• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.254-257
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• 1998

Esophageal foreign body are not uncommon problems in the otolaryngologic field. Esophageal foreign body may cause severe complications such as esophageal ulceration, esophageal perforation, periesophagitis, tracheo-esophageal fistula, mediastinitis, pneumothorax pyothorax according to the kinds, shape, size, duration of lodgement of foreign body. The majority of esophageal foreign U which lodge in the esophagus can be removed endoscopically, but the following type of foreign body may require removal by external route. 1. an impacted foreign body 2. a foreign body producing esophagitis after unsuccessful attempts at removal through the esopahgoscope 3. a periesophageal abscess with a foreign body lodging in the abscess itself. Recently, we experienced a case of esophageal foreign body (fish bone) which penetrate the cervical esophageal wall and formed retropharyngeal abscess in 54-year old female. The foreign body are successfully removed and abscess was drained by external route through the lat neck.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.64-66
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• 2012

Bronchogenic cysts are uncommon congenital anomalies and commonly located in the mediastinum or lung parenchyma. Bronchogenic cyst in cervical area is rare and in posterior pharyngeal area is exteremely rare. Clinically, it is usually asymptomatic and incidentally diagnosed. It is pathologically confirmed only when there are bronchial tissues such as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, smooth muscle cells, mucous gland and/or cartilage. Since it has potential for malignant transformation and complication, complete excision is essential. We report a case of bronchogenic cyst located in the retropharyngeal space with a review of literature.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 2012

A 56 year-old female presented with dysphagia 8 weeks ago and newly developed dysphonia 2 weeks ago. The radiology study and swallowing difficulty evaluation study revealed the esophagus and the posterior wall of the laryngopharynx to be severely compressed by the mass of the anterior $4^{th}$ and $5^{th}$ vertebral body of cervical spine. En bloc excisional biopsy of the bony mass was performed, which completely resolved the clinical symptoms. We report a rare case of osteochondroma occurring at the anterior portion of cervical spine leading to dysphasia and dysphonia with a review of relevant literature.

• International journal of thyroidology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2018

Metastases to regional cervical lymph nodes occur frequently in patients with thyroid cancer. The appropriate management of regional lymph node is important to achieve good disease control and to classify risk stratification for adjuvant radioactive iodine. However, there are some occasions that neck dissection is difficult and embarrassing in thyroid cancer. Especially, extensive or unusual nodal metastases bring challenges and makes neck dissection more difficult. Carotid artery management is one of the most difficult procedure in neck dissection. The management of patients who have persistent or recurrent cervical metastasis involving the carotid artery has been controversial and treatment dilemma to the surgeon. Metastasis of well differentiated thyroid cancer to the retropharyngeal lymph nodes is rare but occasionally encountered. The complete surgical excision is usually recommended for retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis of well differentiated thyroid cancer. An extensive mediastinal dissection in advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma is occasionally required. This paper will review recent reports of management of advanced nodal metastasis of thyroid cancer and share the author's personal experience.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-57
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• 2003

목적: 병원치료가 필요하지 않을 만큼의 경부통증/증상과 관절가동범위, 경흉추의 다각적 면에서 관계를 조사하기 위해서이다. 방법: 연령은 19세에서 42세(평균연령 28세로 실험에 참여하기를 원하는 건강한 성인 40명을 대상으로 하였다. 경흉추의 척추 자세, 경추 능동 관절 가동범위, 경부 분절 길이 등의 다각적인 면을 측정하였다. 모든 측정들은 동일시에 각 대상자에게 서로 다른 측정자에 의해 두 번 실시되었다. 경부 근 지구력은 수정된 Biering-Sorensen 검사법에 의해 측정되었다. 마지막으로 대상자들에게 경부 통증/증상의 재발에 대한 질문을 하였다. 결과: 14명의 대상자들은 경미한 재발성 경부 통증/증상을 보고하였다. 경부 근 지구력 시간(F(1,38)=6.75, p=0.01)과 좌측 회전 가동 범위(F(1,38)=4.56, p=0.04)가 경부 통증을 가진 대상자들에서 유의하게 감소하였다. 신전 가동범위가 재 측정에서 특정군 변화 즉, 정상군 증가, 경부 통증/증상군 감소(F(1,38)=4.67, p=0.04)가 보였다. 경부 통증/증상군은 정상군과 비교 시 후인 가동 범위의 증가하였다(F(1,38) =4.56, p=0.04). 통증 유무에 관계없이 모든 대상자들에서 우측 회전보다 좌측 회전에서 가동범위가 더 크게 나타났고(F(1,38) =4.34, p=0.04), 반복 측정에서 좌측 측방굴곡 (F(1,38) =5.10, p=0.03)과 우측 측방 굴곡(F(1,38) = 5.27, p=0.03)의 감소가 나타났다. 결론: 경미한 증상의 경부통증 대상자군과 정상적인 대상자군을 비교할 때 그룹 간 차이는 경부 근 지구력 시간의 감소, 좌측 회전 가동 범위 감소와 특히, 두 번 째 측정에서 신전범위 감소가 나타났으나 후인의 가동범위는 증가로 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과들은 경부 통증의 발생과 관련된 초기 가동범위 변화를 제안한다.

• 지역과문화
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.47-72
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• 2019

The purpose of this paper is to explore what roles can and should regional culture play in establishing a regional innovation system, which has been recently described as an essential factor for balanced regional development and specialized regional development. In doing so, we first investigated key concepts and discourses regarding regional innovation system and examined the success factors of a regional innovation system. We also explored how the Korean policy makers have developed the nation's regional innovation policy and regional cultural policy in order to understand the policy context and its limitations. After examining the theoretical background, we reviewed the representative cases of regional innovation in Japan, Yufuin and Yubari, to grasp the way in which 'culture' plays its roles in the formation of the regional innovation system. Since culture has a role as a unique sector, such as art and content industry, as well as a community's style of life, this study tried to explore the aspects and ways of how culture can contribute to the establishment of regional innovation systems considering these distinctive levels. In drawing the implications of the case study, we found that special attention is required for the 'process of formation' of regional innovation systems. We also confirmed that the success of the core activities at each stage heavily relies on the culture of the region; in order to fully understand the relations, it is necessary to re-establish the existing concept of culture and cultural policy with a more holistic perspective.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

연구배경 및 목적 표피성장인자수용체(EGFR)는 HER2/neu(erbB2), HER3(erbB3), HER4(erbB4)를 포함하는 receptor tyrosine ki-nase의 erbB 그룹에 속하는 수용체이다. 표피성장인자수용체의 과발현은 다양한 종류의 암, 특히 두경부편평세포암에서 예후를 악화시킨다고 알려져 있다. 이에 저자들은 하인두편평세포암에서 표피성장인자수용체의 발현 및 분포를 확인하고, 하인두암에서 표피성장인자(EGF)가 암세포의 증식과 침습에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 57명의 하인두편평세포암 환자의 조직에서 표피성장인자수용체의 발현을 면역화학적염색을 통해 확인하고, 이에 대해 임상병리학적 요인과 생존율에 대한 분석을 시행하고, 일부 환자의 정상 및 암조직에서 Western blot을 시행하였다. 하인두편평세포암 세포주인 FaDu에서 proliferative assay, colony dispersion, wound healing assay, invasion assay를 시행하여, 하인두암의 진행에서 표피성장인자의 역할에 대하여 분석하였다. 또한 RT-PCR과 Zymography를 통하여 Matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-2, 9의 발현을 확인하였다. 결 과 63.2%의 하인두편평세포암 조직에서 표피성장인자수용체의 발현이 확인되었다. 표피성장인자수용체의 발현은 정상조직에서 비하여 하인두암 조직에서 유의하게 증가되어 있었으며, 병리학적 병기(p=0.022)가 올라갈수록 유의하게 증가하였으나, 증례수의 제한으로 생존율에서는 통계적 유의성을 얻지는 못했다(p=0.053). in vitro의 결과로 표피성장인자를 FaDu 세포주에 처리하였을 때, FaDu 세포주의 증식이 유의하게 증가되었으며(p<0.05), Transwell invasion chamber상 침습의 증가가 확인되었다(p<0.05). RT-PCR과 zymogram 실험상 표피성장인자처리시 FaDu 세포주의 MMP-2, 9이 발현이 증가되고 활성화되는 것이 확인하였다. 결 론 본 연구에서 표피성장인자수용체의 과발현이 하인두암의 예후 인자로서의 가능성을 확인하였고, 표피성장인자가 하인두편평세포암의 증식과 침습에 관여하는 것을 확인하였다.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.99-106
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine whether hormone levels change knee laxity in healthy females. Twenty three healthy females were recruited for the study. Serum estradiol and progesterone levels were recorded three times during the subjects' menstrual cycles. The first measurements were taken between day 3 and 7 of the follicular phase and the second data collection coincided with ovulation, 24 to 48 hours after the estrogen surge detected by an ovulation predictor kits. Based on a 28 day cycle, the third data collection occurred approximately 7 days later during the luteal phase. Knee joint laxity was recorded at the same intervals with a KT 2000 arthometer. Hormone levels and phases were compared to passive knee joint laxity with multiple regression analysis. Estradiol and progesterone levels differed significantly across the three tests. Knee joint laxity increased during ovulation. Based on a multiple regression analysis, estradiol and progesterone levels predicts 77.9% to 80.9% of the laxity at 20lb and 30lb loads. An antagonistic relationship between estradiol and progesterone was found when testing for knee laxity. Serum hormone levels have moderate power in predicting knee joint laxity. Individual hormonal profiling in female athletes would allow researchers to access the structural properties of the ACL, such as the laxity which may provide beneficial information to understand female ACL injury mechanism in sports activity.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.314-319
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• 2010

Odontogenic infections are a normally locally confined, self-limiting process that is easily treated by antibiotic therapy and local surgical treatment. However, it may spread into the surrounding tissues through a perforation of the bone, and into contiguous fascial spaces or planes like the primary or secondary fascial spaces. If the infection extends widely, it may spread into the lateral pharyngeal and retropharyngeal space. The retropharyngeal space is located posterior to the pharynx. If an odontogenic infection spreads into this space, severe life-threatening complications will occur, such as airway obstruction, mediastinitis, pericarditis, pleurisy, pulmonary abscess, aspiration pneumonia and hematogenous dissemination to the distant organs. The mortality rate of mediastinitis ranges from 35% to 50%. Therefore, a rapid evaluation and treatment are essential for treating retropharyngeal space abscesses and preventing severe complications. Recently, we encountered two cases of a retropharyngeal space abscess due to the spread of an odontogenic infection. In all patients, early diagnosis was performed by computed tomography scanning and a physical examination. All patients were treated successfully by extensive surgical and antibiotic therapy.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.5 no.4 s.20
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• pp.288-294
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• 2005

Purpose: Superficially spreading (SS) early gastric cancer (EGC) is characterized by wide horizontal extension without deep vertical invasion. It is a relatively rare form of EGC, and it's clinicopathological (C-P) characteristics are not evident. This study aimed to clarify their C-P characteristics. Materials and Methods: We defined SS EGC as invading less than the submucosal layer that measured more than 60 mm in diameter or wider than $5{\times}5cm \;(25cm^2)$ in width. The C-P characteristics and prognosis were compared between 69 patients with SS EGC and 319 patients with the common type EGC (EGC except SS type). Results: For SS EGC lymph node metastases, Lauren's diffuse type, lymphatic invasion were significantly higher than in common type EGC. In patients with SS EGC, all of the metastatic lymph nodes were anatomically distributed within the paragastric region, with fewer along the left gastric artery and common hepatic artery. In 6 cases of SS EGC with resection marqins less than 10 mm, there was no death during the follow-up period (4 to 13 years after operation) if margins were not involved. Age (>58 yrs), tumor site (upper 1/3), lymph node metastasis, submucosal invasion were statistically significant poor prognostic factor in univariate survival analysis. In multivariate survival analysis, age and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors. However, tumor diameter or width was not a significant prognostic factor. Conclusion: Although SS EGC has histologically distinct properties, gastrectomy with free surgical margins and appropriate lymph node dissection $(D1+{\beta})$ could be a suitable treatment.