• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.188-202
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• 1997

The seasonal variability of the sea surface winds over the last Sea of Korea (Japan Sea) is investigated by means of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The combined representation of fields of three climatic variables by empirical orthogonal functions is discussed. The eigenvectors are derived from daily sea level pressure, wind speed and 10-day mean sea surface temperature (SST) during 15 years $(1978\~1992)$. The spatial patterns of the mean pressure are characterized by the high pressure in the western part and the low pressure in the eastern part. The spatial distribution of the standard deviation (SD) of pressure are characterized by max SD of 6.6 mb near the Vladivostok, and minima along the coast of the Japan. In Vladivostok, the maxima of SD of SST and south-north wind (WV) were also occurred. The representation of fields of individual meteorological variables by EOF shows that the first mode of the west-east wind (WU) explain over $47.3\%$ of the variance and the second mode of WU represents $30\%$. Especially, the first mode of the WV explain $70.9\%$ of the variance and their time series coefficients show 1-cpy, 0.5-cpy frequency spectrum. The spatial distribution of the first mode eigenvectors of SST are characterized by maximum near Vladivostok. The combined representation of fields of several variables (pressure, wind, SST) reveals that the first mode magnitudes of the variance of the combined eigenvectors (WU-PR) are increased. By means of this result, the 1-year peak and the 6-months peak are remarkable. In the three combined patterns (wind, pressure, SST), the second mode of the eigenvector (wind) is affected by the SST. Their time coefficients of the first mode show noticeable 1-year peak. The spectral analysis of the second mode shows broad seasonal signal with the period of 4-months and a significant peak of variability at 3-month period.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.163-171
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• 1980

Recently, Bacillus has been identified as one of food poisoning bacteria especially in products of cereal foods in foreign countries. Therefore, the quantitative distribution of Bacillus cereus in market foods, its physiological characteristics, growth rate by temperature and heat resistance of its spore were examined. Thirty two samples of cooked rice, 20 samples of kimbab(cooked rice rolled with laver), 23 samples of rice cake, 13 samples of rice ana 13 samples of barley were collected from restaurents and food stores in Busan, Korea during the period from May to November in 1980. Forty samples of 101 samples submitted to the test appeared positive for Bacillus cereus showing abut $40\%$ in detection ratio. Detection ratio of Bacillus cereus was higher than $50\%$ in barley and rice, and about $30\%$ in rice products. Average Bacillus cereus content of in the samples was $2.6\times10^6/g$ in cooked rice, $2.3\times10^6/g$in kimbab, $4.9\times10^4/g$ in rice cake while that in rice and barley was about $10^3/g$. The result of biochemical tests of the bacterium was $100\%$ positive in catalase, egg yolk reaction, gelatin hydrolysis and glucose fermentation, $100\%$ negative in xylose, arabinose and mannitol oxidation, about $90\%$ positive in acetoin production, $80.0\%$ positive in nitrate reduction and citrate utilization and $55.0\%$ positive in starch hydrolysis test. Isolation ratio of Bacillus ceresus which showed haemolysis positive and starch hydrolysis negative results, was about $38\%$ in 40 strains examined. It is known that those strains has a close relation to food poisoning accident. Growth rate and generation time of Bacillus cereus isolated from the cooked rice were $0.34hr^{-1},\;2.02hr\;at\;20^{\circ}C,\;0.73hr^{-1},\;0.95hr\;at\;30^{\circ}C\;and\;0.49hr^{-1},\;1.44\;hr\;at\;40^{\circ}C$ respectively. Heat resistance value of Bacillus cereus spores suspended in phosphate buffer solution was $D_{90}=29.0min,\;D_{95}=8.7min,\;D_{98}=3.7\;min\;and\;D_{101}=2.3\;min(z=10.5)$.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.211-220
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• 2016

This study was to develop the analytical reference material of green-pepper for multi-residue analysis of pesticides. According to the ISO Guide 35, ISO Guide 13528 and EURL-PT protocol, the homogeneity, stability, assigned value and uncertainty were calculated to assess if it was suitable to be used as the proficiency test or quality control. The values of the within-bottle standard variation ($s_{wb}$) and the between-bottle standard variation ($s_{bb}$) were 1.7~3.7% of assigned value according to the requirement of the ISO guide 35. And, the uncertainty ($u^*{_{bb}}$) due to inhomogeneity was 0.8~1.1% for all pesticides. The storage stabilities of ten-pesticides at various conditions were assessed. For all target pesticides, the slop ($b_1$) values were smaller than the corresponding values of $[t_{0.95,n-2}{\times}s(b_1)]$ specified by the ISO guide 35, indicating that there were no statistically significant decreases in the concentration of the target pesticides when the analytical reference material was stored at room temperature ($20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$) for 7 days, freezing ($-20^{\circ}C$) for 30 days and deep freezer ($-80^{\circ}C$. except for bifenthrin, fenpropathrin) for 245 days. For proficiency test by using it developed by Korea Institute of Toxicology, inter-lab test was performed with eight organization performing the residual pesticide analysis. We found that there were some different results among them. Some were assessed as questionable or unacceptable for two pesticides and one organization didn't analyze the six pesticides. From these results, this green-pepper analytical reference material containing ten-pesticides could be used as a tool for the proficiency test to improve the reliability or consistency for pesticide residue's results.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1992

Postoperative hypoxemia in the absence of hypoventilation occurs more often after thoracic or upper abdominal surgery than lower abdominal operations or surgery on extremities. Although the factors which produce postoperative alveolar collapse have not been fully evaluated, the dominant factor of postoperative hypoxemia is shunt of blood passing collapsed alveoli and the postoperative pain is associated with restriction of depth of breathing, sighing and movement. In 1979, the first successful clinical usage of epidurally administered morphine for control of postoperative pain was reported by Behar and associates. This study was carried out for twenty patients who received posterolateral thoracostomy with bleb resection between May 1990 and May 1991 and who were primary spontaneous recurrent pneumothoraxes under general endotracheal anesthesia. For the relief of post-thoracotomy pain following of the general anesthesia, we selected ten patients as control group which were treated intermittently IM with injection of pethidine(50 mg) according to the conventional method and another ten patients as study group which were managed with thoracic epidural analgesia. The tip of the catheter was inserted to T4-5 epidural space through T12-L1 or L1-2 interspinous region before the induction of the general anesthesia and then the epidural analgesics(0.25% bupivacaine 15 ml+morphine 3 mg) was injected once a day via the catheter until 4 th POD in the study group. The epidural catheters were removed at postoperative 4 th day in study group. Clinical observations were done about vital signs, ABG, tidal volume, FVC and occurence of adverse effects during postoperative 2hr, 8hr, 1st day, 2nd day, 7th day in both groups. The results were as follows; (1) The values of $V_T$ and FVC were significantly improved in study group(85% and 66%) as compared with control group(76% and 61%) during the postoperative 4 day of the epidural analgesia. (2) After the end of the epidural analgesia(7th POD), the values of FVC were improved invertly rather in control group(98%) than study group(84%). It suggested that the reduction of FVC in study group were caused by the raised pain sensitivity following the end of epidural analgesia. (3) The side effects of epidural analgesia such as transient urinary retention(2 cases), itching sensation(1) and headache(1) were noted.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.364-369
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• 1995

Anticarcinogenic activity of Moutan radix for mouse ascites cancer induced by mouse Sarcoma 180 (S-180) cells was investigated. Methanol extract of Moutan radix including other folk medicinal plants (Taxus cuspidata, Curcuma longa, Artemisia capillaris, Ligrstri fructus, and Liriope platyphylla) used to remedy or cure many chronic human diseases like cancer was fractionated into hexane, chloroform ($CHCl_3$), ethylacetate (EtOAc), and butanol (BuOH) fractions. Anticarcinogenic activity of the fractions, exhibited a strong cytotoxicity for L1210 and S-180 cells, was examined for mouse ascites cancer induced by S-180 cells. Male ICR mice (7 mice/treatment, $5{\sim}6$ weeks of age, $23{\pm}1\;g$ were injected i.p. with S-180 cells ($1{\times}10^{7}\;cell/1\;ml$ PBS). One day later, each mouse was given 0.1 ml of 10% DMSO containing sample ($30\;{\mu}g/g$ body weight) every day for 10 consecutive days. Control mice were only given 0.1ml S-180 cells and 0.1 ml 10% DMSO. Mice treated with EtOAc fraction of Moutan radix showed 28.7 days of life, which is 167% of control mice's life. Based on the dose-dependant experiment mice treated with $30\;{\mu}g$ showed longer life relative to mice treated with ootherr doses (5, 15, $60\;{\mu}g$), and mice treated with $60\;{\mu}g$ exhibited toxic symptoms. Body weight of mice treated with Moutan radix was significantly reduced relative to that of control mice (p<0.05). GC-MS analysis in conjunction with silica-gel column chromatography revealed that the EtOAc fraction contained 2-methoxylphenol, benzoic acid, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanone, 8-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)pteridinedione and 2,5-furan-dicarboxylic dimethyl ester as regards to the anticarcinogenic property of the EtOAc fraction. These results suggest that Moutan radix might be included as an anticarcinogenic medicinal plant for treatment of ascites cancer.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.361-366
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• 2010

Purpose: HCD ion plating apparatus by hollow cathod discharge method was fabricated and TiN films were deposited on stainless steel by this apparatus with increasing in $N_2$ gas flow and the fine color changes of TiN films were analyzed. Methods: The spectroradiometer and spectrophotometer were used to observe optically the fine color changes of TiN thin films, and XPS was used to analyze the compositions of TiN thin films with increasing in $N_2$ gas flow. Results: The color coordinate of TiN thin film with $N_2$ 120 sccm gas flow showed (0.382, 0.372) which had the mixed colors of gold and silver, and the color coordinate changed to the increasing value of (x,y) with increasing in $N_2$ gas flow which indicated the deep gold color. It was found that the slopes of the reflectances at 550nm were increased with increasing in $N_2$ gas flow. And from the Ti scans using XPS, it was found that the peak heights of 455 eV derived from TiN composition were increased with increasing in $N_2$ gas flow, while the peak heights of 459 eV from $TiO_2$ composition were decreased. Conclusions: The results obtained above were that the color of TiN film with 120 sccm $N_2$ gas flow had been observed from the mixed color of silver and gold due to TiC, $N_2$, TiN on the surface and TiN, $N_2$ inside film, and the color of TiN films changed a deep gold color with increasing in $N_2$ gas flow due to increasing TiN composition.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.323-329
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• 2014

Purpose: To understand the pattern of prescribing contact lenses in Korea from 2010 to 2013. Methods: Four hundred survey questionnaires were randomly posted to Korean Optometric clinics for 4 years. The questionnaire was the same form as a form used for International Contact Lens Prescribing Trend. It was also designed to collect information about the contact lenses prescribed to the first 10 patients after its receipt. Results: 1937 fits were used for the analysis among the four hundred survey questionnaires. The average patient age was $26.2{\pm}7.0$ in 2010, $26.1{\pm}7.6$ in 2011, $24.7{\pm}6.6$ in 2012 and $24.8{\pm}7.2$ in 2013. The patients were mainly women (75%). Of all the soft contact lenses, silicon hydrogel lenses were 18% of fits (17% in 2010, 10% in 2011, 20% in 2012, 24% in 2013). By degine, the percentage of toric design lenses accounted for 17% of soft lenses fits and had increased during 4 years (10% in 2010, 18% in 2011, 16% in 2012, 22% in 2013), and cosmetic contact lens made up for 29% (15% in 2010, 20% in 2011, 40% in 2012, 41% in 2013). Conclusions: The contact lenses wearers were mostly women and the average patient age becomes slightly younger. In relation to the increase in the mumber of younger female contact lens wearers,the percentage of cosmetic lenses prescription was much higher (29%) than the global average (7%), and it has gradually increased for last 4 years. This trend could be related to the growth of beauty market in Korea. By emphasizing on toric lens marketing in manufactures, the prescription rate has been gradually increased.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.311-319
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• 2002

Purpose : We have performed this study to obtain reference data for the distribution of chromosomal aberrations in Korea. Methods : We analyzed 1,180 chromosomal study cases from Kwang ju Christian Hospital during the past 25 years. 756 cases suspected of characteristic chromosomal aberration syndromes and 424 cases with hermaphroditism, mild sexual abnormalities, multiple anomalies, or mental & growth retardation were included. Results : The male to female ratio of autosomal aberration syndromes was 1.2 : 1. 78.6% of autosomal aberrations were diagnosed under 1 year of age, whereas 89.8% of sex chromosomal aberrations were diagnosed over 12 years of age. Among 1,180 cases, 612 ones had chromosomal aberrations(51.9%) : 590 of 756 cases suspected of chromosomal aberration syndromes had aberrations( 78.0%), whereas 22 of 424 showing the above other features had aberrations(5.2%). Autosomal aberrations appeared in 514 cases(83.8%) and sex chromosomal aberrations appeared in 98 cases(16.2%). The most frequently observed abberation in autosomal aberrations was Down syndrome, followed by E, D, B, A and C group aberrations. The most common abberation in sex chromosomal aberrations was Turner syndrome, followed by Klinefelter syndrome and Fragile X syndrome. Conclusion : It is of vital importance that patients suspected of chromosomal aberrations undergo chromosomal analysis. Further advanced chromosomal staining and molecular genetic methods will raise the detection rate of chromosomal aberrations.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.1230-1234
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• 2003

Purpose : The aim of this study is to evaluate the value of lung biopsies for the management of children with lung disease. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 19 lung biopsies done at Asan Medical Center, Seoul between 1993 and 2001. Data gathered included demographic information, underlying conditions, diagnosis before biopsy, final diagnosis, change in therapy, morbidity and mortality. Results : Nineteen patients underwent lung biopsy. Among them, 13 patients were male and six patients were female; the median age was 3.6 years(0.8 to 8.6 years). Twelve patients underwent open lung biopsies and seven patients had thoracoscopic biopsies. The overall diagnosis rate was 95 %. The most common diagnosis was interstitial lung disease(12 patients, 64%) and infection was detected in four patients(21%). The biopsy-proven bronchiolitis obliterance was confirmed in two of seven patients suspected by CT findings. Specific treatment was changed after biopsy in 16 patients (85%). The morbidity & overall mortality rates of the patients were 5%(one patient) and 21%(four patients) respectively. Only one complication was seen : empyema. The causes of death were acute respiratory distress syndrome(one patient), respiratory failure(two patients), and septicemia(one patient). Conclusion : The lung biopsy is a safe procedure and it contributes to more accurate diagnosis and proper management of pediatric lung diseases. We recommend lung biopsies should be considered more positively in the diagnosis of pediatric lung diseases.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.1186-1193
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• 2003

Purpose : Fragile sites are points on chromosomes which tend to break non-randomly when exposed to specific chemical agents or conditions of tissue culture. The chromosomal break induced by the antineoplastic drug, 1-${\beta}$-D-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine(Ara-c), was investigated to study the laboratory conditions in which the incidence of chromosomal break could be enhanced. Besides, the fragile sites induced by Ara-C were investigated and compared to the already known locations of the specific chromosomal alterations observed in specific neoplasms. Methods : T-lymphocytes from theree normal males and three females were cultured for 48 hours. Cells from each individual were exposed to the Ara-C for an additional 24 hours. After the caffeine was added during the last six hours culture, the metaphase chromosomes were prepared following the conventional method. A site was considered fragile if it was found to break two or more per 100 chromosomal breaks in more than four of six individuals tested. Results : Ara-C induced 252.1 chromosomal breaks per 100 mitotic cells and this result was significantly higher than that of the control, which induced 25.2 breaks(P<0.05). The incidence of the chromosomal break by Ara-C was higher, if cultured in the MEM-FA, which has no folic acid, than in the RPMI 1640 which contains enough folic acid(P<0.05). The most common break site by Ara-C was 3p14.2(FRA3B). There were 20 fragile sites induced by Ara-C. Among these 20 fragile sites, seven coincided with the locations of the mapped oncogenes, JUN, SKI, REL, N-MYC, FHIT, MET, ETS-1, and FOS. Conclusion : S phase specific chemotherapeutic agent, Ara-C, induced the expression of the chromosomal fragile sites effectively using the T-lymphocyte in vitro. Some of the fragile sites by Ara-C highly coincided with the oncogenes and neoplasm specific chromosome breakpoints. In this regard, the fragile sites reported here could provide the unknown neoplasm related chromosomal alternation points.