• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.161-174
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• 2002

To investigate effects of A. gmelini on the 14-day CCl$_4$induced hepatotoxicity, extracts were prepared in 3 ml saline at the dose of 5,000 mg/kg b.w. to administer orally once daily. Each concentration (5：5, 2：5 : 7.5, 1：9, CCl$_4$: olive oil v/v) of CCl$_4$was orally administered with 2.5 ml/kg b.w., During the experiment, halves of the rats were sacrificed every 7 day and hemanalysis was done. On the 7th day, hemanalysis showed following recovery values; AST 52.6∼61.4％, ALT 55.9∼86.1％, ALP 46.0∼70.9%, BUN 75.7∼100.0< ％, TBIL 55.2∼96.1％, TCHO 38.0∼63.7％, and TG 55.2∼96.0％. On the 14th day, recovery values of each treatment were GOT 37.7∼43.1％, GPT 19.8∼45.9％, ALP 58.1∼95.9％, BUN 57.6∼100.0< ％, TBIL 78.6∼100.0< ％, TCHO 56.9∼100.0< ％, and TG 10.0∼5l.2%. By histological examination of liver, hydropic degeneration, fatty change, lipid accumulation and necrosis were also recovered by administration of A. gmelini extract.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.285-290
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 LPS를 투여시켜 간손상을 유발한 흰쥐의 간에서 까마중 추출물의 간손상 보호효과를 알고자 하기 위한 것이며, 이 물질을 천연 한방차로 개발하기 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 하였다. 본 실험에서는 생후 7주 암컷 흰쥐 총 35마리를 7마리씩 나누어 NOR, CON, SNT, SNL, SNR 5군으로 분리하여 실험하였다. 정상군은 20일 동안 1.5ml/kg of 0.9% saline을 투여하고 대조군은 20일 동안 1.5ml/kg of 0.9% saline을 매일 투여한 후 21일째 되는 날 LPS를 5 mg/kg의 농도로 만들어 1.5 ml/kg의 용량으로 복강 내로 투여하였다. 시료군(SNT, SNL, SNR)에는 100 mg/kg 농도의 각각의 분획을 1.5ml/kg씩 복강 내에 20일간 매일 투여하고 21일째 되는 날에 LPS를 1.5 ml/kg의 용량을 복강 내로 투여하여 희생시켰다. GOT, GPT는 혈청을 사용하여 측정하였고, SOD, catalase, GPx는 간 조직을 사용하여 실험하였다. SNT, SNL, SNR group들은 LPS로 유도된 쥐의 혈청에서 GOT와 GPT활성을 억제하였고, 반면에 SOD, catalse, GPx의 활성은 LPS로 유도된 쥐의 간 조직에서 정상의 수치로 높아졌다. 이것은 SNT, SNL, SNR들이 기능성 음료로서의 가능성이 보여진다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2018

Background: To compare the effects of adding two different doses of dexamethasone on the duration and quality of the fascia iliaca block in patients undergoing proximal femoral fracture surgery. Methods: A total of 60 patients (age 18-70 years) undergoing proximal femoral nailing surgery under spinal anesthesia were given fascia iliaca block after random assignment to one of the two groups: Group H received an injection of levobupivacaine (0.5%) 28 ml with 2 ml (8 mg) dexamethasone, and Group L received an injection of levobupivacaine (0.5%) 28 ml with dexamethasone 1 ml (4 mg) with 1 ml normal saline. Assessment of the duration of analgesia and the total tramadol requirement over 48 hours were noted after a successful block. Results: The duration of analgesia was found to be significantly longer in Group H ($17.02{\pm}0.45h$) than in the Group L patients ($14.29{\pm}0.45h$) with a p-value of 0.000. Postoperative analgesic requirement (amount of tramadol in mg) was significantly higher in Group L (Q2: 200.0; IQR: 100.0, 200.0) as compared to Group H (Q2: 100.0; IQR: 100.0, 200.0) with a p-value of 0.034. No patient showed any sign of neurotoxicity. Conclusions: Dexamethasone, in a dose of 8 mg, is superior to 4 mg when used as an adjuvant with levobupivacaine in the FIB. Though both prolonged analgesia and were effective in reducing oral/intravenous analgesics, 8 mg dexamethasone can be recommended as a more efficacious adjuvant to local anesthetics in the FIB.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.168-186
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• 1979

Three hundred gram of Korean ginseng root was extracted with 95% ethanol on a boiling water bath for about 300 hr. Evaporation of alcohol yieled 50.2g of dark brown residue which was used by dissolving 4 mg of the residue in 1 ml of physiological saline. The ginseng group and the saline group received each day 0.5 ml per 100 g body weight of ginseng extract and physiological saline, respectively. Both the ginseng and saline group with stress were exposed to positive radial acceleration (1∼29g), cold (5$^{\circ}C$, 0$^{\circ}C$ &-10$^{\circ}C$) and heat (35$^{\circ}C$) environment, and surgical stress. After termination of the last stress, the tolerance, body weight, visceral organ weight, basal metabolism rate, rectal temperature, the number of erythrocyte and leucocyte, hemoglobin level, hematocrit ratio, total serum protein content and it's fraction and the content of adrenal ascorbic acid in the experimental animal exposed to stress were measured and at the corresponding periods, the same measurements were also carried out with the ginseng and the saline groups without stress exposure (serving as control). Results obtained were as follows. 1. Administration of ginseng does depressed the decrease of the tolerance, body weight, visceral organ weight, basal metabolism rate, the number of erythrocyte, hemoglobin value, hematocrit ratio and the A/G ratio in the mice and rats exposed to various stress. 2. The change of the rectal temperature, eosinophile counts, total serum protein content and the content of adrenal ascorbic acid of ginseng group that exposured to various stress facilitates the reaction to, and accelerates the recovery from the stress. 3. Even after hypophysectomy which served the link between the central and the peripheral portion of the stress mechanism, the adrenal ascorbic acid content of ginseng group decreased significantly more than that of the saline group 30 min. after administration of ACTH, while the value approached the normal level significantly closer in the ginseng group than in the saline group 1 and 2 hr after ACTH administration. Judging from the above results, it is concluded that administration of ginseng extract tolerated the experimental animals under the environment of stressfu1 stmuli, although the ginseng has no significant influence upon the stress mechanism in the absence of stressful stimuli. The site of action of the ginseng appears to be in the peripheral portion of the stress mechanism.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.29-33
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• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone or dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine on the onset and duration of ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus blocks (BPB). Methods: Fifty-one ASA physical status I-II patients with elective forearm and hand surgery under axillary brachial plexus blocks were randomly allocated to receive 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine with 2 ml of isotonic saline (C group, n = 17), 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine with 2 ml (10 mg) of dexamethasone (D group, n = 17) or 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine with 2 ml ($100{\mu}g$) of dexmedetomidine (DM group, n = 17). A nerve stimulation technique with ultrasound was used in all patients. The onset time and duration of sensory blocks were assessed. Results: The duration of the sensory block was extended in group D and group DX compared with group C (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between group D and group DX. However, there were no significant differences in onset time in all three groups. Conclusions: Dexamethasone 10 mg and dexmedetomidine $100{\mu}g$ were equally effective in extending the duration of ropivacaine in ultrasound-guided axillary BPB with nerve stimulation. However, neither drug has significantly effects the onset time.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the muscle anti-fatigue effects of Allii tuberosi semen after long term administration. Materials and Methods: 4-6 weeks old ICR mice were used in this study and we administered the water soluble extracts of Allii tuberosi semen in the concentration of 1, 10 and 100mg/0.3ml to each 5 mice (ATS group) and same volume of normal saline was administered to 5 mice (control group) once a day for 90 or 120 days. After the administration we performed the swimming exercise test and the grip strength test. And we measured the concentration of glucose and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in plasma regarded as biochemical indicator related with the muscular fatigue. Results: In swimming exercise test, all ATS groups showed increased time compared with relative control group after 90 days administration. But after 120 days adminstration 10 and 100mg/0.3ml ATS groups showed increased results. In grip strength test, all ATS group increased grip strength after 90 days administration and 10mg/0.3ml ATS group showed increased result after 120 days administration. All the results of plasma glucose didn't showed statistically significant difference after 90 and 120 days administration. In the plasma concentration of activity level of lactate dehydrogenase, 1mg/0.3ml and 10mg/0.3ml ATS groups showed decreased concentration compared with relative control group after 90 days administration. But after 120 days adminstration 1mg/0.3ml ATS groups showed decreased results. Conclusion: From this study we could find the anti-fatigue effect of Allii tuberosi semen in the muscle strength related test.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.60-70
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the muscle anti-fatigue effects of Allii tuberosi semen after short term administration. Methods: 4-6 weeks old ICR mice were used in this study and we administered the water soluble extracts of Allii tuberosi semen in the concentration of 1, 10 and 100mg/0.3ml to each 5 mice (ATS group) and same volume of normal saline was administered to 5 mice (control group) once a day for 30 or 60 days. After the administration we performed the swimming exercise test and the grip strength test. And we measured the concentration of glucose and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in plasma regarded as biochemical indicator related with the muscular fatigue.. Results: In swimming exercise test. 10 and 100mg/0.3ml ATS groups showed increased time compared with relative control group after 30 days administration. But after 60 days adminstration all ATS groups showed increased results. In grip strength test, 100mg/0.3ml ATS group increased grip strength after 30days administration and 10mg/0.3ml ATS group showed increased result after 60days administration. All the results of plasma glucose and lactate dehydrogenase didn't showed statistically significant difference after 30 and 60 days administration. Conclusion: From this study we could find the anti-fatigue effect of Allii tuberosi semen in the muscle strength related test.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.817-825
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• 1999

연구배경 : 중심형 폐암을 진단하는데 있어서 진단율을 향상시킬 수 있는 기관지내시경적 세척술과 찰과술 방법을 조사하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 경북대학교병원 호흡기내과에서 기관지경검사상 기관지내 가시병변이 있었던 40명을 대상으로 전향적으로 조사하였다. 기관지내 병변은 그 형태에 따라 종괴 (I)형, 침윤 (II)형, 결절성 침윤 (III)형, 압박 (IV)형과 허탈 (V)형으로 구분하였다. 기관지 세척술은 조직생검과 찰과술 전 후에 각각 시행하였으며 대상환자를 1-4군으로 나누어 10ml, 20ml, 30ml, 그리고 40ml로 세척액 주입양을 달리 하였다. 찰과술은 기관지경을 기도내 병변부위에 둔 채 기관지경의 작업 통로를 통해 솔을 제거하는 이탈형 찰과술 (with-drawn brush)로 각기 다른 솔을 사용하여 각 환자에서 4회 시행하였다. 결 과 : 40예 가운데 36예가 폐암으로 진단되었으며 4예는 양성질환으로 진단되었다. 폐암으로 진단된 36예의 조직형은 편평상피암이 28예(75.7%)로 가장 많았고, 소세포암이 5예, 선암이 3예였다. 폐암으로 진단된 36예의 기관지내 병변은 종괴형이 17예(47.2%), 침윤형이 4예(8.3%), 결절성 침윤형이 10예(27.8%), 허탈형이 9예(16.7%)였고 압박형은 없었다. 찰과술과 생검 전 후에 시행한 세척술의 진단율은 각각 36%와 28%였으며, 찰과술과 생검 전 후 세척술의 누적진단율은 47%로 찰과술과 생검 전 혹은 후에 시행한 세척술의 진단율에 비해 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 세척술시 주입한 생리식염수의 용량에 따른 진단율은 10ml의 경우 37.5%, 20ml는 44.4%, 30ml는 55.5%, 그리고 40ml는 50%로 10ml 혹은 20ml에 비해 30ml를 주입한 경우 진단율이 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 찰과술의 1-4회째의 진단율은 각각 75%, 78%, 83%, 67%로 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 누적 진단율은 2회 78%, 3회 92%, 4회 92%로 3회 이상 시행한 경우 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 생검의 진단율은 86%였으며, 기관지내 병변의 형태에 따른 진단율은 종괴형 88%, 침윤형 67%, 결절성 침윤형 80%, 그리고 허탈형은 100%였다. 생검과 세척술 혹은 찰과술을 병행할 경우 누적진단율은 각각 89%, 97%였으며 생검, 세척술, 찰과술을 모두 시행할 경우의 진단율은 100%였다. 결 론 : 폐암의 진단율을 증가시키기 위해서는 생검과 함께 3회의 찰과술을 시행하는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각되며 세척술의 가치에 대해서는 향 후 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 세척술을 시행할 경우에는 생검과 찰과술 전 후에 모두 시행하고 30ml 이상의 세척액을 사용하는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각된다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.102-108
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• 2018

Background: Nefopam is a non-opioid, non-steroidal analgesic drug with fewer adverse effects than narcotic analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and is widely used for postoperative pain control. Because nefopam sometimes causes side effects such as nausea, vomiting, somnolence, hyperhidrosis and injection-related pain, manufacturers are advised to infuse it slowly, over a duration of 15 minutes. Nevertheless, pain at the injection site is very common. Therefore, we investigated the effect of warmed carrier fluid on nefopam injection-induced pain. Methods: A total of 48 patients were randomly selected and allocated to either a control or a warming group. Warming was performed by diluting 40 mg of nefopam in 100 ml of normal saline heated to $31-32^{\circ}C$ using two fluid warmers. The control group was administered 40 mg of nefopam dissolved in 100 ml of normal saline stored at room temperature ($21-22^{\circ}C$) through the fluid warmers, but the fluid warmers were not activated. Results: The pain intensity was lower in the warming group than in the control group (P < 0.001). The pain severity and tolerance measurements also showed statistically significant differences between groups (P < 0.001). In the analysis of vital signs before and after the injection, the mean blood pressure after the injection differed significantly between the groups (P = 0.005), but the heart rate did not. The incidence of hypertension also showed a significant difference between groups (P = 0.017). Conclusions: Use of warmed carrier fluid for nefopam injection decreased injection-induced pain compared to mildly cool carrier fluid.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.29-44
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Gentianae Radix on neurogenesis and apoptosis in ethanol- induced newborn rats hippocampus dentate gyrus. Methods : In vivo, laboratory animals were divided into three groups; Normal group(N), Control group(C) and Treated group (TG)(n=7 for each group). N were treated saline daily for five days. C were treated 1.5 g/kg ethanol and saline daily for five days. TG were treated 1.5 g/kg ethanol and 300 mg/kg Gentianae Radix daily for five days. BrdU(5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine) assay was used to test neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. And TUNEL(Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) assay was used to test apoptosis in the dentate gyrus. Three groups were measured body weight, serum ethanol concentration, BrdU-positive cells and TUNEL-positive cells in the dentate gyrus. In vitro, MTT(3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to test viability in SK-N-MC cells. BrdU assay was used to test neurogenesis in SK-N-MC cells. DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 enzyme activity assay were used to test apoptosis in SK-N-MC cells. And treated ethanol and Gentianae Radix of all in vitro tests were made various concentration. Results : In vivo, Gentianae Radix modulated ethanol-induced neurogenesis and apoptosis in newborn rats hippocampus dentate gyrus. In vitro, TG 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ have significantly modulated ethanol-induced neurogenesis and apoptosis in SK-N-MC cells. And only TG 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ have significantly protected SK-N-MC cells from ethanol-induced cytotoxicity. Conclusions : Gentianae Radix may have the effect that modulated ethanol-induced neurogenesis and apoptosis in SK-N-MC cells.