• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.270-275
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• 2010

Catecholamines are among the first molecules that displayed a kind of response to prolonged or repeated stress. It is well established that long-term stress leads to the induction of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine ${\beta}$-hydroxylase (DBH) in adrenal medulla. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ginseng on TH and DBH mRNA expression. Repeated (2 h daily, 14 days) immobilization stress resulted in a significant increase of TH and DBH mRNA levels in rat adrenal medulla. However, ginseng treatment reversed the stress-induced increase of TH and DBH mRNA expression in the immobilization-stressed rats. Nicotine as a ligand of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in adrenal medulla stimulates catecholamine secretion and activates TH and DBH gene expression. Nicotine treatment increased mRNA levels of TH and DBH by 3.3- and 3.1-fold in PC12 cells. The ginseng total saponin exhibited a significant reversal in the nicotine-induced increase of TH and DBH mRNA expression, decreasing the mRNA levels of TH and DBH by 57.2% and 48.9%, respectively in PC12 cells. In conclusion, immobilization stress induced catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes gene expression, while ginseng appeared to restore homeostasis via suppression of TH and DBH gene expression. In part, the regulatory activity in the TH and DBH gene expression of ginseng may account for the anti-stress action produced by ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.269-275
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• 1981

The fishing hooks were tested for breaking and unbending due to plastic deformation of the material. Study of tensile test is not complicated, but has not even worked out fully enough, especially when the test specimen is subjected to plastic deformation. The fishing hook is subjected to unbending stress and the critical section is a Point which is furthest from the line of action of the forces. The dynamic force of fish during jerks depends on their speed of movement and body weight, the kinetic energy corresponding to it and also on the rlastic displacement of the rigging which absorb the energy. Six kinds of hook were tested by the dynamometer under tensile speed 290mm/min (subscript s) and 780mm/min (subscript f). According to their results, the breaking load(B: kg) can be induced with the formula $B={\alpha}wd^2+\beta$ where w(mm) is the distance between the barb base and the lower shank and d(mm) is diameter. The coefficients of the formula for the round hooks(R) and the angular hooks(A) are approximately as follows: $$R:\;\alpha_{s}=0.5,\;\beta_{s}=1.6,\;\alpha_{f}=0.4,\;\beta_{f}=1.4$$ $$A:\;\alpha_{s}=1.1,\;\beta_{s}=2.0,\;\alpha_{f}=1.0,\;\beta_{f}=0.9$$ The ratio of $B_{f}\;to\;B_{s}$ is corresponding to 0.8. The ratio of deformation(X) that is moved distance of barb base at break to the distance(H) between head base and barb base is about $50\%$. Further study should be carried out on the subject of impact and fatigue test under the same condition which is exerted force by the hooked fish.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.487-495
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the associated factors with oral health behavior in public health majoring students. Methods: Using convenience sampling method, the subjects were 474 health-related majoring students in Jeollanamdo. A self-reported questionnaire was completed from September 1 to 15, 2014. The questionnaire consisted of general characteristics of the subjects, oral health related characteristics, oral health knowledge and behavior. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.3 version. T-test, ANOVA, correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the related factors with oral health behavior. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ in oral health knowledge in this study was 0.52 and that in oral health behavior was 0.80. Results: The overall score of oral health behavior was $3.38{\pm}0.52$. Of all behaviors, the practice in brush of teeth and tongue had the highest mean score. In multiple regression analysis, oral health knowledge in the nursing and dental hygiene students was positively associated with the oral health behavior(${\beta}=0.04$, p=0.003, ${\beta}=0.23$, p=0.003, and ${\beta}=0.18$, p=0.034, respectively). Necessity of dental care, one of oral symptom, and more than two oral symptoms were negatively associated with oral health behavior(${\beta}=-0.14$, p=0.002, ${\beta}=-0.11$, p=0.037, and ${\beta}=-0.17$, p=0.011, respectively). Conclusions: Higher oral health knowledge showed higher levels of oral health behavior. These results will enhance the quality of oral health behavior by increasing the level of oral health knowledge. The optimal oral health education program would be able to improve oral health behavior by increasing the level of oral health knowledge.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.151-161
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• 2018

This study was designed to investigate the effects of multi-enzyme on diarrhea and immune responses of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.1% multienzyme (Multi; mixture of ${\beta}-mannanase$, xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Frequency of diarrhea, levels of packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC), immunoglobulins, cortisol, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), transforming growth $factor-{\beta}$ ($TGF-{\beta}$), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Multi group tended to decrease (p<0.1) diarrhea frequency than CON group during 2 wk after weaning. Lower values of PCV on d 3 (p<0.05) and d 7 (p<0.1) were found in Multi group compared with CON group. There were no significant differences on WBC number and immunoglobulin (Ig) M and A between Multi and CON groups. However, Multi group tended to increase (p<0.1) Ig G on d 7 than CON group. Moreover, Multi group showed modulated immune responses, indicated by decreased levels of cortisol (p<0.05) on d 7 and 14, $TNF-{\alpha}$ on d 3 (p<0.05) and d 7 (p<0.10), $TGF-{\beta}$ on d 2 (p<0.05) and d 7 (p<0.10), and CRP (p<0.10) on d 3 and 7 after weaning compared with CON group. Consequently, inclusion of multi-enzyme in diets for weaned pigs improved gut health and modulated immune responses of weaned pigs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1964

The ratios of cattle and swine serum proteins taken from the slaughter house were studied by Paper Electrophoresis. 1. Of 79 cattle and 53 swine, 49 cattle and 32 swine were observed in this studying as normal animals, the rest which was over 60% of albumin, globulin values and 1/2 of A/G (albumin/globulin) ratio was observed separately as abnormalities, because physiological examination was not made before slaughter. The ratios of the normal serum proteins were A (albumin) 58.8, ${\alpha}$(alpha-globulin) 13.7, ${\beta}$(beta-globulin) 11.9, ${\gamma}$(gamma-globulin) 28.6, G(total globulin) 49.2, A/G 1.03 in cattle and A 48.4, ${\alpha}$ 18.0, ${\beta}$ 13.6, ${\gamma}$ 20.0, G 51,6, A/G 0.93 in swine, the result including abnormalities showed A 45.5, ${\alpha}$ 14.8, ${\beta}$ 12.5, ${\gamma}$ 26.7, G 54.5, A/G 0.83 in cattle and A 44.5, ${\alpha}$ 19.8, ${\beta}$ 13.7, ${\gamma}$ 21.8, G 55.3, A/G 0.80 in Swine. 2. The A/G ratio of cattle and swine were 1.03 and 0.93 respectively, the A/G ratio of Korean cattle and swine are higher than the ration reported of others. Although A/G ratio of swine was below 1.00, and its value showed slightly higher than the others. The A/G ratio in this result including the abnormalities was relatively low but this ratio was higher than that values obtained by other reporters. 3. Twenty nine percent of cattles and 34 per cent of swines in this study, fluctuation of A/G ratio was great. The values of ${\alpha}$ and ${\gamma}$ globulins thought to be influenced by the amount of total globulin except ${\beta}$-globulin in swine. To obtain more occurate results, more sample size is required, in other hand some animals that is in subclinical condition might influence the values of this study. 4. The ratios of each fraction mobility which were regarded albumin as 100 were A 100, ${\alpha}$ 73, ${\beta}$ 47, ${\gamma}$ 30 in Cattle and A 100, ${\alpha}$ 71, ${\beta}$ 46, ${\gamma}$ 30 in Swine.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.473-476
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• 1993

Dipropargyldiphenylmetane, $C_{19}H_{16}, crystallizes in a monoclinic space group $C2/_c$$ with a = 11304(3), b = 20.799(5), c = 6.622(2)${\AA}$, ${\beta} = 112.8(3)^{\circ}$, Z = 4, V = 1435.3${\AA}^3,\;F(000)\;=\;520,\;D_c\;=\;1.14g{\cdot}cm^{-3}$ and ${\mu}\;=\;0.32\;cm^{-1}$. The structure was solved by direct methods and all non-H atoms were identified in the E-map. The final refinement gave R = 0.055 from 1328 unique observed reflections with I $\geq$ -1.0 $\sigma(I).$ The molecule belongs to the point group $C_2$ of Symmetry by possessing the 2-fold axis which coincides witeh the crystallographic symmetry axis in the unit cell. The linear propargyl moiety is nearly $perpendicular(94.2)^{\circ}$ to the molecular plane of the benzene ring. The internal angle of methane carbon atoms in $108.1(1)^{\circ}$, bonding to the benzene and the propargyl moiety with the bond lengths of 1.530(2) and $1.560(2)\AA$, respectively. The shortest contant between the molecules is $3.538(2)\AA$ between C(9) and C(9) (-x, y, -1/2-z).

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.608-620
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• 2008

Objectives : This study investigated the protective effects of the water extracts of Chongmyung-tang, Polygalae Radix, and Acori Graminei Rhizoma in an in vivo Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model. Methods : Memory impairment was induced by an intraventricular injection of $A{\beta}25-35$ peptides and subsequently Chongmyung-tang, Polygalae Radix, or Acori Graminei Rhizoma extract were administered orally for 14days. Results : In the water maze task, Chongmyung-tang, Polygalae Radix, and Acori Graminei Rhizoma extracts improved learning ability during the acquisition period and significantly increased memory scores during the retention period versus $A{\beta}-injected$ controls. Furthermore, the toxicity of $A{\beta}25-35$ on hippocampus was assessed immunohistochemically (Tau, MAP2, TUNEL, Bax) and by in vitro study. Chongmyung-tang, Polygalae Radix, and Acori Graminei Rhizoma demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects against oxidative damage and apoptotic cell death of hippocampal neurons damaged by $A{\beta}25-35$. Conclusions : These results suggested that Chongmyung-tang, Polygalae Radix and Acori Graminei Rhizoma extract improve memory impairment and reduce Alzheimer's dementia via anti-apoptotic effects and by modulating the expressions of Tau and MAP2 protein in the hippocampus.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.622-635
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and test a structural model for sleep quality in female shift work nurses. The hypothetical model was constructed on the basis of Spielman's 3P model of insomnia and previous research related to the sleep quality of shift nurses. Methods: This cross-sectional study used structural equation modeling and recruited 285 female shift work nurses from four general and university hospitals with over 300 beds located in C and J cities in Gyeongsangnamdo. Data were collected from September 27 to October 20, 2016, and then analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and structural equation modeling. The study used SPSS/Win 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 in processing the data. Results: The final model showed good fit to the empirical data: ${\chi}^2/df=2.19$, SRMR=.07, RMSEA=.07, AGFI=.85, TLI=.91, GFI=.93, GFI=.89, NFI=.87. The factors that influenced sleep quality were sleep hygiene (${\beta}=.32$), perceived shift work status (${\beta}=-.16$), stress response (${\beta}=.16$), shift work experience (${\beta}=.15$), perceived health status (${\beta}=-.14)$, and circadian rhythm (${\beta}=-.13$) explaining 36.0% of the variance. Conclusion: The model of sleep quality of the shift work nurses constructed in this study is recommended as a model to understand and predict the sleep quality of shift work nurses. The results suggest that strategies for improving the sleep quality of shift work nurses should focus on sleep hygiene, perceived health status, stress response, circadian rhythm, perceived shift work status, and shift work experience.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2024

Purpose: Choledochal cysts are congenital anomalies that occur as localized cystic or fusiform dilatations of the biliary tree. Reflux and stasis of pancreatic enzymes in the biliary duct may relate to the development of intestinal metaplasia which might be an important factor related to the carcinogenesis of choledochal cyst, thus the expression of beta-catenin in the metaplastic epithelium might be associated with malignant transformation of choledochal cyst epithelium. Methods: This study was conducted at a tertiary care pediatric center between October 2014 and March 2017. Forty patients were evaluated for epithelial lining, mural ulceration, fibrosis, inflammation, and metaplasia. Results: Out of 40, 12 cases (30.0%) were the infantile age group and 28 cases (70.0%) were in the classic pediatric group. Ulceration was classified as grade 0 (14 cases, 35.0%), grade 1 (17 cases, 42.5%), or grade 2 (nine cases, 22.5%). Inflammation was classified as grade 0 (2 cases, 5.0%), grade 1 (26 cases, 65.0%), or grade 2 (12 cases, 30.0%). Fibrosis was classified as grade 0 (five cases, 12.5%), grade 1 (11 cases, 27.5%), grade 2 (17 cases, 42.5%), or grade 3 (seven cases, 17.5%). Metaplasia was noted in five (12.5%) out of 40 cases. All choledochal cysts with metaplasia showed beta-catenin nuclear positivity on immunohistochemistry and were followed up. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of detailed histopathological examination and documentation of metaplastic changes. Metaplasia was associated with beta-catenin nuclear positivity. These findings suggest a potential role for beta-catenin as a marker of metaplastic changes in choledochal cysts.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.14-18
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• 1987

This experiment was undertaken to investigate proper conditions for protoplast formation from Lyophyllum ulmarium. Combination of Novozym 234, ${\beta}-Glucuronidase$ and ${\beta}-D-Glucanase$ with 0.6 M Sucrose was the most effective for isolation of protoplasts. The optimal reaction time of mycelium with the lytic mixture was 3 hrs in shaking condition at 120 strokes $min-^1$. When the mycelium of L. ulmarium was cultured for 6 days on yeast glucose agar medium at $25^{\circ}C$, the formation of protoplasts was effective. The yeast glucose agar medium stabilized with 0.6 M sucrose was the most effective for reversion of protoplasts.