• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were to : a) investigate the current status of contracted hospital food services, b) analyze and clarify various perspectives of contractors and hospitals. Thirty six hospitals and their contractors which were having more than 100 beds located in Seoul, Inchon and Kyungkido, were the subjects of this study. Data were collected through surveys. The survey was conducted during March to April in 2002. Questionnaires were mailed to the 36 directors of dietetic departments of hospitals and 36 managers of contract foodservice management company. Statistical analysis was completed using SPSS Win(11.0) for descriptive analysis, t-test and $x^2$-test. The results of the study can be summarized ; 1. The type of contract considered adequate by directors of dietetic departments and managers of contractors was fee-contract, combined type, followed by profit-and-loss contract. 2. According to the results from analysis on the contract cost per meal considered adequate by directors of dietetic departments and managers, the directors of dietetic department indicated that showing no difference with the current contract cost per meal. However, the managers of contractor indicated that showing significant differences compared with the current contract cost per meal(regular diet p<0.01, therapeutic diet p<0.001). 3. In the composition of contract cost per meal considered adequate, the managers of contracting businesses accounted labor cost (p<0.01) as a major cost, whereas the chiefs of nutrition departments accounted miscellaneous or controllable expense (p<0.001) and VAT (p<0.01) as major costs. 4. The directors of dietetic departments and managers thought that the hospital should be responsible for utility costs. On the other hand, directors of dietetic departments regarded that the contractor and managers thought that the hospital should pay for facility investment cost.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.371-384
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop the risk-adjusted mortality model using Korean Hospital Discharge Injury data and US National Hospital Discharge Survey data and to suggest some ways to manage hospital mortality rates through comparison of Korea and United States Hospital Standardized Mortality Ratios(HSMR). This study used data mining techniques, decision tree and logistic regression, for developing Korea and United States risk-adjustment model of in-hospital mortality. By comparing Hospital Standardized Mortality Ratio(HSMR) with standardized variables, analysis shows the concrete differences between the two countries. While Korean Hospital Standardized Mortality Ratio(HSMR) is increasing every year(101.0 in 2006, 101.3 in 2007, 103.3 in 2008), HSMR appeared to be reduced in the United States(102.3 in 2006, 100.7 in 2007, 95.9 in 2008). Korean Hospital Standardized Mortality Ratios(HSMR) by hospital beds were higher than that of the United States. A two-aspect approach to management of hospital mortality rates is suggested; national and hospital levels. The government is to release Hospital Standardized Mortality Ratio(HSMR) of large hospitals and to offer consulting on effective hospital mortality management to small and medium hospitals.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.447-451
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• 2004

This study was conducted to establish the proper techniques of the recirculating wick hydroponics for safe seed tuber proliferation of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. CV. Dejima). To achieve these, several intact tubers (5, 10 and 20 g) and cut seed-pieces (two or four) were treated in wick hydroponic system beds. A polystyrene box (31cm in width, 20cm in height, 51cm in length, and $0.031m^3$ in volume) was placed on a styrofoam hox. Eight wicks $(width\;1.5cm\;{\times}\;length\;40cm) $ were put into each polystyrene hox and the boxes were filled with perlite + peatmoss (1 : 2, v/v) medium. Top fresh weight per plant increased with increasing the tuber size from 10 to 30g/tuber. As the tuber size increases from 10 to 30 g/tuher in case of uncut tuber, the marketable tuber (>5g) production per plant increased from 83.8 to 141.8 g/plant and the marketable tuber (>5g) production per plant of cut tuber was slightly higher than that of uncut treatment. Total tuber yield ranged from 4.16 to $6.56kg/m^2$ and the percentage of seed tubers was greater than $97\%$ for all treatments. These results indicate that seed tuber should be cut to produce large tuber $(\geq10g)$ in the recirculating wick hydroponic system.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.795-806
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• 2016

This study was conducted to improve the continuous techniques for international competitiveness of ginseng industry to Korea-China FTA negotiation and conclusion, and provide the basic information for ginseng industry development of Korea. It was carried out the visiting of the northeastern three provinces (Jilin, Liaoling and Heilongjang) in China for 3-year from 2014 to 2016 and observed the farmers' fields of ginseng cultivation with soil environmental status. The types of ginseng cultivation could be observed in small scales of 0.5~3.0 ha, in middle scales of 4.0~10.0 ha and in large scales of 30~700 ha with the kinds of imhasam, Chinese ginseng, Korean ginseng and western ginseng. Also ginseng was cultivated in newly reclaimed land of forest in two types of direct seeding and transplanting of ginseng seedlings. The field beds of ginseng growing were covered with vinyl films in arch design of 100~130 cm height and vinyl was painted in spraying with blue, green and yellow colours for shading. It was investigated in status of the physico-chemical properties of soils. The physical information on the field soils were silt loam, loam and sandy loam in soil textures, and some plain in low slope, some alluvial fan or local valley in forest of land topography. Soil pH ranged within 5.0~5.2, soil EC was $0.93{\sim}3.78dS\;m^{-1}$, organic matter was $37{\sim}35g\;kg^{-1}$, nitrate nitrogen $63{\sim}490mg\;kg^{-1}$, available $P_2O_5$ $55{\sim}163mg\;kg^{-1}$, and in exchangeable cations, K was 0.30~0.98, Ca was 6.5~14.0, Mg was $1.1{\sim}5.3cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ in ranges. Farmers used the fertilizer for ginseng cultivation in 10~11 t of compost, $200{\sim}400kg\;ha^{-1}$ of complex fertilizer and $750kg\;ha^{-1}$ of oil cakes. The northeastern three provinces of China can use the newly lands with large areas of ginseng cultivation in soil sickness by continuous cropping. and the soil basic fertility is batter than that of Korean in standard guide of ginseng cultivation soil.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.136-147
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• 2000

The aim of this research was to examine the management practices related to foodservice.clinical nutrition service provided by hospital foodservice operations. A survey of 30 hospital food nutrition service departments was undertaken and detailed information was collected from each, including surveys of 176 dietitians and 30 foodservice managers. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SAS/win 6.11 package for descriptive analysis and t-test. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : Out of 30 hospitals, 73.3%(22) were directly operated and 26.7%(8) were under contract foodservice management. Licensed number of beds were 768.7, with an average length of 11.4 days. The general characteristics of the dietitians were that 49.4% were aged between 25-29, and 60.8% were ordinary dietitians. 76.7% had bachelor's degree, 15.9% with master's degree and 7.4% were college graduates. Most hospital dietitians had internship training and 35.2% took a training course of 6 to 12 months. The average space of kitchen was 452.52 $m^2$, with 133.63$m^2$ for modified diet space and 18.13$m^2$ for nutrition counselling room space. The total number of normal meals was 1,255.47, with 502.93 of modified meals. The average calorie of normal meals was 2,145.04kcal, with 91.9g of protein contained in normal meal. The total food waste was 351.40kg. An average monthly cost for disposing food waste was 745,171.67 won. 83.3% of the kitchens were on the 1st basement and only 66.7%(20) of 30 hospitals had its own nutrition counselling room. 80% used dishwashers and 66.7% had an exclusive elevator for delivering meals. 80.0% of hospitals used centralized delivery service. 90% had established an area for hygiene division, 70% used dry zone within the dishwashers for sterilization, 66.7% provided spoon and chopstick, and 100% used dish cover. As means of food waste treatment, most hospitals(56.7%) used animal feed by contracters, followed by means of collection by contracters(30%) and in-house high speed fermentation machines(13.3%). It was found that only 33.3% hospitals regularly checked temperatures of the meals given to patients. Total productivity index was 3.72(meals/hour) in average, with an average productivity index for normal diet of 5.41. Average productivity index for modified diet was 4.62. Productivity indices for patient meals and clinical nutrition were 5.01(meals/hour) and 1.12(cases/hour) respectively and hospitals under self-operated foodservice management received higher points on clinical nutrition productivity index(P<0.01) than hospitals under contract foodservice management.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.100-109
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• 2016

Species composition and distribution characteristics of fish were determined by monthly underwater visual census from September. 2013 to August, 2014 at Yeongunri off Tongyeong, Korea. The study area was divided into five habitat types by depth and substrate: (1) sand bottom as depth of 0~2 m, (2) seagrass bed of 2~5 m, (3) rocky outcrop of 0~2 m, (4) rocky bottom of 2~5 m, (5) sandy mud bottom of 5~8 m. A total of 1,673 individuals belonging to 43 species in 26 families were recorded during the study period. The number of species tended to decrease after October, 2013 and increase from March, 2014 showing the highest number in October (autumn), and lowest in January (winter). In terms of the number of species, Gobiidae was the most dominant family (7 species), followed by Scorpaenidae (4 species). Embiotocidae was the most abundant (26.1% in total number of individuals), followed by Scorpaenidae (19.9%) and Gobiidae (19.3%). The dominant species were Sebastes inermis (19.2%), Ditrema temminckii (13.1%), and Neoditrema ransonnetii (12.9%). The number of species and abundance were relatively high at the depth between 2 and 5 m on seagrass bed and rocky bottom, whereas they were lower at the depth between 0 and 2 m on the sand bottom, suggesting that seagrass beds and rocky bottoms provided the diverse habitats for various fish species in this sea.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.468-474
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• 2019

Korea had the highest accident rate among OECD countries in 2018, with 8.4 per 100,000 population, ranking 4th among 35 countries. In addition, the accident rate of traffic with children and the elderly was also high. This study reviewed the relevant literature and analyzed the traffic-accident analysis system. Customized traffic safety facilities were developed. In addition, by measuring the visibility of the traffic safety facilities by installing a test bed, this study measured the forward driving frequency and vehicle driving speed while driving. As a result of applying the "pedestrian pedestrian model" collision test model, the possibility of serious injury after installing the facility was reduced greatly to 4.6%. In this study, the visibility of traffic safety facilities and the effect of reducing the traffic speed were verified through test beds. Recognizing traffic safety facilities will reduce traffic accidents.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.69-81
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in perception of clinical nutrition service (CNS) between doctors and dietitians working in hospitals in Busan and the Gyeongnam area. Research was performed through questionnaires (from November to December 2011) at over 100 beds. 73.3% of dietitians were aware of the Nutrition Support Team (NST), while only 15.6% of doctors were aware of it. Due to heavy work and lack of medical staff, doctors didn't participate in NST, although most of them recognized the necessity of NST. 61.7% of dietitians screened and managed malnourished patients, whereas only 29.8% of doctors did. The main reason dietitians didn't treat malnourished patients was the absence of a treatment system in the hospital. Less than 50% of dietitians participated in the doctor's round to malnourished patients. As for why dietitians didn't participate in doctor's rounds, 71% of doctors chose understaffed dietitians and 38.1% of dietitians chose the doctors' unawareness of the importance of the dietitian in doctor's rounds. For the lower rate of nutrition counseling in provincial regions, compared to the capital region, 46.8% of doctors cited a lack of connection between doctors and clinical dietitians, while 43.3% of dietitians cited the lack of doctors' awareness on the importance of nutrition counseling. Although 87.3% of the doctors and 91.6% of the dietitians answered that CNS is important for treatment, the perception of onsite performance status on CNS was found to be low in both groups. 48.9% of doctors and 50.0% of dietitians regarded dietitians in the hospital as personnel in charge of food services, rather a member of the medical team. To improve the awareness of the importance of the CNS, and the image of clinical dietitians, 31.2% of doctors answered "to introduce a professional dietitian license for each disease" and 26.7% of dietitians answered "to change the system in the hospital". Most subjects found that a separation of clinical nutrition services from the food service part is needed. These results suggest that it is important to narrow the difference in perceptions of clinical nutrition services between doctors and dietitians for an organized clinical nutrition management of patients in hospitals in Busan and the Gyeongnam area.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2014

A sewage was treated using serially combined vertical and horizontal flow zeolite-filled reed bed. The sewage from the student dormitory of Changwon National University was fed into the reed bed for 10 minutes every 6 hours at the hydraulic load of 314 $L/m^2{\cdot}day$. The reed bed depth was 100cm and the zeolite mixture was filled in the reed bed. The mixture consisted of the same volume of two types of zeolite ; 0.5~1mm and 1~3mm in diameter. pH value decreased in vertical bed, while it increased in horizontal bed. But DO concentration in the effluent of both beds was higher than that in the influent. Average removal efficiencies of the entire treatment system were 99.22% SS, 95.56% BOD, 91.02% $COD_{Cr}$, 87.78% $COD_{Mn}$, 45.87% T-N, 99.88% $NH{_4}^+-N$ and 71.17% T-P. Most of T-N in the effluent was $NO{_3}^--N$. However, the concentration of $NO{_2}^--N$ in the effluent was lower than 0.04 mg/L. All removal efficiencies did not show a remarkable seasonal change.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.47-67
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• 2007

This paper aims at suggesting several ways lo change financial vulnerability and to improve managerial capability of local public hospitals (LPHs) in Korea through the identification of factors affecting profitability. Several findings of the research are as follows: To begin with, LPHs exhibited a statistically significant difference in their profitability from one another, according to tile analyses of their profitable margins from tile general characteristics. It depends on the number of hospitals in the area, the population of the hospital-built area, the number of competing hospitals, the number of staff per 100 beds, the opening of special clinic, the educational function, and the capacity of rooms. However, there was no variable in the managerial characteristics, presenting a significant difference, in contrast with hospitals which have been managed by private companies and made a great amount of profits. Second, according to the analyses of profit differences in behavioral effort-characteristics, a statistically significant difference was revealed upon the basis of the efforts to improve the clinic service, invite special patients, and shorten the period of being hospitalized. Third, the result of analyses about the difference of profitability from medical care and finance is statistically significant in the rate of labor cost, the rate of management cost, bed-occupancy rate, and the period of being hospitalized. Fourth, according to the analyses of the factors influencing the net profit ratio of the entire capital, Adjusted explanatory power(Adjusted $R^2$) was shown up to 65.2%, which is high. To compare the adjusted explanatory power stage by stage, the first stage model applying only two variables such as structural and strategic characteristics exhibited 23.8%, and the second stage model adding financial characteristics showed 51.5%. The explanatory power was much improved up to 65.2% when the third stage model incorporated the outcome of medical care performance. When the return on investment(ROI) was examined by using the multi-variate linear regression analysis at the final model of third stage, it was found that ROI had a positive relationship with the increase rate of patients, labor costs per doctor, and medical care rate of socially protected inpatients. However, it revealed that ROI had a negative relationship with the ratio of labor costs, the number of patients per managerial staff, and occupancy rate of rooms, respectively. The research suggests that in order for LPHs to increase profitability, LPH, should make efforts not only to attract patients to the hospitals without any discrimination of the patients depending on their financial status, but also to develop efficient management methods to reduce labor costs.