• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.511-528
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• 2008

Let (R, m) be a 2-dimensional regular local ring with algebraically closed residue field R/m. Let K be the quotient field of R and $\upsilon$ be a prime divisor of R, i.e., a valuation of K which is birationally dominating R and residually transcendental over R. Zariski showed that there are finitely many simple $\upsilon$-ideals $m\;=\;P_0\;{\supset}\;P_1\;{\supset}\;{\cdots}\;{\supset}\;P_t\;=\;P$ and all the other $\upsilon$-ideals are uniquely factored into a product of those simple ones [17]. Lipman further showed that the predecessor of the smallest simple $\upsilon$-ideal P is either simple or the product of two simple $\upsilon$-ideals. The simple integrally closed ideal P is said to be free for the former and satellite for the later. In this paper we describe the sequence of simple $\upsilon$-ideals when P is satellite of order 3 in terms of the invariant $b_{\upsilon}\;=\;|\upsilon(x)\;-\;\upsilon(y)|$, where $\upsilon$ is the prime divisor associated to P and m = (x, y). Denote $b_{\upsilon}$ by b and let b = 3k + 1 for k = 0, 1, 2. Let $n_i$ be the number of nonmaximal simple $\upsilon$-ideals of order i for i = 1, 2, 3. We show that the numbers $n_{\upsilon}$ = ($n_1$, $n_2$, $n_3$) = (${\lceil}\frac{b+1}{3}{\rceil}$, 1, 1) and that the rank of P is ${\lceil}\frac{b+7}{3}{\rceil}$ = k + 3. We then describe all the $\upsilon$-ideals from m to P as products of those simple $\upsilon$-ideals. In particular, we find the conductor ideal and the $\upsilon$-predecessor of the given ideal P in cases of b = 1, 2 and for b = 3k + 1, 3k + 2, 3k for $k\;{\geq}\;1$. We also find the value semigroup $\upsilon(R)$ of a satellite simple valuation ideal P of order 3 in terms of $b_{\upsilon}$.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.125-129
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• 2000

To fine understand the visual acuity of female old age. This study was researched the visual acuity test by the object and subject methods. The major findings was as follows: 1. The eye types were 80.94% positive for hyperopia. 13.86% for myopia and 5.19% for emmetropia respectively. 2. The anbormal refraction eye was positive for mixed astigmatism for 78.27%, myoptic com pound astigmatism (10.99%), simple presbyopia(4.97%), myopic simple astigmatism(2.88%), presbyopia compound astigmatism (1.57%), simple myopia(0.78%) and presbyopia simple astigmatism(0.52%). 3. The axis of astigmatism was 60.23% for against regular astigmatism. 22.73% for oblique astigmatism and 17.05% for regular astigmatism respectively. 4. On the total myopic spheric power, the -0.50 spheric equivalent ${\leq}-2.00$ was 90.2%, the -2.00${\leq}-6.00$ was 9.8%. 5. On the total presbyopic spheric power, the -0.50${\leq}-2.00$ was 80.252%, the -2.00${\leq}-6.00$ was 16.99% and 2.56% for anything over the 6.00 diopter. 6. On the astigmatic power, the $0.50{\geq}$ cylinder power${\geq}1.00$ was 69.35%,the 1.00> cylinder power ${\geq}2.00$ was 27.38%, and anything over the 2.00 cylinder diopter was 3.27%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1037-1047
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• 1994

Dietary iodine intake and urinary iodide excretion were meassured from 110 patients with various thyroid hormone diseses(hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, simple goiter and thyroid adenoma) and 67 normal control subjects. Iodine intake was assessed on the 24-hour recall dietary data using the compiled lists of food iodine values developed from various countries. Urinary iodide concentrations of drink water samples were measured with the iodide-selective electrode. The average iodine intake of the thyroid patients was 411$\mu\textrm{g}$, which was 87% higher(p<0.05) than that of the control subjects(220$\mu\textrm{g}$). Patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism or simple goiter excreted the most(0.6442ppm) amount of iodide respectively in the urine, with the control subject in the middle(0.5229ppm). Iodide concentrations of the drinking water samples were found to be in the range of 0.0015ppm to 0.0214ppm, which seemed to vary depending on the kind(underground water vs public water) and the location.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.592-596
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• 2012

The simple method of evaluating highly marbled beef was examined by image analysis. The images of the cross section at the 6 to 7th rib were obtained from 82 carcasses of Wagyu cattle. By using an overall trace method, the surrounding edges of the longissimus thoracis and three muscles were traced automatically and manually with image analysis. In a spot method, 3 to 5 locations (2.5 or 3.0 cm in diameter) for each muscle were rapidly selected with no manual trace. The images were flattened, binarized, and the ratio of fat area to muscle area was determined. The correlation coefficients for marbling between different muscles, and between the overall trace and the spot methods were 0.55 to 0.81 between different muscles and 0.89 to 0.97, respectively. These results suggested that the simple spot method is speedy and almost as useful as the overall trace method as a measuring technique for beef marbling in loin muscles, especially for highly marbled beef.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.409-424
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• 2019

This study investigates the usage behavior and the perception of horticulturalists (horticultural activists) and simple users for urban community gardens. To this end, we surveyed 100 horticulturalists and 213 simple users. Questions in the survey are divided into five categories: 1) usage behavior of community gardens, 2) perception on the benefits of community gardens, 3) perception on the pros and cons of setting up community gardens, 4) willingness to pay for community gardens, 5) importance of specific benefits provided by community gardens. According to the survey, 95.0 percent of horticulturalists and 93.4 percent of simple users supported setting up community gardens. 58.0 percent of horticulturalists and 60.6 percent of simple users were willing to pay their residence tax for community gardens. And the annual membership fee plus resident tax of horticulturalists is 460,455 KW per person, which is 80.6 times more than willingness to pay of simple users. The results of this study can be used as basis data for valuing community gardens.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2002

Purpose: To analyze the radiographic results between the simple bone excision and simple bone excision and posterior tibial tendon advancement for prehallux. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four patients who underwent operative treatment for prehallux between 1995 and 2000 were reviewed. Twenty-six patients who underwent simple bone excision and posterior tibial tendon advancement and eight patients who underwent simple bone excision were available for follow-up. Follow-up averaged 44 months(15-59 months). We evaluated and compared the cuboidal height and the talo-1st metatarsal angle in the preoperative and postoperative radiography. Results: The average span of disappearing pain is 3.7 months(2-7 months) after the operation. Mean cuboidal height and talo-1st metatarsal angle were increased $6.7{\pm}1.8mm$, $5.0{\pm}2.1^{\circ}$ before to $7.8{\pm}0.2mm$, $5.6{\pm}0.7^{\circ}$ after simple bone excision and posterior tibial tendon advancement. Mean cuboidal height and talo-1st metatarsal angle were increased $6.6{\pm}0.7mm$, $4.6{\pm}1.1^{\circ}$ before to $7.7{\pm}0.9mm$, $5.1{\pm}0.4^{\circ}$ after simple bone excision and posterior tibial tendon advancement. One case of extra-osseous migration of the Mitek anchor inserted into navicula was seen during the follow-up period. Conclusion: This study shows that the remarkable differences between the two procedures are not found. So, simple bone excision without advancement of posterior tibial tendon for prehallux can generate relatively good results.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.655-672
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• 2011

Let $C^r$[0,t] be the function space of the vector-valued continuous paths x : [0,t] ${\rightarrow}$ $R^r$ and define $X_t$ : $C^r$[0,t] ${\rightarrow}$ $R^{(n+1)r}$ and $Y_t$ : $C^r$[0,t] ${\rightarrow}$ $R^{nr}$ by $X_t(x)$ = (x($t_0$), x($t_1$), ..., x($t_{n-1}$), x($t_n$)) and $Y_t$(x) = (x($t_0$), x($t_1$), ..., x($t_{n-1}$)), respectively, where 0 = $t_0$ < $t_1$ < ... < $t_n$ = t. In the present paper, with the conditioning functions $X_t$ and $Y_t$, we introduce two simple formulas for the conditional expectations over $C^r$[0,t], an analogue of the r-dimensional Wiener space. We establish evaluation formulas for the analogues of the analytic Wiener and Feynman integrals for the function $G(x)=\exp{{\int}_0^t{\theta}(s,x(s))d{\eta}(s)}{\psi}(x(t))$, where ${\theta}(s,{\cdot})$ and are the Fourier-Stieltjes transforms of the complex Borel measures on ${\mathbb{R}}^r$. Using the simple formulas, we evaluate the analogues of the conditional analytic Wiener and Feynman integrals of the functional G.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2003

Let $x(t)$ satisty $$(p(t)x^{\prime}(t))^{\prime}+q(t)x^{{\alpha}}(t)+r(t)x^{{\beta}-1}x^{\prime}(t){\leq}0({\geq}0)$$. Then the zeros of $x(t)$ or $x^{\prime}(t)$ are simple.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.35-38
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• 2005

This paper describes a design of simple and precision direction finder that can be adapted to shipboard or mobile vehicles used for Electronic support measure, ELINT and radio signal monitoring systems. The direction finding technology has improved with monolithic integrated circuit, linear array antennas, and interferometer. Interferometer uses the phase-comparison principle and has a good direction finding accuracy but it has an ambiguity problem. We suggest a simple ambiguity solver using phase-comparison technology with amplitude-comparison principle. The direction finding device that has been designed by the suggested method has 0.7 degree RMS error in azimuth angle and 0.6 degree RMS error in elevation angle in 0.5 - 2.0 GHz.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1478-1485
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• 2021

Purpose. To analysis of astigmatism in Korean adults from 20 to 29 years old. Methods. From January 2019 to February 2020, one hundred two subjects were performed in refraction test using the Auto-Refractometry. Results. In the type of astigmatism based on refractive error, the male's right eye was 4.26% simple myopic astigmatism and 95.74% complex myopic astigmatism, and the left eye was 2.22% simple myopic astigmatism and 97.78% complex myopic astigmatism. However, in the female's right eye, simple myopic astigmatism was 2.27%, complex myopic astigmatism was 97.73%, and left eye was simple myopic astigmatism was 2.17%, complex myopic astigmatism was 97.83%. The types of astigmatism in men and women similar to other. The mean refractive astigmatism values were -0.922±-0.798 diopter and -0.877±-0.707 diopter for male right and left eye, and -0.765±-0.599 diopter and -0.853±-0.586 diopter for female. On the other hand, the refraction values of the right and left eyes of men and women have statistical significance(p=0.000). The mean power comparative between refractive astigmatism and corneal astigmatism power were -0.186±-0.745 diopter, -1.091±-0.589 diopter in male and -1.140±-0.593 diopter, -1.140±-0.534 diopter in female. Therefore, the mean power values of the refractive astigmatism and corneal astigmatism of men and women were statistical significance(p=0.000). At the 0.75 diopter or more, which can have clinical symptoms of astigmatism power, males have 60.86% and 72.09% of the right and left eyes, and females have 47,64% and 60.10% of the right and left eyes. At 0.75 diopter or more, which can have clinical symptoms of corneal astigmatism power, males have 68.75% and 74% of the right and left eyes, and females have 86.50% and 82.35% of the right and left eyes. In the type of astigmatism axis, both men and women had a high frequency of the rule astigmatism. However, men had a high frequency of against-the-rule astigmatism and women showed a high frequency of oblique astigmatism. Conclusions. In this study, the complex myopic astigmatism and with-the rule astigmatism was the most common of all subjects. However, there was a statistical significance between right and left eyes of all subjects. The corneal astigmatism was higher refractive values in both males and females than refractive astigmatism. This study suggests that the analysis of the astigmatism can provide the useful diagnosis information for the correction of visual acuity.