperatures of 27$^{\circ}C$ and 17$^{\circ}C$ and alternating temperature of 24/1$0^{\circ}C$, in the dark condition. The periods of germination and seedling emergence were increased and the germination was delayed greater than the seedling emergence under 17$^{\circ}C$ and 24/l$0^{\circ}C$, compared with 27$^{\circ}C$. Lengths of epidermal cell of coleoptile and first leaf were reduced, but the widths were increased in the 17$^{\circ}C$ and 24/1$0^{\circ}C$, compared with 27$^{\circ}C$. The activities of peroxidase in the emerging shoots and amylase in the germinating seeds were reduced in 17$^{\circ}C$ and 24/1$0^{\circ}C$. There were significant correlations between peroxidase activities and the widths of epidemal cell of first leaf and between amylase activities and periods of germination. Varietal differences of all observations were remarkable in 17$^{\circ}C$ and 24 /1$0^{\circ}C$.