• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.327-339
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• 2003

During the winter in February 1998, January and April 1999, interdisciplinary research was conducted in a large area including the South Sea of Korea and northern East China Sea to examine distribution and structure. Water masses identified from the observed data are Warm Water originated from Tsushima Warm Current, Yellow Sea Cold Water (Northern or Central Cold Water) and Korean Southern Sea Cold Water. In the southern Yellow Sea, Warm Water originated from Tsushima Warm Current, flowing into the Cheju Strait after turning around the western Cheju Island, makes a front of '┍' shape, which is bounded by the Yellow Sea Central Cold Water in the southern part of Daeheuksan Island and by the Yellow Sea Northern Cold Water in the eastern part of the Yangtze Bank. This front changes its corner shape and position with strength of the warm water extension toward northwestern Yellow Sea. The position and structure of the fronts off the southwestern tip of the Korean peninsular and near the Yangtze Bank varies with observation period. In the front in the South Sea of Korea, cold coastal water which if formed independently due to local cooling, ,sinks along the sloping bottom. We explained the processes of variations in the distribution and structure of these winter fronts in terms of up-wind and down-wind flow by the seasonal monsoon, heat budget through the sea surface and density difference across the fronts.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.358-359
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• 2001

우리나라 남해 서부 해역에 위치한 진도군 해역은 동부는 남해, 남부는 제주해협과 인접한 다도해로서 그 수심은 50m내의로 말은 천해역을 이루고 있다. 이 해역은 황해저층냉수, 황해난류수, 한국 남ㆍ서 연안수, 양자강 희석수 등 계절에 따라 이들 수계의 영향을 받고 있어 이들 수계간에 형성되는 조경역의 변동이 어장 형성에 영향을 미치는 한편, 부어류의 호어장을 형성한다(Gong and Cho, 1972). 또한 년도별 계절별 해황의 변동과 황해저층냉수의 소장에 따라 갈치, 삼치, 병어 등 주요 수산자원의 풍흉에 영향을 미치는 해양 환경적 특성을 지니고 있다. (중략)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1978

To study the fluctuation of cold water in the East China Sea in summer heat budget of the Yellow Sea in winter was analysed based on the oceanographic and meteorological data compiled from 1951 to 1974. The maintain value of insolation was observed in December($160{\sim}190ly/day$), while the maximum in February ($250{\sim}260ly/day$). The range of the annual variation was found to be less than 50 ly/day. The value of the radiation term ($Q_s-Q_r-Q_h$) was remarkably small (mean 20 ly/day) in winter. It was negative value in December and January, and a positive value in February. The minimum total heat exchange from the sea ($Q_({h+c}$) was found value (471 ly/day) in February 1962, and the maximum (882 ly/day) in January 1963. The annual total heat exchange was minimum (588 ly/day) in 1962, and maximum (716 ly/day) in 1968. If the average deviation of mean water temperature at 50m depth layer were assumed to be the horizontal index ($C_h$) of colder water, $C_h$ is $C_h=\frac{{\Sigma}\limit_i\;A_i\;T_i}{{\Sigma}\limit_i\;A_i}$ where $A_i$ denotes the area of isothermal region and $T_i$ the value of deviation from mean sea water temperature. The vertical index ($C_v$) of cold water can be expressed similarly. Consequently the total index (C) of cold water equals to the sum of the two components, i.e. $C=C_h$＋$C_v$. Taking the deviation of mean sea surface temperature(T'w) in the third ten-day of Novembers in the Yellow Sea as the value of the initial condition, the following expressions are deduced : $C－T'w＝32.06 - 0.049$ $\;Q_T$ $C_h-T'w/2=12.20-0.019\;Q_T$ $C_v-T'w/2＝18.07-0.027\;Q_T$ where $Q_T$ denotes the total heat exchange of the sea. The correlation coefficients of these regression equations were found to be greater than 0.9. Heat budget was 588 ly/day in winter, and minimum water temperature of cold water was $18^{\circ}C$ in summer of 1962. The isotherm of $23^{\circ}C$ extended narrowly to southward up to $29^{\circ}N$ in summer. However, heat budget was 716 ly/day, and minimum water temperature of cold water was $12^{\circ}C$ in summer of 1968. The isotherm of $23^{\circ}C$ extended widely to southward up to $28^{\circ}30'N$ in summer. As a result of the present study, it may be concluded that the fluctuation of cold water of the East China Sea in summer can be predicted by the calculation of heat budget of the Yellow Sea in winter.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 1984

The abnormal low water temperature phenomenon of the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water in summer, 1981 is studied on the basis of the oceanographical data collected by the National Fisheries University of Pusan in July, 1981 and Fisheries Research and Development Agency of Korea from 1960 to 1981 and meteorological data within the same 22 years. In winter, 1980 the northwesterly monsoon was vary predominant and the air temperature was lower than that of mean year by 1∼8$^{\circ}C$ and also the surface temperature was lower 1∼3$^{\circ}C$. And then the temperature of the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water in summer, 1981 became lower 2∼3$^{\circ}C$ than that of mean year and the influence of this cold water was extended to about 50 miles off the coast of Cheju Island. Comparing with mean year, the water temperature at 30m depth in February, 1981 was lower by 1∼2$^{\circ}C$ in entire regions except near sea of Sohuksando and at 50m depth in August, 1981, it was lower by about 3.5$^{\circ}C$. Particularly, the offshore of Hongdo shower value of 5$^{\circ}C$ than that of mean year. It was found that the abnormal low water temperature phenomenon of Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water in summer, 1981 resulted from the sea surface cooling by the predominant northwestly monsoon and abnormally low air temperature in winter, 1980.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.127-128
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• 2000

한국 남해는 대부분 100m 이천의 대륙붕으로 되어 있고, 쓰시마 난류수, 황해 난류수, 한국 남해안 연안수 및 황해 저층 냉수 등이 분포한다. 이러한 수괴들 사이에는 뚜렷한 전선이 형성되고 있다(조와 박, 1990). 해양에서 성층은 여름철에 태양복사로 인한 부력의 공급과 담수의 유입으로 형성된다.(중략)

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 1993

A simple three-dimensional cubic model is applied to the formation of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in Summer. We studied how the tidal mixing and the Kuroshio Water Mass affect the formation of the Yellow Sea cold Water. The tidal mixing effect is parameterized into the vertical diffusion coefficient because of the technical difficulties in the numerical model In this study, the thermal front along the coast could be formed only by the tidal mixing effect. However, the southern front of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass has to consider the warm Kuroshio water. the resultant shows the opposite temperature distribution in upper layer and lower layer. the center of the model is warmer in the upper layer and colder in the lower layer than the coast. The resultant circulation pattern is also reverse, clockwise circulation in the upper layer and counter-clockwise circulation in the lower layer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.129-130
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• 2000

황해의 남동부에 위치한 한국 남서 연안해역은 남해와 인접한 해역으로 황해저층냉수, 황해난류수, 연안수, 양자강 희석수가 영향을 미치고 있으며, 이들 수계간에 형성되는 수온전선역은 좋은 어장을 형성한다. 또한 이 해역은 주요 수산자원의 어장 및 회유환경 그리고 해조류양식 등과 관련하여 해양학적ㆍ수산학적으로 매우 중요한 해역이다. 조석전선이 해양의 1차 생산자인 식물플랑크톤의 분포 및 성장에 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 밝혀지고 있다(Bowman and Esaias, 1977). (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.246-247
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• 2001

대마난류수, 황해난류수, 황해냉수, 중국대륙연안수, 한국남해안연안수, 혼합수등(노ㆍ平野, 1983; 노ㆍ김, 1983, 노, 1985; 조, 1988, 김ㆍ노, 1994)의 이질수괴가 출현하고 있는 제주도 주변해역은 산업적으로 중요한 어종(조기, 갈치, 고등어, 전갱이, 오징어 등)의 산란ㆍ생육ㆍ섭이장이 되는 어업적으로 상당히 중요한 해역 이며, 또한 이들 수괴들의 경계 역에서의 SST 전선과 고등어 선망어장과의 관계는 연관성이 높은 것으로 나타났다(양 등, 1999). (중략)

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2011

The Yellow Sea Cold Water (YSCW) is formed by cold and dry wind in the previous winter, and is known to spread southward along the central trough of the Yellow Sea in summer. Water characteristics of the YSCW and its movement in the northern East China Sea (ECS) are investigated by analyzing CTD (conductivity-Temperature-Depth) data collected from summertime hydrographic surveys between 2003 and 2009. By water mass analysis, we newly define the North Western Cold Water (NWCW) as a cold water mass observed in the study area. It is characterized by temperature below $13.2^{\circ}C$, salinity of 32.6~33.7 psu, and density (${\sigma}_t$) of 24.7~25.5. The NWCW appears to flow southward at about a speed less than 2 cm/s according to the geostrophic calculation. The newly defined NWCW shows an interannual variation in the range of temperature and occupied area, which is in close relation with the sea surface temperature (SST) over the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in the previous winter season. The winter SST is determined by winter air temperature, which shows a high correlation with the winter-mean Arctic Oscillation (AO) index. The negative winter-mean AO causes the low winter SST over the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, resulting in the summertime expansion and lower temperature of the NWCW in the study area. This study shows a dynamic relation among the winter-mean AO index, SST, and NWCW, which helps to predict the movement of NWCW in the northern ECS in summer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.35-36
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• 2002

제주도 근해는 대마난류, 황해 난류, 황해 냉수, 한국 남ㆍ서해연안수, 중국대륙 연안수 등이 출현하여 이질 수괴들이 시기와 계절별로 복잡한 해황을 형성하여 오징어, 갈치, 고등어, 전갱이, 방어, 삼치 등을 어획하는 좋은 어장을 이루고 있다. 우리나라 연안 해역에서는 오징어를 걸이, 대낚시, 전기식설낚시, 연결식낚시, 로울러낚시, 자동조획기 등으로 어획하고 있으나, 이들은 원줄에 오징어 낚시가 수직식으로 연결되어 있다. (중략)