• Title/Summary/Keyword: 화산분화

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Source Mechanism of an Explosive Eruption at White Island Volcano, New Zealand, Determined from Waveform Inversions (모멘트 텐서를 이용한 White Island 화산분화 지진원 메커니즘 분석)

  • Han, Arim;Kim, Keehoon;Kim, Ki Young
    • Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.58-65
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    • 2014
  • We studied the source mechanisms of very-long-period event recorded at seismic station WIZ near White Island Volcano, New Zealand on August 4, 2012. Since seismic data at only one station were available, we conducted moment tensor inversion using three simplified models (explosion, crack, and pipe models). To constrain the moment tensor solution of seismic event, we computed synthetic data for each model to compare with observed data. Type and orientation for the best model is a crack at a depth of 1600 m with a dip of $80^{\circ}NE$ and a strike of $N80^{\circ}W$. We interpret that a deep explosion may have opened a crack for gases to escape, and the upward gas flow triggered the surface explosions four hours later as confirmed by a webcam. The interpretation based on moment tensor inversion is consistent with previous studies of geochemical data of the volcanic island.

Analysis of PM2.5 Impact and Human Exposure from Worst-Case of Mt. Baekdu Volcanic Eruption (백두산 분화 Worst-case로 인한 우리나라 초미세먼지(PM2.5) 영향분석 및 노출평가)

  • Park, Jae Eun;Kim, Hyerim;Sunwoo, Young
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.36 no.5_4
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    • pp.1267-1276
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    • 2020
  • To quantitatively predict the impacts of large-scale volcanic eruptions of Mt. Baekdu on air quality and damage around the Korean Peninsula, a three-dimensional chemistry-transport modeling system (Weather Research & Forecasting - Sparse Matrix Operation Kernel Emission - Comunity Multi-scale Air Quality) was adopted. A worst-case meteorology scenario was selected to estimate the direct impact on Korea. This study applied the typical worst-case scenarios that are likely to cause significant damage to Korea among worst-case volcanic eruptions of Mt. Baekdu in the past decade (2005~2014) and assumed a massive VEI 4 volcanic eruption on May 16, 2012, to analyze the concentration of PM2.5 caused by the volcanic eruption. The effects of air quality in each region-cities, counties, boroughs-were estimated, and vulnerable areas were derived by conducting an exposure assessment reflecting vulnerable groups. Moreover, the effects of cities, counties, and boroughs were analyzed with a high-resolution scale (9 km × 9 km) to derive vulnerable areas within the regions. As a result of analyzing the typical worst-case volcanic eruptions of Mt. Baekdu, a discrepancy was shown in areas between high PM2.5 concentration, high population density, and where vulnerable groups are concentrated. From the result, PM2.5 peak concentration was about 24,547 ㎍/㎥, which is estimated to be a more serious situation than the eruption of Mt. St. Helensin 1980, which is known for 540 million tons of volcanic ash. Paju, Gimpo, Goyang, Ganghwa, Sancheong, Hadong showed to have a high PM2.5 concentration. Paju appeared to be the most vulnerable area from the exposure assessment. While areas estimated with a high concentration of air pollutants are important, it is also necessary to develop plans and measures considering densely populated areas or areas with high concentrations of susceptible population or vulnerable groups. Also, establishing measures for each vulnerable area by selecting high concentration areas within cities, counties, and boroughs rather than establishing uniform measures for all regions is needed. This study will provide the foundation for developing the standards for disaster declaration and preemptive response systems for volcanic eruptions.

Assessment of Water Quality in Paldang-dam Surface Area through the Estimation of Volcanic Ash Toxic Components from Mt. Baekdu (백두산 화산재 유해성분 추정을 통한 팔당댐 유역 수질영향 평가)

  • Jee, Yong Keum;Lee, Gyeng Bin;Choi, Jung Ryel;Kim, Ji Tae
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.47 no.3
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    • pp.237-245
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    • 2014
  • Volcanic ash components of Mt. Baekdu were estimated to response the change of water quality environment affected by Mt. Baekdu volcanic ash ejected during eruption. Then the change of water concentrations according to the sedimentation of volcanic ash components were analysed. To estimate volcanic ash components of Mt. Baekdu, similar volcanos were selected through the comparison of main foreign volcano's magma type and the selected volcanic ash components supposed as Baekdu Mountain's. To analyse the change of water concentrations, the change of harmful components affected by volcanic ash sedimentation were analysed and the results were compared with domestic drinking water quality standard. As the result, Al, Cd, F, Fe, Pb, Mg, Cl and Sr could affect to water quality. Among those components, concentrations of Cd, F, Fe, Pb and Mg were estimated to exceed the drinking water quality standard.

The Analysis of Volcanic-ash-deposition Damage using Spatial-information-based Volcanic Ash Damage Sector and Volcanic Ash Diffusion Simulation of Mt. Aso Volcano Eruption Scenario (공간정보 기반의 국내 화산재 피해 분야와 아소산 화산재 모의 확산 시나리오를 활용한 화산재 누적 피해 분석)

  • Baek, Won-Kyung;Kim, Miri;Han, Hyeon-gyeong;Jung, Hyung-Sup;Hwang, Eui-Hong;Lee, Haseong;Sun, Jongsun;Chang, Eun-Chul;Lee, Moungjin
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.35 no.6_3
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    • pp.1221-1233
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    • 2019
  • Estimating damage in each sector that can be caused by volcanic ash deposition, is very important to prepare the volcanic ash disaster. In this study, we showed predicted-Korean-volcanic-ash damage of each sector by using volcanic ash diffusion simulation and spatial-data-based volcanic ash damage sector in previous study. To this end, volcanic ash related base maps were generated by collecting and processing spatial information data. Finally, we showed Korean-volcanic-ash-deposition damages by sector using the collected Mt. Aso volcanic ash scenarios via overlapping analysis. As a result, volcanic-ash-related damages were expected to occur in the 162 and 134 districts for each Aso volcanic ash scenarios, since those districts exceeds the minimum volcanic ash damage criterion of 0.01 mm. Finally, we compared possible volcanic ash damages by sectors using collected and processed spatial data, after selecting administrative districts(Scenario 190805- Kangwon-do, Kyungsangbuk-do; Scenario 190811-Chuncheon-si, Hongcheon-si) with the largest amount of volcanic ash deposition.

A Study on the Improvement of Legal System for the Prevention of Damage due to Ash (화산재해로 인한 항공교통분야 피해예방을 위한 법규체계 개선방안에 대한 연구)

  • Lee, Young-Sub;Lee, Young-Kune;Park, Miri
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.277-283
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    • 2017
  • In recent years, earthquakes and volcanic activity have been occurring actively in Japan, China, and Southeast Asia in the central Pacific Rim, and the cycle interval is shortening. In addition, there is Baekdu mountain, which is a large active volcano in Korea. On the other hand, the legal system and guidelines related to volcanic ash are very limited to counteract volcanic disasters. The volcano manual does not present specific countermeasures against volcanic disasters. The preparation of systematic disaster prevention measures against an eruption of Mt. Baekdu and the volcanic activity in Japan and China, which are occurring continuously, is necessary. Therefore, this study suggests an improvement to the relevant laws and regulations against volcanic disasters to analyze the aviation safety manual and relevant legal system. The problems with the current legal system are improved by modifying the legal system related to the air traffic sector when volcanic disaster occurs, and it is expected that more efficient manuals and guidelines will form the basis for the smooth operation of the manual at a disaster site.

A Study on the Volcanic Ash Damage Sector Selection based on the Analysis of Overseas Cases and Domestic Spatial Information (해외 사례 분석과 국내 공간정보 분석을 통한 화산재 피해 분야 선정)

  • Han, Hyeon-gyeong;Baek, Won-kyung;Jung, Hyung-sup;Kim, Miri;Lee, Moungjin
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.35 no.5_1
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    • pp.751-761
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    • 2019
  • Mt. Baekdu, Mt. Aso, Mt. Sakurajima, Mt. Kikai and etc are distributed around the Korean Peninsula. Recently signs of eruption of Mt. Baekdu are increasing, raising concerns over possible damage to volcanic ash from seasonal winds during the winter eruption. Therefore, detailed procedures for investigation and countermeasures for volcanic ash spread and damage are required. But the standards for the warning and alarm signal of volcanic ash presented by Korea Ministry of Government Legislation are vague, with "when damage is expected" and "when serious damage is expected". In this study, to analyze the damage threshold and to apply the cases of overseas damage to the country, a survey was conducted on the establishment of domestic spatial information by public institutions with public confidence. As a result of the investigation of damage from volcanic ash overseas, the details of the damage cases were different depending on the type of life or income sources of each country. Therefore, instead of applying the volcanic ash damage cases abroad in Korea, spatial information analysis was performed to reflect domestic social and natural characteristics. In addition, we selected the areas to be considered in the event of volcanic ash damage in Korea. Finally, domestic volcanic ash damages should be classified as health, residential, road, railroad, aviation, power, water, agriculture, livestock, forest, and soil. When establishing the volcanic ash alarm optimized for Korea in the future, overseas volcanic ash damage cases and domestic spatial information construction in this study will be helpful in policy establishment.

Study on the Distributional Characteristics and Classification of Quaternary Monogenetic Volcanoes in Jeju Island, Korea (제주도에 분포하는 제4기 단성화산체의 형태적 분류 및 분포 특성 연구)

  • Lee, Jeong-Hyun;Yun, Sung-Hyo
    • The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.385-396
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    • 2012
  • Jeju island is the biggest volcanic island in Korea and there are over 455 Quaternary monogenetic volcanoes, of which approximately 373 volcanoes(82.0%) are cinder cones. Other volcanic forms in the island include sharp-pointed lava cone without crater(9 volcanoes; 2.0%), shield volcanoes(27 volcanoes; 5.9%), tuff rings(17 volcanoes; 3.7%), tuff cones(3 volcanoes; 0.7%), a maar(1 volcano; 0.2%) and lava domes(25 volcanoes; 5.5%). The monogenetic volcanoes include 15 small nested cinder cones(aloreum). The monogenetic volcanoes are more abundant in the eastern part of the island than in the western part. If the main cause of the weathering such as precipitation affected the shape of the monogenetic volcanoes, more monogenetic volcanoes(BC, CC, DC, etc.) are supposed to be present in the southern part that have more precipitation than in the northern part. But the distribution of the monogenetic volcanoes shows no difference between the southern and the northern parts. So we suggest that the difference of the climatic conditions did not affect the distribution or the shape of cinder cones. Tuff rings, tuff cones and a maar are distributed beneath the island or in the low-altitude areas along the shore although cinder cones are distributed in the interior of the island. This means that the volcanic activity which formed the monogenetic volcanoes resulted from either phreatomagmatic eruption or magmatic (hawaiian or strombolian) eruptions depending on the reaction with water (underground water or shallow waters). The distribution of the monogenetic volcanoes according to the altitude shows that 253(55.6%) volcanoes occur in low-lying coastal areas at an altitude below 300 m, 110(24.2%) in a middle mountainous area at an altitude between 300~600 m and 92(20.2%) in a high mountainous area at an altitude above 600 m. So more than half of monogenetic volcanoes are distributed in low-lying coastal areas.

Monitoring Techniques for Active Volcanoes (활화산의 감시 기법에 대한 연구)

  • Yun, Sung-Hyo;Lee, Jeong-Hyun;Chang, Cheol-Woo
    • The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.119-138
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    • 2014
  • There are various ways to monitor active volcanoes, such as the method of observing the activity of a volcano with the naked eye, the method of referring to the past eruptive history based on the historic records and the method of monitoring volcanoes by using observation equipment. The most basic method from the observation equipment-using methods to monitor volcanoes is seismic monitoring. In addition to this, the ways to monitor volcanoes are as follows: resonance observation which may be effective to remove artificial noises from the seismic activities that are recorded in the seismograph, ground deformation by using precision leveling, electronic distance measurement, tiltmeter, GPS, and InSAR observation method, volcanic gas monitoring, hydrologic and meteorological monitoring, and other geophysical monitoring methods. These monitoring methods can make volcanic activities effectively monitored, determine the behavior of magmas in magma chambers and help predict the future volcanic eruptions more accurately and early warning, thus, minimize and mitigate the damage of volcanic hazards.

The Basalts and Volcanic Process in the Seondol Cinder Cone, Seobjikoji Area, Jeju Island (제주도 섭지코지 선돌 분석구의 화산작용과 현무암)

  • Koh, Jeong-Seon;Yun, Sung-Hyo;Kim, Suck-Youn
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.462-477
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    • 2007
  • The purpose of this study is to determine the petrology of basalt and the volcanic process in the Seondol cinder cone, Seobjikoji area, eastern Jeju Island. The Seondol cinder cone is mainly composed of spatters in the lower part, pyroclastic deposits including reddish brown blocks, ashes with volcanic bombs in the middle part, and dark black scoria deposits in the upper part. The volcanic sequences suggest volcanic processes that progress through Strombolian eruption and end with Hawaiian lava effusion which breached the cinder cone northwestward and extended over northwestward as lava delta and basalt emplaced as a volcanic neck in the central part of crater in the cinder cone. The age of basalt lava flows is about $95\;{\pm}\;3\;ka$. The basalts belong to transitional basalt and show products of fractional crystallization of clinopyroxene and olivine from a parental basalt magma on the basis of variation diagram of major, trace and rare earth elements. Basalts in the region of this study are plotted at the region of within plate basalt.

Study on the economic losses in the industrial sector in case of a Mt. Baekdu eruption scenario (백두산 화산재해로 인한 산업부문 피해액 산정에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Eun-Kyeong;Yu, Soonyoung;Kim, Sung-Wook;Yoon, Seong-Min
    • Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.145-168
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    • 2014
  • Given the distance from Mt. Baekdu, volcanic ash will have the direct impact on South Korea in case Mt. Baekdu erupts. Ash fall deposits or particulate matters(PM10) in the air will cause damages in various sectors. In particular, the PM10 impact on the manufacturing sector when the ash disperses in Korea is needed to be assessed since South Korea's manufacturing sector accounts for more than 30% of GDP. Meanwhile the economic impacts of PM10, including Asian dust, have been researched in Korea as the events become frequent, and losses in the manufacturing have been also reported. This study is to identify vulnerable sectors to volcanic ash in the korean industry, and to assess economic losses in case of a Mt. Baekdu eruption scenario, based on the historical loss experience with particulate matters. Study results show that airline, precision such as electronics and semiconductors, distribution, shipbuilding, car, leisure, glass, dairy farming are vulnerable to volcanic ash, or PM10. The economic losses in both car and shipbuilding industry is estimated to 46.49 billion Korean won due to shutdown for 6 hours in case of a Mt. Baekdu eruption scenario.