• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1140-1146
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• 2018

Objective: To compare the spinal enumeration methods that establish the first lumbar vertebra in patients with spinal variants. Materials and Methods: Of the 1446 consecutive patients who had undergone computed tomography of the spine from March 2012 to July 2016, 100 patients (62 men, 38 women; mean age, 47.9 years; age range, 19-88 years) with spinal variants were included. Two radiologists (readers 1 and 2) established the first lumbar vertebra through morphologic analysis of the thoracolumbar junction, and labeled the vertebra by counting in a cranial-to-caudal manner. Inter-observer agreement was established. Additionally, reader 1 detected the 20th vertebra under the assumption that there are 12 thoracic vertebra, and then classified it as a thoracic vertebra, lumbar vertebra, or thoracolumbar transitional vertebra (TLTV), on the basis of morphologic analysis. Results: The first lumbar vertebra, as established by morphologic analysis, was labeled by each reader as the 21st segment in 65.0% of the patients, as the 20th segment in 31.0%, and as the 19th segment in 4.0%. Inter-observer agreement between the two readers in determining the first lumbar vertebra, based on morphologic analysis, was nearly perfect (${\kappa}$ value: 1.00). The 20th vertebra was morphologically classified as a TLTV in 60.0% of the patients, as the first lumbar segment in 31.0%, as the second lumbar segment in 4.0%, and as a thoracic segment in 5.0%. Conclusion: The establishment of the first lumbar vertebra using morphologic characteristics of the thoracolumbar junction in patients with spinal variants was consistent with the morphologic traits of vertebral segmentation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 2003

The fused thoracic vertebra and deformity of the lumbar vertebrae in the female Thoroughbred horse were observed macroscopically. The 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae (T) were partially fused. They were composed of three parts between the spinous process of the 11th and 12th T, left and right caudal articular processes of the 11th T, and left and right cranial articular processes of the 12th T. The vertical surface of cranial articular process of the 11th T and left mamillary process of the 12th T were absent. The left caudal part of the transverse process of the 12th T and left costal fovea of the transverse process of the 12th T were severely deformed. On the other hand, the left transverse process of the first lumbar vertebra (L) was a typical rib-like transverse process and two times longer than the right transverse process of the 2nd L. The right transverse process of 4th L has an oval concave facet on the medial part of caudal border for articulation with the right transverse process of 5th L; the latter has a corresponding convex facet on the medial part of the cranial border in the right transverse process of the 5th L.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.441-451
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• 2022

The current article explores the aging effects on the overall morphology of the endplates of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T12), while screening for sex differences. It further evaluates the suitability of T12 for estimating age-at-death in bioarcheaological contexts. We captured the morphology of the vertebral endplates, including the formation of osteophytes, in a novel continuous quantitative manner using digital photography. 168 Greek adults from the Athens Collection were used for modeling the aging effects and another 107 individuals from two Danish archaeological assemblages for evaluation. Regression analysis is based on generalized additive models for correlating age-at-death and morphological variation. Our proposed measurement method is highly reliable (R>0.98) and the main differences observed between sexes are size related. Aging has considerable effect on the endplate morphology of the T12 with the total area of the endplate, the area of the epiphyseal rim, and the shape irregularities of the endplate's external boundary being mostly affected. Multivariate regression shows that aging effects account up to 46% of the observed variation, although with differential expression between sexes. Correct age prediction on archaeological remains reached 33% with a prominent tendency for overestimation. The morphology of the T12 endplates is influenced by age and it can provide some insight with respect to the age-at-death of unidentified individuals, especially when other skeletal age markers are unavailable. Our proposed method provides an age-estimation framework for bioarchaeological settings, especially for estimating broader age ranges, such as discriminating between young and old adults.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.394-398
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• 1994

Takayasu`s arteritis is one of chronic inflammatory disease characteristically involving the aorta and it`s major branches. We experienced two surgical cases of Takayasu`s arteritis associated with the stenosis of the descending thoracic aorta. One case was 15 year-old girl and she was admitted because of dyspnea on exertion for 12 months. Aortogram showed the stenosis of the descending thoracic aorta from just below left subclavian artery to the 9th thoracic vetebra. The other case was 10 year-old girl and she was admitted because of URI and hypertension. Aortogram showed narrowing of right innominate artery, but developed collateral circulation, and the stenosis of the descending thoracic aorta near the 9th thoracic vertebra. In each case, bypass graft from the ascending aorta to the abdominal aorta just above the inferior mesenteric artery was performed with satisfactory result.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.277-282
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• 2002

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of anesthetics on waveform of SEPs and to authorize possible anesthetic protocol for measurement of the somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). Thirteen anesthetic methods were used. The SEPs were recorded on two channels (between the 5th and 6th lumbar vertebra as the channel 1 and between the 11th and 12th thoracic vertebra as the channel 2) following stimulation of posterior tibial nerve. ID analyze SEPs wave, latency and conduction velocity were measured. Among thirteen anesthetic methods, standard SEPs waveforms were observed in dogs anesthetized with following six methods: Acepromazine + Thiepfntal Na + Isoflurane, Acepronazine + Propofol + Isoflurane, Diazepam + Xylazine, Xylazine + Ketamine, Acepromazine + Propofol infusion and Propofol infusion. Above six methods could be used with sufficient anesthetic depth. The differences of latency and conduction velocity among six groups were minimal compared to general waveform of SEPs. These results indicate that the six anesthetic methods can be used for recording SEPs in the dog. In particular, Diazepam + Xylazine and XylaBine + Ketamine as injectable anesthesia are considered more convenient than other four methods in veterinary medicine.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.983-988
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• 2011

Failure analyses of the screws in spinal fixation devices were carried out. The fractured screws were retrieved from a patient who had spinal surgery in the thoracic vertebrae from number 10 to 15. The failure occurred one month after the removal of the braces. Microstructures and fracture surfaces were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The microstructures of the screws corresponded to annealed Ti-6Al-4V bar. However, in the vicinity of the screw surface, there was an insufficient number of fine precipitates. Fracture surfaces showed typical fatigue failure modes. Regarding the fact that no machining defects were detected, fatigue crack initiation might have been caused by the lack of precipitates near the screw surfaces. Only the fourth of five fixed screws was severely stress-concentrated by the action of the spinal bones, while the stress of the 4th screw was decreased to half of its acceptable level when the screw was supplemented by one more, which might have been fixed in the 6th vertebra under the 5th position by the switching of its position. The stress simulation was conducted by ANSYS with 3D CAD of PRO/E in order to understand the stress concentration behavior and to provide an effective spinal surgery guide.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.119-128
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• 2001

Objectives: Daechu (Dazhui: GV 14 (Governor Vessel))-point is located between the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra and that of the 1st thoracic vertebra. GV 14 has been used to treat high fever, neck pain, common cold, headache and so on. Fever may badly affect the improvement of stroke patients, so we investigated whether wet-cupping at GV 14 had effects on fever. Methods: In this study, 100 stroke patients were studied from Nov. 1999 to Oct. 2000. They were divided into the Sample group (n=49) and Control group (n=5l). The Sample group (n=49) was divided into Sample-Severe (n=2l), Sample-Mild (n=12), and Sample-Normal groups (n=16) and the Control group (n=5l) was divided into Control-Severe (n=8) and Control-Mild (n=43). We checked body temperature 6 times (just before treatment, after 30 ruin., 60, 90, 120 (2 hrs.), and 240 ruin. (4 hrs.)) in the Sample group and 3 times (just before treatment, after 120 min. (2 hrs.), and 240 ruin. (4 hrs.)) in the Control group. Results: In comparison with fever between before treatment and after 2 and 4 hours in each group, fever in the Sample subgroups decreased significantly in all cases, fever in the Control subgroups didn't decrease significantly in most cases except fever after 4 hours in the Control-Mild group. In comparison with fever differences between the Sample and Control group, fever of the Sample group more significantly decreased than that of the Control group in all comparisons. In comparison with fever among sample subgroups, fever of the Sample-Severe group decreased more than that of the Sample-Mild group but it was not significant. Conclusions: This study suggested that wet-cupping at GV 14 has significant effects on fever in stroke patients. We hope that this treatment will be used more widely as an emergent treatment.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.82-87
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the azygos vein to aorta diameter ratio (AV/AO ratio) in healthy dogs and dogs with diseases that may cause azygos vein dilation. The normal groups included eleven healthy beagle dogs and eleven small breed dogs. The abnormal group included 43 dogs that had diseases with high right atrial pressure (RA group), obstruction of cranial or caudal vena cava (CVC group) and porto-azygos shunt group (PSS group). The diameter of AV and AO were measured at three sites on thoracic CT images; the level of the cranial endplate of 12^th thoracic vertebra (TV level), the tracheal bifurcation (TB level) and the insertion to the cranial vena cava (CrVC level). The AV/AO ratio at the CrVC level had significantly higher values than those at the TV and TB levels in the normal groups. The AV/AO ratios of TV and TB levels in the CVC group and the values at all measurement sites of the PSS group were significantly higher than the normal groups. AV/AO ratio will be a useful factor for the evaluation of various clinical conditions that change the AV diameter with respect independent to the body weight in dogs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1807-1814
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of housing system on the carcass and meat qualities of Hanwoo (Korean cattle) bulls. Fourteen 6 months-old male calves were randomly divided into two groups. The first group was individually tethered using double neck-bar tethers. The second group was collectively loose-housed in the pen. They were raised for 15 months prior to slaughter. At 24 h post-slaughter chilling, the carcasses were weighed and evaluated by official grader for carcass traits. At 48 h post-slaughter chilling, the M. longissimus at the $12-13^{th}$ thoracic vertebra from each carcass was collected and stored at $4{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$ for 7 days for meat quality analysis. There were no significant differences in dressing percentage and carcass yield index between groups. Meat from loose bulls had lower marbling score (p<0.05) and fat content (p<0.01) but higher PUFA concentration (p<0.001) than that from tethered bulls. There were no significant differences physical and sensory properties, aroma pattern, TBARS value, metmyoglobin concentration and CIE color values during refrigerated storage between groups. Compared to tethering, loose-housing bulls produced lower fat content and healthier meat without different physical properties, acceptability, and lipid and color stabilities.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.606-614
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• 2018

It is important to understand how marbling traits and tenderness differ among beef steaks from the carcass grading site and other regions within the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle, as these characteristics are closely associated with consumer acceptability and willingness to purchase. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the marbling fleck traits and objective tenderness parameters in the groups classified by the coarseness index (CI) of marbling fleck (high and low groups) at the carcass grading site ($13^{th}$ thoracic vertebra; 13T) and three different locations (13T, 9T, and 6T) within the LT muscle from well-marbled (marbling score 7 to 9) Hanwoo steer. Image analysis showed that the longitudinal locations had a significant effect on marbling fleck traits. The total area of large marbling fleck divided by the total marbling area (coarseness) was higher at the central region (13T to 12T) compared to the front thoracic region (6T to 5T) in the high CI group (0.23 vs. 0.17, p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed in the total number of marbling fleck within the LT muscle in the high or low CI groups (p>0.05). Location effect on objective tenderness parameters within the LT muscle was somewhat limited, although the high CI group had a lower Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) value than did the low group (p<0.05). Taken together, the degree of coarseness of marbling fleck decreased from the carcass grading site to the front thoracic site, whereas the objective tenderness parameters, including WBS and hardness, of the grading site did not differ from the other regions within the LT muscle.