• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.1 s.142
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• pp.45-49
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• 2006

Fumigant toxicity of four plant essential oils (muguet flower, patchouli, pennyroyal, spearmint) were tested against the adults of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Among them, pennyroyal and spearmint oils showed 100% mortality at $1{\mu}{\ell}/45m{\ell}$ air dose. Through the constituent analysis using GC and GC-MS, we confirmed that main constituents of pennyroyal oil were pulegone(100.0%), and spearmint oil were $\beta-myrcene(3.5%)$, limonene(12.1%), carvone(85.4%). Among them, carvone and pulegone showed 100% fumigation at $1{\mu}{\ell}/45m{\ell}$ air dose, respectively. It can concluded that two oils are potential control agents against F. occidentalis.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.214-217
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• 2011

Fumigant, methyl bromide which is used in most countries for plant quarantine, has been designated and under control as ozone depleting substance. For developing alternative chemicals for methyl bromide, many countries have been intensifying their capacity. This study was carried out to investigate the residue patterns of hydrogen cyanide which is commonly used for plant quarantine. Hydrogen cyanide was treated onto the orange, banana, and pineapple at recommended and double doses and then sampling was done at 1 and 3 day after fumigation treatment. Residue of hydrogen cyanide was found safe because average residue levels on orange, banana, and pineapple after 3 days of fumigation treatment were $0.57{\pm}0.05$, $0.21{\pm}0.17$, and $0.41{\pm}0.08$ ppm, which were lower than the MRLs of Korea (5 ppm), Japan (5 ppm), USA (50 ppm), and Canada (25 ppm). Hydrogen cyanide are expected to be used as alternative chemicals for methyl bromide fumigant for orange, banana, and pineapple.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.21 no.3 s.52
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• pp.133-137
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• 1982

An experiment was conducted to find out the proper and effective fumigation method for harvested fresh chestnuts produced in Korea. Fumigation with phosphine, causing damages on chestnuts by rapid corruption or change in color on pericarp, did not completely kill chestnut curculio and nut fruit tortrix larvae in harvested fresh chestnuts regardless of long exposure of chestnuts to phosphine. Any damages not being appeared by fumigant, fumigation with methyl bromide at $40g/m^3$ for 4 hours at $21^{\circ}C$ would retain the low control against inclusion of any chestnut pests tested. Though fumigation with methyl bromide at $50g/m^3$ for 24hours was effective against any larvae of chestnut insects control, they caused serious damages by making the flesh surface of harvested fresh chests dark or dense brown. However, fumigation with methyl bromide at $50g/m^3$ for 4 hours at $21^{\circ}C$ resulted in complete kill of larvae of Curculio dentipes and Carpocapsa splendana in harvested fresh chestnuts with no significant damages on the treated fruits.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.341-345
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• 2019

Ethyl formate (EF) is a rapid kill, environmentally safe, and low mammalian toxicity fumigant, registered to disinfest quarantine insect pests from imported agricultural products. A new concept for controlling insect pests of agricultural crops was tested in a fumigation chamber with EF. Control efficacy of and phyto-toxicity due to EF fumigation were evaluated against four pests (Thrips palmi, Bemisia tabaci, Myzus persicae, and Tetranychus urticae) and on seedlings of four fruit vegetables (FVs; yellow melon, cucumber, tomato, and pepper). Ethyl formate fumigation at a dose of 1.5 g m^-3 for 12 h produced >93.3% mortality in T. palmi, B. tabaci, and M. persicae. However, T. urticae was tolerant to fumigation, showing only 20% mortality at 2.0 g m^-3. In terms of concentration × time (CT) products, at least 8.9 g·h m^-3 CT at 20 ± 1.5℃ was needed to achieve > 90% mortality against the three susceptible insect pests. Fumigation at 1.5 g m^-3 for 12 h caused no phyto-toxicity to any of the four FV seedlings. Ethyl formate application, as a new disinfestation method in greenhouses, could be an alternative to reduce the use of conventional insecticides. However, further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of this method at different pest developmental stages and in different greenhouse environments. Additionally, research is needed to elucidate the phyto-toxicity of EF application at different growing stages of a wide variety of crops.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.370-373
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• 1998

Fumigation by combination of methyl bromide/phosphide ($MB/PH_3$) was much more effective in disinfestating the rose insect pests (Aphis gossypii, Tetranychus urticae, and Frankliniella occidentalis) than that by individual MB or $PH_3$. Fumigation for 2 hours in the chamber using ;$MB/PH_3$ at the concentration of $10/3g{\cdot}m^{-3}$ brought about 91.3% and 100% mortality in aphids and thrips, respectively. Fumigation for 3 hrs using ;$MB/PH_3$ at the concentration of 5/3 or $7/3g{\cdot}m^{-3}$ showed over 96% mortalities in mites and thrips as well as no phytotoxicity symptoms, e.g. tip burn or bent neck, in cut roses, while mortalities of mites and thrips were not influenced by increasing $CO_2$ concerntration from 0.03% to 10% or decreasing $O_2$ concentration up to 15% in fumigation chamber.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.465-471
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• 2009

In this study, the substitution fumigation gases (15% Ethylene Oxide + 85% HFC 134a, 20% Ethylene Oxide + 80% $CO_2$, 99% Sulfuryl Fluoride + 1% Inert Gas) were applied on the metal, pigment, fabric and paper specimen. The result of the fumigation treatment with 15% Ethylene Oxide + 85% HFC 134a (200g/$m^3$, 48hours) is the color changes (${\Delta}E$) of 1st and 2nd Cu specimens showed significant difference as 3.40, 4.17. On the other hand, other specimens except for Cu showed less than 3.0 in chrominance values. The result with 20% Ethylene Oxide + 80% $CO_2$ (150g/$m^3$, 48hours) is that the color changes (${\Delta}E$) of 1st and 2nd specimens were overall less than 3.0 so that color differences were subtle and hardly recognized with naked eyes. So it is proved that the fumigation treatment with Ethylene Oxide 20% + $CO_2$ 80% is relatively stable on materials in this study. In the case of 99% Sulfuryl Fluoride + 1% Inert Gas (50g/$m^3$, 48hours), the color difference of Lead red ($PbO_4$) of pigment was more than 3.0 that was compared with contrast specimens. But chrominance values in the other specimens were less than 3.0 on average.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.302-306
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the contact toxicity, fumigant toxicity, and synergistic effect using agricultural materials (AM) when mixed with selected essential oils against oak longicorn beetle, Moechotypa diphysis. Four kinds of AM, namely, chungkiller, ungsalta, jinap, purunjunsa showed 100% contact toxicity at one day after treatment. Subsequently, four AM was tested the fumigant toxicity during 24 hours. At concentration of 1 mL, jinap and chungkiller showed 100% mortality at 3 hr after treatment, prunjunsa and ungsalta showed 100% mortality at 6 hr after treatment. When applicate to the small vinyl bag (15 L), all AM (50 mL/15 L) was showed 100% mortality. Jinap showed the mortality 100% when mixed pennyroyal oil with the ratio of 5+1. It was higher than single treatment.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.151-160
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• 2018

Anoplophora chinensis and A. glabripennis is classified as important quarantine Cerambycidae beetles worldwide. These beetles cause serious damage on natural host plants and export bonsai trees in Korea. We evaluated efficacy of phosphine fumigant for control of two Cerambycidae beetles in bonsai. In the preliminary test to achieve CT (Concentration x time) values of phosphine to Cerambyicdae beetles larvae, we used Monochamus alternatus of larvae as an alternative insect. A 24 h phosphine fumigation with $2g/m^3$ phophine achieved 100% eggs mortality against Anoplophora chinensis and A. glabripennis. Larva of A. chinensis was also completely controlled when treated for 168-h at same dose desiccator. 100% mortality on larval stage of two beetle species were achieved both in dormancy (January) and vegetative period (February) of bonsai when treated with $2g/m^3$ phosphine. However, phosphine fumigation against vegetative period of Acer palmatum, Carpinus turczaninowii and Malus sieboldii bonsai showed slight phytotoxicity (shorten leaf and flower size and delayed flowering).

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.231-243
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• 2001

The sterilization method of records by fumigation using mixed gas of methyl bromide(MB) and ethylene oxide(ETO) has been generally used as a way to protect biological deterioration by microorganisms and insects. In this study, we confirmed sterilization effect of MB and ETO [86 : 14(Vol.%)] on and analyzed toxicity on microorganisms isolated from records. To analyze sterilization effect of fumigation on microorganisms and insect, we have fumigated microorganisms and insect with a various amounts mixed gas of MB and ETO, and various exposure time. Insect was sterilized at all experimental conditions. In microorganisms, sterilization effect was detected only when the mixed gas was treated at $120g/m^3$ concentration for at least 24 hrs. To test the possibility of isolated microorganisms as a threat to human health, it was investigated that toxicity test using yeast, radish and cancer cells on microorganisms. Only Aspergillus oryzae had an inhibition effect on growth of yeast. radish and cancer cells, respectively. These results demonstrate that sterilization effect can occur at low concentrations of the mixed gas on insect but requires higher concentrations of the mixed gas on microorganisms. In addition to, it is suspected that the possibility of the microorganism as a threat to human health is little.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.431-436
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• 2004

Associated with microbial decontamination and quarantine treatment of dried red pepper, the samples was gamma-irradiated (5, 10 kGy) and fumigated (methyl bromide/MeBr, phosphine/$PH_3$) to compare their Hunter's color (L, a, b, ${\Delta}E$) and sensory properties by types (whole, powder, pericarp, seed) during storage under room conditions($18{\pm}12^{\circ}C$). Whole pepper maintained higher lightness (L value) than other groups, while powdered pepper showed higher redness (a value) during storage. Immediately after treatments there was little difference in the overall color difference (${\Delta}E$) among the groups. After 8 months, a higher redness was observed in $PH_3$ group of whole pepper and 5 kGy group of powdered pepper, respectively(p<0.05). Redness of irradiated pericarps was apparently reduced following 8 months of storage and a similar pattern was found in fumigated samples. The yellowness (b value) of pepper seed was lowest in 10 kGy sample (p<0.05), but insignificant difference was observed among treatment groups with storage time. Sensory properties of whole and powdered peppery were little changed by both treatments under commercial conditions. Sensory scores of irradiated or fumigated samples were higher than that of non-treated control with storage time, which was more significant in the powdered than in the whole samples.