• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.159-168
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• 2006

Rodents and many other mammals have two chemosensory systems that mediate responses to pheromones, the main and accessory olfactory system, MOS and AOS, respectively. The chemosensory neurons associated with the MOS are located in the main olfactory epithelium, while those associated with the AOS are located in the vomeronasal organ(VNO). Pheromonal odorants access the lumen of the VNO via canals in the roof of the mouth, and are largely thought to be nonvolatile. The main pheromone receptor proteins consist of two superfamilies, V1Rs and V2Rs, that are structurally distinct and unrelated to the olfactory receptors expressed in the main olfactory epithelium. These two type of receptors are seven transmembrane domain G-protein coupled proteins(V1R with $G_{{\alpha}i2}$, V2R with $G_{0\;{\alpha}}$). V2Rs are co-expressed with nonclassical MHC Ib genes(M10 and other 8 M1 family proteins). Other important molecular component of VNO neuron is a TrpC2, a cation channel protein of transient receptor potential(TRP) family and thought to have a crucial role in signal transduction. There are four types of pheromones in mammalian chemical communication - primers, signalers, modulators and releasers. Responses to these chemosignals can vary substantially within and between individuals. This variability can stem from the modulating effects of steroid hormones and/or non-steroid factors such as neurotransmitters on olfactory processing. Such modulation frequently augments or facilitates the effects that prevailing social and environmental conditions have on the reproductive axis. The best example is the pregnancy block effect(Bruce effect), caused by testosterone-dependent major urinary proteins(MUPs) in male mouse urine. Intriguingly, mouse GnRH neurons receive pheromone signals from both odor and pheromone relays in the brain and may also receive common odor signals. Though it is quite controversial, recent studies reveal a complex interplay between reproduction and other functions in which GnRH neurons appear to integrate information from multiple sources and modulate a variety of brain functions.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.178-184
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• 1990

The lipid components, nitrogenous extracts and amino acids of dark muscle(DM) of ski-pjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) were analyzed and compared with those of white muscle (WM). WM was higher in moisture and crude protein content, and lower in crude lipid and ash content than those of DM. Contents of volatile basic nitrogen in WM and DM were 22.7mg/100g and 46.9mg/100g. Total lipid(TL) of WM and DM consisted of $79.7\%,\;71.9\%$ neutral lipid(NL), $6.8\%,\;9.5\%$ glycolipid(GL), and $13.5\%,\;18.6\%$ phospholipid(PL), respectively NL was mainly com-posed of free fatty acid, triglyceride, and PL was mainly occupied by phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline. Also Iysophosphatidyl choline and Iysophosphatidyl ethanolamine were identified in PL. In fatty acid composition of TL, NL, GL and PL, WM revealed higher contents in saturates and monoenes such as 16 : 0, 18 : 1, while DM showed higher contents in polyenes such as 22 : 6 especially. The major fatty acids of these samples were generally 16: 0, 18:0, 18:1, 20:5 and 22 : 6. Contents of total free amino acids from WM and DM were 5,982.3mg/100g and 4,450.7 mg/100g (dry base). Of free amino acids, Tau concentration was much higher in DM than in WM, Ala, Gly, Met, Arg, Thr were also high in DM. But His was much higher in concentration in W. Content of inosinic acid(IMP) in WM(680.9mg/100g) was higher than that of DM(73.1mg/100g). The degradations of IMP proceeded very rapidly in DM. DM contained much higher trimethylamine oxide and trimethylamine than those of WM. The profile of combined amino acids in these samples, were very similar, and main amino acids were Glu, Asp, Lys, Ala, Ile and Arg.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.53-68
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• 2020

The concentrations of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and fine dust were measured in the compost facility of a full-time Hanwoo breeding farms. The experiments were conducted in stack type composting facility(T1) and mechanical-stirred composting facilities(T2, T3). In the stack type composting facility, the highest temperature of compost pile was 46℃, and in the two mechanical-stirred composting facilities, it rose to 63℃ and 68℃, respectively. The concentrations of PM2.5 at T1, T2 were 15 ㎍/㎥ and 5~10 ㎍/㎥, respectively. And the concentration of PM2.5 at T3 was below 10 ㎍/㎥. The highest concentration of ammonia generated at T1 was 4 ppm, but no hydrogen sulfide was detected. The ammonia concentrations at T2 and T3 were 3 ppm and 4 ppm, respectively. However, hydrogen sulfide was not detected in both facilities. At T3, the ammonia concentration increased to 65 ppm at the point where the compost was stirred with a mechanical agitator. During composting period, the pH of the compost pile decreased from 9.06 to 8.94 and then increased to 9.14 as the composting period elapsed. The NaCl content of compost was 0.09% after composting process was complete. Moisture content of compost decreased from 65.9% to 62% as composting progressed. As composting proceeded, the content of volatile solids decreased from 65.6% to 64.7% and the content of TKN decreased from 1.327% to 1.095%.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-73
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• 1979

These studies were conducted to investigate nutrient sources and supplementary materials of synthetic compost media for Agaricus bisporus culture. Investigation were carried out to establish the optimum composition for compost of Agaricus bisporus methods of out-door fermentation and peakheating with rice straw as the main substrate of the media. The incidence and flora of harmful organisms in rice straw compost and their control were also studied. 1. When rice straw was used as the main substrate in synthetic compost as a carbon source. yields were remarkably high. Fermentation was more rapid than that of barley straw or wheat straw, and the total nitrogen content was high in rice straw compost. 2. Since the morphological and physico-chemical nature of Japonica and Indica types of rice straw are greatly dissimilar. there were apparent differences in the process of compost fermentation. Fermentation of Indica type straw proceeded more rapidly with a shortening the compost period, reducing the water supply, and required adding of supplementary materials for producing stable physical conditions. 3. Use of barley straw compost resulted in a smaller crop compared with rice straw. but when a 50%, barley straw and 50% rice straw mixture was used, the yield was almost the same as that using only rice straw. 4. There were extremely high positive correlations between yield of Agaricus bisporus and the total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, amino acids, amides and amino sugar nitrogen content of compost. The mycerial growth and fruit body formation were severely inhibited by ammonium nitrogen. 5. When rice straw was used as the main substrate for compost media, urea was the most suitable source of nitrogen. Poor results were obtained with calcium cyanamide and ammonium sulfate. When urea was applied three separate times, nitrogen loss during composting was decreased and the total nitrogen content of compost was increased. 6. The supplementation of organic nutrient activated compost fermentation and increased yield of Agaricus bisporus. The best sources of organic nutrients were: perilla meal, sesame meal, wheat bran and poultry manure, etc. 7. Soybean meal, tobacco powder and glutamic acid fermentation by-products which were industrial wastes, could be substituted for perilla meal, sesame meal and wheat bran as organic nutrient sources for compost media. B. When gypsum and zeolite were added to rice straw. physical deterioration of compost due to excess moisture and caramelization was observed. The Indica type of straw was more remarkable in increase of yield of Agricus bisporus by addition of supplementing materials than Japonica straw. 9. For preparing rice straw compost, the best mixture was prepared by 10% poultry manure, 5% perilla meal, 1. 2 to 1. 5% urea and 1% gypsum. At spring cropping, it was good to add rice bran to accelerate heat generation of the compost heap. 10. There was significantly high positive correlation (r=0.97) between accumulated temperature and the decomposition degree of compost during outdoor composting. The yield was highest at accumulated temperatures between 900 and $1,000^{\circ}C$. 11. Prolonging the composting period brought about an increase in decomposition degree and total nitrogen content, but a decrease in ammonium nitrogen. In the spring the suitable period of composting was 20 to 25 days. and about 15 days in autumn. For those periods, the degree of decomposition was 19 to 24%. 12. Compactness of wet compost at filling caused an increase in the residual ammonium nitrogen. methane and organic acid during peak heating. There was negative correlation between methane content and yield (r=0.76)and the same was true between volatile organic acid and yield (r=0.73). 13. In compost with a moisture content range between 69 to 80% at filling. the higher the moisture content, the lower the yield (r=0.78). This result was attributed to a reduction in the porosity of compost at filling the beds. The optimum porosity for good fermentation was between 41 and 53%. 14. Peak heating of the compost was essential for the prevention of harmful microorganisms and insect pests. and for the removal of excess ammonia. It was necessary to continue fer mentatiion for four days after peak heating. 15. Ten species of fungi which are harmful or competitive to Agaricus bisporus were identified from the rice compost, including Diehliomyces microsporus, Trichoderma sp. and Stysanus stemoites. The frequency of occurrance was notably high with serious damage to Agaricus bisporus. 16. Diehliomyces microsporus could be controlled by temperature adjustment of the growing room and by fumigating the compost and the house with Basamid and Vapam. Trichoderma was prevented by the use of Bavistin and Benomyl. 17. Four species of nematodes and five species of mites occured in compost during out-door composting. These orgnanisms could be controlled through peakheating compost for 6 hours at $60^{\circ}C$.