• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.171-180
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• 2009

Based on the constituent analysis of sediments near Dok Island, the origin and sedimentary facies were Investigated. The sediments are mainly from originated from volcanic and volcaniclastic rock fragments derived from Dok Island and carbonate sediments formed by a variety of shallow-dwelling organisms that secreted calcareous skeletons. Carbonate producers include mollusks (bivalves and gastropods), encrusting & branching bryozoans, encrusting & segmented red algae, worm tubes, barnacles, diatoms, sponge spicules and echinoderm fragments. The distribution and relative amount of these constituents are basically dependent upon water depth and grain size even though local variations can be observed within the same depth interval. Five sedimentary facies can be divided: nearshore facies (<20 m), neritic facies ($20{\sim}100m$), upper transitional facies ($100{\sim}200m$), lower transitional facies ($200{\sim}700m$), and hemipelagic facies (>700 m). The sediments that were sampled below the water depth of 2,000 m still contain a significant amount of carbonates (ca. $10{\sim}20%$), implying that the carbonate compensation depth in the East Sea may well exceed this water depth.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.133-139
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• 2010

Marine algal flora and community structure were investigated at four sites in Kijang area on the southern east coast of Korea in August 2006 and August 2009, respectively. A total of 54 seaweeds including 6 green, 10 brown, 38 red were collected and identified. Of 54 seaweeds, 35 species were found throughout the survey period. Mean biomass in wet weight was from $616.0\;g\;m^{-2}$ to $1,462.4\;g\;m^{-2}$2 in 2006, and $354.8\;g\;m^{-2}$ to $965.6\;g\;m^{-2}$ in 2009. Maximum biomass was recorded at Mundong site, and minimum was recorded at Seoam (2006) and Dongbaek (2009) sites. The flora investigated (2006, 2009) could be classified into six functional groups such as coarsely branched form (58.7%, 58.1%), thick leathery form (10.9%, 11.6%), filamentous form (13.0%, 9.3%), crustose form (6.5%, 9.3%), sheet form (6.5%, 7.0%) and jointed calcareous form (4.3%, 4.7%) during survey period. The R/P, C/P and (R+C)/P values reflecting flora characteristics were 4.00, 0.75 and 4.75 at 2006, and 5.17, 1.00 and 6.17 at 2009, respectively. Therefore, the number of marine algae species and biomass in Kijang area were similar when they were comparing with the previous data. It suggest that any changes of seaweed diversity have not been observed in Kijang coastal area before and after the anthropogenic construction between 2006 and 2009.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2006

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the efficacy and side effects of $Ultracet^{(R)}$ in relieving cancer pain in setting. Methods: Sixty-one cancer patients over 18 years old, who had cancer pain with or without medication, were enrolled. Pain and other variables were evaluated before and after treatment with $Ultracet^{(R)}$ for 2 weeks, using Korean version of Brief Pain Inventory. Results: Of 61 patients with assessable efficacy data, the maximum pain intensity(PI) experienced in a day were $5.18{\pm}1.41\;and\;4.82{\pm}1.94$, before and after treatment with$Ultracet^{(R)}$ respectively (P=0.113). The minimum PI experienced in a day were $1.2{\pm}1.05\;and\;0.87{\pm}1.35$, before and after treatment with $Ultracet^{(R)}$, respectively (P=0.038). The average PI experienced in a day were $3.61{\pm}1.01\;and\;3.15{\pm}1.73$, before and after treatment with $Ultracet^{(R)}$, respectively (P=0.022). The current PI were $3.63{\pm}1.25\;and\;2.85{\pm}1.94$, before and after treatment with $Ultracet^{(R)}$, respectively (P=0.003). Regarding the quality of life, only mood changed for the better in 49 patients who were treated with $Ultracet^{(R)}$ alone ($1.98{\pm}1.73\;and\;1.35{\pm}1.15$, before and after treatment respectively; P=0.046). There were five (8.2%) adverse events associated with $Ultracet^{(R)}$ treatment. Conclusion: $Ultracet^{(R)}$ seems effective and safe in ambulatory patients with cancer pain.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 2011

It is selected seven sites for marine algal flora and community structure and investigated seasonally from December 2008 to November 2009 in Gogunsan Islands, the west coast of Korea. A total of 58 species including 10 green, 16 brown and 32 red algae were collected and identified. Among these species, 11 species were found throughout the year. Annual mean biomass in dry weight were 213.8 g $m^{-2}$ at Sinsido 1, 143.1 g $m^{-2}$ at Sinsido 2, 133.3 g $m^{-2}$ at Sinsido 3, 164.0 g $m^{-2}$ at Munyeodo, 116.9 g $m^{-2}$ at Seonyudo, and 145.1 g $m^{-2}$ at Jangjado. Maximum biomass was recorded in Sinsido 1, and minimum mean biomass was Sinsido 4. The dominant species based on biomass were Sargassum thunbergii, Ulva pertusa, Sargassum fusiforme and Corallina pilulifera. S. thunbergii was the representative alga occurred at all seasons. The flora investigated could be classified into six functional groups such as coarsely branched form (46.6%), filamentous form (27.6%), sheet form (17.2%), thick leathery form (3.4%), jointed calcareous form (3.4%) and crustose form (1.7%). The R/P, C/P and (R+C)/P value reflecting flora characteristics were 0.33~0.75, 1.11~2.50, 1.47~3.25, respectively. Diversity index (H') and dominance index (DI) indicated that stability of seaweed community of Gogunsan Islands was unstable and environmental conditions were bad. According to multidimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis, Gogunsan Islands were divided into three distinct groups. The first group was Sinsido 2, Sinsido 3, Seonyudo and Muyeodo and the second group comprised Sinsido 1 and Jangjado and the other was Sinsido 4 due to meaningful difference in similarity.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2002

Effects of artificial and solar W-B radiation on five rhodophytes (Curdiea racovitzae, Gigaytina skottsbergii, Mazzaella obovata, Myriogramme manginii, Palmaria decipiens) from Antarctica have been investigated using PAM fluorescence in laboratory and in the field. Laboratory studies showed that there were significant differences in the UV sensitivity between different species, and that the differences appeared to be correlated with the depth of collection of the specimens. It was apparent from the observations that the samples such as M. manginii and P. decipiens collected from 20-30 m depths were move sensitive to W-B radiation compared with those collected from shallower depths, The present study confirmed that an acclimation to the surrounding light regime could be an important factor to determine the UV-sensitivity of a species or individuals and that PAM measurements are rapid and non-destructive methods to evaluate UV influences. From field studies on M. manginii and P. decipiens it was observed that both plants exhibited changes in the effective quantum yield, with the minimum values nt noon followed by n recovery in the evening. Photoinhibition occurred in these species could therefore be accounted for by so- called dynamic photoinhibition. It seems likely that this protective mechanism may contribute to survival of the species in shallow water where they may encounter intense solar radiation. The presence or absence of the W- B component under solar radiation differently affected the photosynthetic recovery process, and the rate of recovery was much stoney in UV- present than in W- absent conditions. Functional role of W- B appears to delay the recovery of photosynthesis in the studied macroalgae. Differential sensitivity to UV-B recognised between M. manginii and P. decipiens seemed to correspond well with the amount of UV-absorbing substances (UVAS) contained in the respective species. Higher tolerance to solar radiation by the latter species may be due to the higher amount of UVAS. There were variations of UVAS concentrations in algal thalli depending on the season and depth of collection.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.52-61
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to assess health-related quality of life and evaluate the risk factors affecting severity of menopausal symptoms in early and late postmenopausal women based on the stages of reproductive aging workshop(STRAW) paradigm. Methods : This cross-sectional study examined 497 Korean postmenopausal women aged 41-59 years in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. We divided subjects into early postmenopause group and late postmenopause group. Menopause Rating Scale(MRS) was used to measure the quality of life. MRS scores, sociodemographic variables, smoking, alcohol use, age at menopause, and risk factors such as attitude to menopause, depression, history of premenstrual dysphoric disorder were compared between early and late postmenopause groups. Multiple regression analysis was performed in each group to assess the independent contribution of several variables. Results : Early postmenopause group showed significantly higher MRS scores, more negative attitude toward menopause, higher scores of depressive symptoms than late postmenopause group. Moderate to very severe hot flush group showed significantly, more negative attitude toward menopause, higher score of depressive symptoms, and higher MRS scores than none to mild hot flush groups. Depressive symptoms and attitude toward menopause contributed to the severity of menopausal symptom in both early and late postmenopause groups. Chronological age, age at menopause, history of PMDD contributed to severity of menopausal symptoms in early postmenopause group while marital status and occupation contributed in late postmenopause group. Conclusion : Health-related quality of life in postmenopause women was significantly lower in early postmenopause group than the late. Attitude toward menopause and depressive symptoms contributed significantly to quality of life in both early and late postmenopause groups but other variables contributed differently in each group. Further studies on clinical samples of postmenopausal women in order to confirm quality of life and its risk factor are needed to be done.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.275-287
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• 1992

In order to survey the reality of anxiety and depression among the Koreans residing in China, a study was conducted between January and March of 1991, on the residents of Yun-Kil city, with subjects of 472 Koreans and 479 Chinese. The evaluation was based on the questionairs, named Combined self-rating anxiety depression scale(CADS), distributed among the subjects. ANOVA and t-test were applied for data processing. The results were as follows : There was not significant difference in the mean of total scores between the two groups. The scores of Koreans were $29.70{\pm}7.03$, while those of Chinese were $29.45{\pm}9.01$. The score of the CADS above 50(clinially significant level) was seen in 12(2.54%) Koreans and 21(4.38%) Chinese. The anxiety-depression scores relating to the items of indigestion and decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, apprehension, decreased libido were relatively high among the Koreans. The items appeared low in scores among the Koreans were faintness, fear, suicidal rumination, hopelessness, paresthesias. The highs among the Chinese were facial flushing, anxiousness, dissatisfaction, suicidal rumination. The items appeared low among the Chinese were fear, faintness, paresthesias, weight loss, suicidal rumination. In the comparison of evaluation by items between the two groups, the items placing the Koreans significantly higher over the Chinese are indigestion & decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, apprehension, decreased libido. The Chinese marked significantly higher in facial flushing, anxiousness, dissatisfaction, suicidal rumination. Those in the case of female (p<0.01 respectively), less than twenty years old (p<0.01 respectively), dissatisfied with family relationship(p<0.01 respectively), with past history of psychiatric hospitalization(Koreans p<0.01, Chinese p<0.05), pessimistic toward future, present, past self image(p<0.01 respectively) had significantly higher scores in both groups. In religion, neither group showed significant difference. In religion, neither group showed significant difference. In marital status, the Koreans showed a higher degree of divorce and separation and the Chinese in singleness(p<0.01 respectively). The Korean were higher in illiteracy and the Chinese had more college education(p<0.01 respectively). In place of growth, the Koreans showed not much difference in the areas while more Chinese grew up un large cities(p<0.01). More Koreans lived in the dormitory while the Chinese were engaged more in self-cooking(p<0.01 respectively). In pocket money per mouth, more Koreans were less than 1 dollar while the Chinese were between 7 and 10 dollars(p<0.01 respectively). There were no significant difference between two groups about religion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.338-346
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• 2017

Natural seaweed beds and habitat environments were investigated using quantitative and qualitative methods from May to December 2015 at 3 sites in Gangneung, Uljin, and Busan along the eastern coast of Korea. In total, 9 green, 23 brown, and 64 red algal taxa were identified. The biomass of the seaweed at Gangneung was 173.2 to $613.8wet\;wt.g/m^2$ of Dictyota divaricata, 360.8 to $520.4wet\;wt.g/m^2$ of Symphyocladia linearis, and 25.9 to $470.8wet\;wt.g/m^2$ of Undaria pinnatifida. At Uljin, these numbers were 5.5 to $256.2wet\;wt.g/m^2$ of Plocamium telfarirae and 46.8 to $241.5wet\;wt.g/m^2$ of Agarum clathratum. The biomass of Sargassum coreanum and Ecklonia cava were 388.1 to $6,972.4wet\;wt.g/m^2$ and 194.9 to $958.5wet\;wt.g/m^2$, respectively, at Busan. S. coreanum and E. cava showed higher biomass compared to other seaweed at Busan. The biomass rate represented an average of 19.2 percent of the total population, ranging from 0.0 to 55.5 percent in Gangneung. In Uljin, the average was calculated as 63.8 percent, and this figure was 48.5 percent in Busan. The percentage of barren ground averaged 46.7 percent in Gangneung and 91.1 percent in Uljin. Uljin showed the highest percentage of barren ground compared to other regions. Sea urchin density appeared to be $6.0ind./m^2$ in Gangneung, $7.0ind./m^2$ in Uljin, and $2.0ind./m^2$ in Busan, with the lowest sea urchin density being that of Busan. In conclusion, the composition of species, appearance ratio, and abundance of vegetation found were similar to previous studies, but it is thought that continuous monitoring is needed due to concerns about physical and chemical pollution caused by global warming, climate change, and coastal development.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.175-185
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• 2020

Quantitative and qualitative surveys were conducted during scuba diving activity between May 2017 and June 2017 in order to analyze spring marine algal community structure at Gijang-gun, Busan. A total of 121 species including 13 (10.7 %) Chlorophyta, 18 (14.9 %) Phaeophyta, and 90 (74.4 %) Rhodophyta were identified. The species count in the subtidal zone (110 species) was twice as high as in the intertidal zone (56 species). In terms of regions, 88,76, and 75 species were found in Mundong, Gongsu, and Daebyeon, respectively. Mean biomass for the whole study area was 1,501.5 g·m^-2, higher for the subtidal zone (1,869.4 g·m^-2) than for the intertidal zone (1,133.5 g·m^-2). Mean biomass by region values were 2,234.0 g·m^-2, 1,228.1 g·m^-2, and 1,044.4 g·m^-2 for Mundong, Gongsu, and Daebyeon, respectively. Ulva australis, Sargassum thunbergii, and Corallina pilulifera had high biomass in the intertidal zone, while Sargassum macrocarpum, Undaria pinnatifida, and Phycodrys fimbriata had high biomass in the subtidal zone. The composition ratio of marine algal functional forms suggests that the entire study area had 'Low' status, and all sites fell within 'Low' to 'Moderate' status. Results indicate that opportunistic species are widely distributed throughout the Gijang-gun coast, hence potential effects of disturbance and environmental pollution should be considered. Seaweed farming in particular - a major activity along the Gijang-gun coast -, together with effects of other anthropogenic activities such as national fishing port development and the coastal improvement project, could have long-term effects on marine algal communities. Therefore, long-term monitoring and management plans for marine algal communities will be required.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.517-525
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• 2007

This study was performed to assess the effects of physiological factors and lifestyles on bone mineral density (BMD) in 64 postmenopausal women. Sixty four subjects were selected out of 223 postmenopausal women in Seoul and Kyunggido. The BMD of the lumbar spine (L2 ${\rightarrow}$ L4) and femoral neck were measured dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Subjects were assigned to one of three groups such as normal (T-score > -1, n = 20), osteopenia (-2.5 < Tscore ${\leq}$ -1, n = 24), and osteoporosis (T-score ${\leq}$ -2.5, n = 20). Anthropometric measurements and questionares were administered to these women. The mean age, height, weight and BMI were 62.09 yrs, 153.78 cm, 56.09 kg and 23.70 $kg/m^2$ respectively. The BMDs of lumbar spines (L2 ${\rightarrow}$ L4), femoral neck were 0.84 $g/cm^2$, 0.71 $g/cm^2$ respectively. Years after menopause and age of last delivery of the osteoporosis and osteopenia group were significantly longer than the normal group (p < 0.05). The hours of exercise and outdoor activity of the normal group were longer than the osteoporosis and osteopenia group, but there were no significant differences among the three groups. The BMDs of these two sites were positively correlated with weight, BMI, hip and body fat and negatively correlated with LBM, TBW. These results show there are no consistent effects on bone mineral density, adjusting for age and BMI, of physiological factors and lifestyles in postmenopausal women. Therefore. this study confirmed that one of the most effective ways to minimize bone loss in postmenopausal women would be to maintain an adequate body weight.