• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.649-654
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• 2007

Purpose : The objective of this study was to clarify the presentation, associated preceding illness, pathologic organisms, treatment and outcome of deep neck abscess in children according to age and location. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the in-patient charts of children treated at our hospital for deep neck abscess. Thirty-five such patients were identified as having been treated from March 1990 to December 2005. Results : A total of 35 were enrolled in our study: 25 boys and 10 girls. Their ages ranged from 11 months to 15 years. Presenting symptoms included mass, fever, irritability, trismus and dysphagia. The most commonly known associated preceding illness was viral upper respiratory infection (53%). The most common site of infection was the submandibular space (37%). Bacteria was identified in 16 patients. The most common pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus. Thirteen (37%) children recovered from the infection with conservative treatment and twenty-four (68%) children received surgical drainage. The duration of hospitalization was longer in the group who underwent surgery than in the group who were managed with conservative treatment. No complication occurred. Conclusion : Unexplained torticollis, trismus or irritability in children were suggestive of deep neck abscess. Our results demonstrate that deep neck abscesses in children is respond well to conservative treatment if diagnosed early.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2009

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a leading cause of nosocomial infections, has been increasingly recognized in communities of the United States. This article will review the clinical spectrum and treatment of MRSA infections in children in the context of recent epidemiological changes of MRSA infections. In general, community-associated (CA) MRSA most frequently causes skin and soft tissue infections and has an increased association with invasive infections, particularly pneumonia and musculoskeletal infections. Hospital-associated (HA) MRSA strains tend to be associated with bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and surgical site infections. Different from the United States, CA-MRSA infections are not common in Korea (only 5.9%); however, there are some CA-MRSA clones that are different from HA-MRSA clones in Korea and from CA-MRSA clones in other countries. The treatment of MRSA infections should be guided by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the site of infection, and the infection severity. Vancomycin is the treatment of choice for invasive MRSA infections. Other agents such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, linezolid, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and daptomycin have been used for some conditions.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2017

Purpose: Acute bacterial gastroenteritis (ABG) can cause more severe symptoms than acute viral gastroenteritis in children. This study was aimed at determining the etiologic trends and to examine the clinical characteristics of ABG in children. Methods: We sent stool samples from the children with acute gastroenteritis who were treated at a secondary hospital located in Seoul, Korea between January 2011 and December 2014 to Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment to find the causative organisms. Clinical characteristics of patient were analyzed through a medical records review. Results: Out of 664 stool samples, 183 (27.6%) yielded bacterial pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacterial pathogen, found in 72 cases (39.3%), even though it was only tested for since 2012. The monthly isolation rate was the highest (24.6%) in August. The isolation rate of Campylobacter spp. by patient's age group was high (16.7%) in the 12- to 18-year-age group (P=0.04). In patients with bloody stool, Campylobacter spp. was the most commonly isolated (31.0%, P=0.04). When comparing C-reactive protein, the Salmonella spp.- or Campylobacter spp.-isolated group showed higher values than the S. aureus- or pathogenic Escherichia coli-isolated group ($5.7{\pm}0.6mg/dL$ vs. $2.1{\pm}0.3mg/dL$, P<0.01). Conclusions: S. aureus, Salmonella spp., pathogenic E. coli, and Campylobacter spp. were important pathogens of ABG among children. Considering the differences in pathogens found according to age, a clinical symptom and inflammation index might be helpful in assuming the causative organism.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2019

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in Korean children. Methods: We retrospectively collected and analyzed data from the medical records of the patients with S. aureus bacteremia ${\leq}18years$ of age in Gil Medical Center from 2002 to 2016. Results: A total of 212 SAB cases were detected. The annual incidence of SAB from 2002 to 2016 ranged from 0.77 to 1.95 per 1,000 patients hospitalized. The neonate group (<28 days of age) and the pediatric group (28-18 years of age) were 51.4% (n=109) and 48.6% (n=103), respectively. According to the origin of infection, there were 93 cases (43.9%) of community-associated (CA)-SAB and 119 cases (56.1%) of healthcare-associated (HA)-SAB. The rates of HA-SAB among the neonate group and among the pediatric group were 64.2% and 47.6%, respectively (P=0.015). There was no difference in complications between CA-SAB and HA-SAB, but mortality was higher in HA-SAB. The proportion of methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA) was the highest in neonates (88.1%), decreased with age, and was 36.4%-37.5% among children aged ${\geq}5years$. The MRSA proportion was 72.2%, showing no consistent trend over the period. Conclusions: The annual incidence of SAB and the proportion of MRSA in SAB remained constant in the recent 15 years in children. Judicious decision of antimicrobial agents for treatment considering the patient's age and the origin of infection is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2018

Information on the prevalence of S. aureus and the current antimicrobial resistance profile is necessary in selecting the appropriate treatment of S. aureus infections in any part of the world. This study examined the frequency and antibiotic resistance list of S. aureus isolates obtained from clinical specimens at one hospital in Korea. A total of 1,746 gram positive cocci collected were identified as S. aureus. S. aureus isolates were obtained from different samples including sputum (N=565; 32.4%), endotracheal aspirate (358; 20.5%), wounds (329; 18.8%), blood (137; 7.8%), urine (67; 3.8%), and pus (59; 3.4%). All 1,545 S. aureus (100%) strains screened from sputum (565; 36.6%), endotracheal aspirate (388; 25.1%), wounds (329; 21.3%), blood (137; 8.9%), urine (67; 4.3%), and pus (59; 3.8%) were sensitive to glycopeptide (vancomycin, teicoplanin), oxazolidinone (linezolid) and stretogramin (quinupristin/dalfopristin). The prevalence of resistant S. aureus was significantly (P<0.01) lower in urine, blood, pus, wounds, and sputum than in endotracheal aspirates. As a result, there was a significant difference in the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus according to the clinical specimens.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.157-169
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• 2012

This survey was undertaken to identify knowledge and performance level of MRSA infection control among medium and small hospital nurses. The subjects of the study were 261 medium and small hospital nurses. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS WIN 18.0. The total mean values of the knowledge and performance on the MRSA infection control were $9.51{\pm}1.67$ and $2.26{\pm}.47$ respectively. the Knowledge about the general characteristics according to work department, MRSA infection control department presence, MRSA infection control guidelines presence, MRSA infection control education experience, MRSA infection control education method according to the statistically significant differences were observed. The performance about general characteristics according to age, work experience, work department, MRSA infection control department presence, MRSA infection control guidelines presence, MRSA infection control education experience and MRSA infection control education methods according to the statistically significant differences were observed. It is having sufficient various facilities, to enhance nurses knowledge about management of MRSA infection. If the continuous education of professional infection control is offered, it contributes to protect MRSA infection in the medium and small hospitals.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2010

Purpose: We tested the inhibitory effect of six purchasable alcohol hand rubs against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Five alcohol hand rubs were collected with random manner on the market and 1 alcohol hand rubs which is currently used in a hospital was included. we designed the experimental scheme on the basis of M7-A6 method of NCCLS. Each hand rubs were diluted to 1:1, 1:10, 1:100, 1:1,000 with tryptic soy broth. S. aureus was cultured. Turbidity and the colony counting was measured. Results: With dilution rate of 1:1, all products showed more than 95% of the inhibitory effect on bacterial growth. At 1:10 dilution, product $N^{\circ}1$, 2, 3, 4, and 5 displayed the inhibitory effect of 97.77%, 92.38%, 78.19%, 97.42%, and 96.6%, respectively. But, the inhibitory effect of product $N^{\circ}6$ has been disappeared at that dilution. Over 1:100 dilution, all products lost their inhibitory effect except product $N^{\circ}5$. Product $N^{\circ}5$ displayed more than 96% of inhibitory effect at all dilution rate, even at 1:100 and 1:1,000. Conclusion: We identified that inhibitory effect on bacterial growth of alcohol hand rubs was variable. We suggest that concentration of alcohol should be checked before choosing alcohol hand rubs. Further evaluation of in vivo study is needed.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the contamination level of uniforms with nasal colonization of Staphylococcus aureus before and after the clinical practice of nursing students. Methods: This study was a survey research, conducting microbial culture by smearing the front surface and the pockets of uniforms, and the nasal cavity both before and after clinical practice on 70 nursing students. For the analysis, descriptive statistics, chi-square test, paired t-test were used for statistical analysis using SPSS 19.0. Results: The contamination level of uniforms increased more significantly after clinical practice on the front surface (p=.008) and pockets (p=.031) than before clinical practice, and Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacter aerogenes were detected. Conclusion: Through the results above, it is believed that it is reasonable to do the laundering of clinical uniforms of nursing students once a week. Because it is possible to disseminate disease germs with the contamination of clinical practice uniforms in a hospital environment, it is necessary to offer education for the laundering of uniforms with appropriate management.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2008

Purpose: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a major clinical problem and one of the major nosocomial pathogen worldwide. The aim of the study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of genotypes of MRSA isolated in the A-hospital ICU. Methods: In the period between December 2007 and May 2008, MRSA was isolated from ICU patients and its surrounding environment. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was conducted for the detection of MRSA gene. The incidence of MRSA in the clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was examined by using a multiplex PCR. The spa gene of Staphylococcus aureus encodes protein A and is used for typing of MRSA. We used sequence typing of the spa gene repeat region to study the epidemiology of MRSA at a hospital. Results: Two different genotypes of MRSA were identified with 90 isolated from the patients and its surrounding environments in the ICU. Conclusion: This study may contribute to the development of effective strategies for preventing nosocomial infections. Genotyping may have more general application for the study of MRSA epidemic outbreak in hospital and community infection.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.283-291
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify awareness and competency for Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms (MDRO) infection control in nursing students with experience of clinical practice. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from March 2019 to May 2019 by including 231 nursing students in four nursing schools located in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheongnam-do. The data were collected using self-report questionnaires. Results: The awareness and the competency for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infection control were lower than that of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The agreement between the awareness and the competency of MDRO infection control in participants was low with regard to isolation, contact precautions, and disinfection for MRSA. Also, it was low with respect to disinfection, isolation, contact precautions, and carrier identification for CRE. The awareness and the competency of MDRO infection control exhibited significant positive correlation. Conclusion: The infection control competency is required to prevent MDRO infection. In order to enhance the infection control competency, it is important to raise awareness about MDRO infection control by providing education based on the guidelines and the principles of infection control.