• 정신신체의학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.79-84
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• 1998

저자들은 뇌졸중후 우울증보다 매우 드물게 발생하는 뇌졸중후 양극성장애 증례를 경험하여 보고하였다. 좌반구 기저핵 뇌경색이후 뇌졸중후 우울증을 앓아오던 환자에서 조증 에피소드가 발병하여 원인을 규명하는 과정에서 자기공명영상을 시행한 결과, 이차성 양극 성장애와 연관되는 것으로 보고되어온 우반구 기저핵의 새로운 뇌경색이 밝혀졌다. 한 환자에서 좌반구 뇌졸중이후 우울증, 우반구 뇌졸중이후 양극성장애의 발생이 시간적 연관성을 보였으며, 한편 뇌졸중후 우울증과 이차성 양극성장애 각각이 병변 위치와 특이한 연관성을 보여주고 있다. 문헌 고찰에 의하면, 이차성 조증이 주로 피질의 병변과 연관성을 보이는 반면, 양극성 장애는 피질하 병변에서 호발하는 것으로 보고되어왔으며, 이차성 조종의 위험인자로는 정신장애의 가족력과 경한 피질하 위축이 제시되었다. 이 증례에서도 우반구 피질하 병변과 경한 피질하 위축이 관찰되었다. 뇌졸중 병변위치와 기분장애의 상관성 및 위험인자에 대한 연구는, 일차성 기분장애의 신경생물학적 연구에 기여할 수 있을 것이며, 임상에서도 뇌졸중 환자의 정신증상 치료에서 조중 유발의 위험성을 인식하는데 도움이 될수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.66-71
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• 2007

There has been increasing recognition of pediatric bipolar disorder in the psychiatric field during the past 10 years. The clinical presentation of this disorder in preadolescent is greatly debated and few studies have been conducted in Korea. The authors report 3 cases of children with bipolar I disorder whose clinical symptoms were improved after pharmacotherapy. The authors also review current concepts, debates and treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2014

연구목적 본 연구는 외래 치료 중인 양극성 장애 환자에서 하지불안증후군(restless legs syndrome, RLS)의 유병률과 관련 특성을 알아보기 위해서 시도 되었다. 방 법 안정적으로 외래 치료 중인 양극성 장애 환자 100명이 본 연구에 포함되었다. RLS의 진단과 증상의 심한 정도는 International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group에서 개발한 진단 기준을 이용하였다. Beck 우울증 척도(Beck's Depression Inventory), 상태 불안 척도(Spielberg's State Anxiety Inventory), 피츠버그 수면의 질 설문지(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), 한국판 약물태도 척도(Korean version Drug Attitude Inventory), 한국어판 항정신병약물치료 중 주관적 안녕감 척도-단축형(Subjective Well-Beings under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale-Short Form)과 반즈 좌불안석증 평가 척도(Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale) 등이 각각 우울 증상, 불안의 수준, 주관적 수면의 질, 주관적 안녕감, 약물에 대한 주관적 태도, 좌불안석증의 유무를 평가하는데 사용되었다. 결 과 연구대상자 100명 중 7명(7%)이 RLS로 진단되었으며, RLS의 필수 진단기준을 1개 이상 가지는 환자는 36명(36%)이었다. 본 연구의 표본의 크기가 작은 이유로 세 그룹 간 비모수적 검정을 시행하였다(RLS의 필수진단 기준을 모두 만족하는 그룹, RLS로 진단할 수는 없지만 RLS 필수진단 기준을 1개 이상 가지고 있는 그룹, RLS 필수진단 기준에 해당되지 않는 그룹). 세 그룹 간에 성별, 나이, 그 밖의 인구사회학적 특성에 유의한 차이는 없었다. RLS환자군 및 RLS증상군은 대조군에 비해 우울 및 불안증상이 더 많았고, 수면의 질이 더 낮은 경향을 보였다. 결 론 본 연구는 양극성장애 환자에서 RLS 유병률과 이와 관련된 특성을 살펴본 첫 예비 연구라 할 수 있다. 연구의 결과는 조현병 환자와 비교할 때 양극성 장애와 RLS의 연관성이 비교적 적다는 것을 시사한다. RLS가 있는 양극성 장애 환자에서 우울 및 불안 증상이 더 많고 수면의 질이 더 낮은 경향은 조현병 환자에서도 관찰이 된다. 향후 대규모 연구에서 보다 과학적인 연구방법을 통해 양극성장애와 RLS와의 연관성에 대해 조사할 필요가 있을 것이다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.79-87
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• 1994

For the purpose of evaluating the human leukocyte antigen(HLA) disease-association with bipolar disorder, HLA class I and class II allelic frequencies were assessed in 37 bipolar patients and were compared to the data from normal population. HLA class 1 typing was performed with microlymphocytotoxicity method while class II(DRB1) genotyping with reverse dot blot hybridization and sandwich method. Statistical analysis consisted of relative risk, Haldane's modified relative risk, Fisher's exact test and Bonferoni's corrected P. The results were as follows : 1) Bipolar patients showed increased allelic frequency of HLA A3 which has statistical significance. 2) Allelic frequencies of HLA B7, B14 and B54 were higher, while those of B51 and B55 were lower in bipolar patients, but they were not statistically significant. 3) Both of increased frequencies of DR2 in bipolar patients and DR15 in normal controls had statistical significance. The results of the present study suggested that some of HLA allelic types might be associated with bipolar disorder. To clarify the genetic influence of HLA to bipolar disorder, we should do consecutive study of bipolar disorder with new information about HLA system including alleles.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.134-139
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• 2012

Objectives : Proinflammatory process has been implicated as an underlying mechanism of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Previous studies have suggested a possible role of lymphotoxin alpha (LTA) gene in the development of schizophrenia and have prompted further investigation in bipolar patients. Association of the LTA +252A/G polymorphism with susceptibility to bipolar I disorder itself as well as with vulnerability among a subset of psychotic bipolar patients were tested. Methods : DNA extraction was done by a standard method and genotyping was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method in 114 Korean patients with bipolar I disorder and 202 healthy controls. SPSS v18.0 was used for statistical analysis. Comparisons of the genotype and allele distributions in LTA +252A/G polymorphism were made using a chi-square test. The genotype and allele associations were also evaluated using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical significance was accepted when p was < 0.05. Results : No significant association was found between the LTA +252A/G polymorphism and bipolar disorder. However, LTA +252G allele was present with significantly higher frequency among bipolar patients with psychotic features compared to those without (${\chi}^2$ = 4.69, p = 0.034, OR = 2.495, 95% CI = 1.069-5.827). Conclusion : The results suggest that the allele LTA +252G of the polymorphism may be associated with the psychotic subset of bipolar disorder but not with bipolar I disorder itself. Adequately powered subsequent studies should be conducted.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2016

Objectives Treatment response of bipolar disorders (BDs) to long-term mood stabilizers maintenance has not been well explored because of complicated clinical and treatment courses. This study aims at investigating long-term clinical response of BDs to lithium and/or valproate in a naturalistic setting of a tertiary-care university-affiliated hospital. Methods Subjects were 65 patients with bipolar I (BD-I) disorders who had been treated with lithium and/or valproate for more than two years at single bipolar disorder clinic. Long-term response to the best treatment based on treatment algorithms and the current clinical standard of care was retrospectively evaluated using the Alda Scale and the Clinical Global Impression Scale for use in bi-polar illness (CGI-BP). Patients were classified into full responder and partial/non responder groups based on the total score of the Alda Scale with the cut-off score generated from the frequentist mixture analysis of the authors' previous study. Results The mean duration of treatment with the index medication was 69.2 months. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were not different among three mood stabilizer groups (valproate, lithium, and combination groups). Twenty-one subjects were classified into full responder group (32.3%). Treatment response assessed by the Alda Scale and CGI-BP scores was not different between lithium and valproate groups. The Alda Scale scores were well correlated with the CGI-BP scores (p < 0.05). Conclusions One third of the patients showed a full response to the long-term lithium and/or valproate treatment in BD-I. The degree of response was similar between lithium and valproate groups.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.68-71
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• 2007

Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug with a benign side effect profile. However, recent studies have reported that thyroid dysfunction is associated with quetiapine treatment. The authors report a patient with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder who developed subclinical hypothyroidism during quetiapine treatment. The patient showed no significant clinical symptoms, but only abnormal thyroid function test findings including antithyroglobulin antibody. The abnormal thyroid function test findings were normalized after discontinuation of quetiapine. The subclinical hypothyroidism developed during quetiapine treatment may be associated with autoimmune process.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2018

Objectives This study intended to identify the deficits of cognitive control among patients with bipolar I disorder and their first-degree relatives, and identify the possibility of cognitive control as an endophenotype of bipolar disorder. Methods The study included three groups: euthymic states patients with bipolar I disorder (n = 55), unaffected first-degree relatives of probands with bipolar I disorder (n = 30), and a healthy control group (n = 51), that was matched on age, sex, and years of education. The AX version of the continuous performance test (CPT) was used to examine cognitive control. Error rate, correct response times of each subsets (AX, BX, AY, BY), and d' as an indication of accuracy sensitivity index were calculated. Psychopathology, intelligence, and psychomotor speed were also assessed. Results Patients with bipolar I disorder showed significantly worse error rates in the AX (p = 0.01) and BX (p = 0.02) subsets and d' (p = 0.05) than the others. They also showed more delayed correct response times than the healthy control group and first-degree relatives in all subsets (p < 0.01). But first-degree relatives showed neither high error rates nor delayed correct response times than healthy control group. Conclusions These findings suggest that cognitive control is impaired in bipolar I disorder but less likely to be an endophynotype of bipolar I disorder.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2020

연구목적 치료받지 못한 우울증은 자살위험성을 높인다는 여러 선행 연구결과에도 불구하고, 청소년기에 발병한 기분 장애가 치료받지 못한 경우 자살 위험성 및 자살 시도와 어떻게 연관되는지에 관한 연구결과는 거의 없어서 이를 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법 본 연구는 2017년 5월부터 2018년 4월까지 수집된 자료를 바탕으로 한 단면연구로, unipolar 혹은 bipolar depression으로 진단된 260명이 최종 분석에 포함되었다. 자가보고형 검사도구를 이용해 사회인구학적 특성과 우울 및 자살 관련 특성을 평가하였다. 과거력 상 우울 삽화 치료 여부에 따라 untreated군과 treated 혹은 1st episode 군으로 분류하였으며, 두 집단의 사회인구학적 특성과 임상적 특성을 비교했다. 다중 선형 회귀분석 및 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하여 자살 위험성 및 자살 시도의 예측 인자를 분석했다. 결 과 총 260명의 환자 중 untreated군 189명, treated 혹은 1st episode 군은 71명 이었으며 untreated군에서 자살 시도한 비율, 우울 점수, 자살 위험성 및 자살시도 횟수가 유의하게 높았다. 자살시도를 예측하는 인자로는 과거력 상 치료받지 못한 경우[Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)=4.19, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=2.25~7.81, p<0.001]와 양극성 우울증의 진단(AOR=2.60, 95% CI=1.52~4.46, p<0.001)이었다. 결 론 본 연구를 통해 청소년기 우울증의 86.7%에서 치료를 받지 못했음이 확인되었고, 치료받지 못한 우울증은 높은 자살위험성과 연관되었다. 향후 청소년기 우울증의 조기 선별 뿐 아니라 적극적인 치료적 개입이 이루어 지도록 정책 수립이 필요하며 이와 관련한 후속 장기 추적관찰 연구가 기대된다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.225-234
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• 2017

Objectives Local gyrification reflects the early neural development of cortical connectivity, and is regarded as a potential neural endophenotype in psychiatric disorders. Several studies have suggested altered local gyrification in patients with bipolar I disorder (BD-I). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the alterations in the cortical gyrification of whole brain cortices in patients with BD-I. Methods Twenty-two patients with BD-I and age and sex-matched 22 healthy controls (HC) were included in this study. All participants underwent T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The local gyrification index (LGI) of 66 cortical regions were analyzed using the FreeSurfer (Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging). One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the difference of LGI values between two groups adjusting for age and sex as covariates. Results The patients with BD-I showed significant hypogyria in the left pars opercularis (uncorrected-p = 0.049), the left rostral anterior cingulate gyrus (uncorrected-p = 0.012), the left caudal anterior cingulate gyrus (uncorrected-p = 0.033). However, these findings were not significant after applying the multiple comparison correction. Severity or duration of illness were not significantly correlated with LGI in the patients with BD-I. Conclusions Our results of lower LGI in the anterior cingulate cortex and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in the BD-I group implicate that altered cortical gyrification in neural circuits involved in emotion-processing may contribute to pathophysiology of BD-I.