• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.283-293
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• 2003

Domestic water treatment plants operate the rapid and slow filtering system using the filtering sands. Most of them are composed of beach sands, which have less sorption capacity of heavy metals as well as organic contaminants. Therefore, the development of fortified functional filtering materials with high removal capacity of organic and inorganic contaminants is needed to prevent the unexpected load of contaminated source water. This study aims to test the hydrochemical change and the removing capacity of heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, and Pb on the Jumunjin sand, feldspathic sand(weathering product of Jecheon granite), feldspathic mixing sand I(feldspathic sand mixed with 10 wt% zeolite), and feldspathic mixing sand II (feldspathic sand mixed with 20 wt% zeolite). Feldspathic mixing sand I and II showed the eruption of higher amounts of cations and anions compared with the Jumunjin sand and feldspathic sand. They also showed higher eruption of Si, Ca, $SO_4$ ions than that of Al, $NO_3$, Fe, K, Mg, and P. Feldspathic mixing sand II caused higher eruption of some cations of Na, Ca, Al than feldspathic mixing sud I, which is the result controlled by the dissolution of zeolite. Jumunjin sand and feldspathic sand showed very weak sorption of Cd, Cu and Pb. In contrast to this, feldspathic mixing sand I and II showed the high sorption and removal capacity of the increasing order of Cd, Cu and Pb. Feldspathic mixing sand II including 20% zeolite showed a fortified removal capacity of some heavy metals. Therefore, feldspathic mixing sand mixed with some contents of zeolite could be used as the fortified filtering materials for the water filtering and purification in the domestic water treatment plants.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.187-194
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• 1974

When rearing fish at recirculating filter systems, some pesticides are often used for controling various fish diseases. In this case, the pesticides are usually applied after stopping the filteration, from a view point of affecting the filtering ability of oxidation and decomposition by killing the decomposing bacteria in the filter system. Therefore, a great inconvenience is usually net. The authors carried out a series of experiments, and the influence of 3 kinds of treatments of pesticides, formalin 33 ppm+matachite green 0.15 ppm, dipterex 0.25 ppm, and furanace 0.1 ppm, to the filtering ability expressed as the consumption rate of dissolved oxygen and depletion of ammonia-nitrogen during the passing time through the filter layer was investigated, and it was found out that these pesticides with above mentioned concentrations which is normally used for controling several kinds of diseases and parasites during the time of eel culture, did not affect the filtering ability. Consequently, it can be said that these pesticides with above mentioned concentrations can he used without stopping filteration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 1998

An experiment to make mixed juices carrying the freshness and other specific characteristics of vegetables and fruits which are useful for the prevention and treatment of various diseases was attempted on the emphases of pretreatment methods, combination of fruits and vegetables, and elimination of microorganisms. Blanch in boiling water prior to extraction for green vegetables, addition of ascorbic acid during extraction for tomatoes and apples, or addition of ascorbic acid after blanch in 3% acetic acid for carrots was effective to keep colors and suspended solids in liquid extract. On the basis of sensory evaluation the extracts from tomatoes, apples. carrots. mallows, watercreses+pine needles, Angelica keiskei Koiz, jujubes and lemons were selected and mixed at the ratio of 3 : 3 : 3 : 1/2 : 1/2 : 1/2 : 1/2 : 1/5. The mixed extracts were pasteurized for 15sec at $96^{\circ}C$ or filtered through a ultramembrane filter. While the centrifuge precipitation and retentates on the membrane filter were autoclaved and combined with ultrafiltrates. The mixed juices showed $pH\;4.07{\sim}4.10$ titratable acidity $66.35{\sim}84.08$, soluble solid $7{\sim}9^0Brix$, reducing sugar $5.42{\sim}6.97%$, glucose $1.96{\sim}2.30%$, fructose $3.46{\sim}4.14%$ and high content of K, Mg and Ca. Ultrafiltration showed better quality scores in color, juice. Peroxidase and microorganisms were inactivated by thermal treatment and ultrafiltration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.56-57
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• 2003

실고기과(Syngnathidae)에 속하는 해마류는 5300만년전부터 지구상에 존재해온 어류로 전 세계적으로 72%에 해당하는 32종이 인도-태평양연안에서 서식하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그리고 약제와 관상무역에서 넓은 시장을 형성하며 그 수요가 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 그러나, 국내에서는 아직 해마의 서식지와 초기생활사에 대한 연구가 전무한 실정으로 이번 연구에서는 최근 발견된 한국산 해마의 서식지와 채집된 2종 해마의 치어 초기생활사를 보고한다. 2003년 8~9월에 전라남도 여수시와 고흥군 주변해역에서 해마, Hippocampus coronatus 18마리(전장 40.8~79.5mm), 산호해마 H, japonicus 80마리(전장 28.1~56.3mm)가 채집되었고, 순환여과식 사육수조에서 사육하면서 자연산란한 치어를 대상으로 초기생활사를 관찰하였다. 사육은 유리로 된 사각수조(50$\times$30$\times$28cm)에 여과조(26$\times$26$\times$28cm)를 연결한 순환여과시스템에서 실시하였으며, 사육수온은 26.0$\pm$0.5$^{\circ}C$, 염분 32$\textperthousand$ 전후, pH 7.74 전후 그리고 DO 6.8mg/$\ell$ 전후였다. 먹이는 부화 2일령까지는 로티퍼, Brachionus rotundiformis를 단독 급이하였고, 부화 후 3일령부터는 로티퍼와 알테미아, Artemia sp.를 혼합 급이하였다. 치어의 성장 측정은 만능투영기를 이용하여 각 20마리를 무작위 추출하여 측정하였고 각 측정 부위별로 0.001mm까지 측정하였다. 이번 조사에서 전라남도 여수시와 고흥군 주변해역에서 채집된 해마류는 해마(H. coronatus) 18개체, 산호해마(H. japonicus) 80개체의 2종이 채집되었고 순환여과시스템에 사육하던 중 5회 산란하였다. 해마(H. coronatus)는 부화 후 9~10일째에 Total length 11.67~15.98mm(평균 5.19mm, n=20), Trunk length 2.48~3.31mm(평균 2.63mm, n=20), Head length 1.31~2.27mm(평균 1.76mm, n=20) 그리고 Snout length 0.74~l.67mm(평균 1.09mm, n=20) 이었다. 한편, 부화 직후 산호해마(H. japonicus)의 치어는 난황을 거의 흡수한 상태였으며 부화 후 2~3일째 Total length 4.29~5.70mm(평균 5.09mm, n=30), Trunk length 2.06~2.73mm(평균 2.55mm, n=30), Head length 1.50~l.79mm(평균 1.06mm, n=30) 그리고 Snout length 0.81~l.14mm(평균 0.97mm, n=30)였다. 그리고 부화 후 5~6일째에는 Total length 4.33~6.33mm(평균 5.19mm, n=20), Trunk length로 2.48~3.31mm(평균 2.63mm, n=20), Head length 1.31~2.27mm(평균 1.76mm, n=20) 그리고 Snout length 0.74~l.67mm(평균 1.09mm, n=20) 이었다.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.256-267
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• 2015

The goal is to compare two different aeration strategies for a pilot scale operation of submerged microfiltration with respect to the minimization of membrane fouling. A constant aeration (65 L/min) was examined parallel with a step-wise increase in airflow rate (40 to 65 L/min). The airflow rate was stepped to a higher rate every 5 min and the step-aeration cycles were repeated at regular intervals of 15 min. The comparative filtration runs were conducted with synthetic water containing powdered activated carbon (~10 g/L) and/or kaolin (~20 g/L) at a constant flux of 80 LMH. The extent and mechanisms of fouling in the microfiltration were identified by determining hydraulic resistance to filtration and the fouling reversibility after cleaning. Results showed that the step-aeration effectively alleviated fouling in the microfiltration of synthetic water compared to when using constant aeration. A substantial decrease in fouling was achieved by combining with coagulation using aluminum salts regardless of the aeration strategies. The constant aeration resulted in increased pore blocking likely due to increased accumulation of particles on the surface of membrane.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.151-160
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• 1998

Tangerine peel is mostly discarded as waste in citrus processing. However, tangerine peel contains besides dietary fibers bioflavonoids such as naringin and hesperidin which act as antimicrobials and blood pressure depressants, respectively. A continuous membrane separation process was optimized for the production of bioflavonoids relative to feed flow rate, transmembrane pressure, temperature, and pH. The tangerine peel was blended with 7.5 times water volume and the extract was prefiltered through a prefiltration system. The prefiltered extract was ultrafiltered in a hollow fiber membrane system. The flux and feed flow rate didn't show any apparent correlation, but we could observe a mass-transfer controlled region of over 8 psi. When temperature increased from $9^{\circ}C\;to\;25^{\circ}C$, the flux increased about $10\;liters/m^2/min\;(LMH)$ but between $25^{\circ}C\;and\;33^{\circ}C$, the flux increased only 2 LMH. At every transmembrane pressure, the flux of pH 4.8 was the most highest and the flux at pH 3.0 was lower than that of pH 6.0, 7.0, or 9.0. Therefore, the optimum operating conditions were 49.3 L/hr. 10 psi, $25^{\circ}C$, and pH 4.8. Under the optimum conditions, the flux gradually decreased and finally reached a steady-state after 1 hr 50 min. The amount of dietary fibers in 1.0 g retentate in each separation step was analyzed and bioflavonoids concentration in each permeate was measured. The contents of total dietary fiber in the 170 mesh retentate and soluble dietary fiber in the prefiltered retentate were the highest. Naringin and hesperidin concentration in the permeate were $0.45{\sim}0.65\;mg/g\;and\;5.15{\sim}6.86\;mg/g$ respectively, being $15{\sim}22$ times and $79{\sim}93$ times higher than those in the tangerine peel. Therefore, it can be said that PM 10 hollow fiber membrane separation system may be a very effective method for the recovery of bioflavonoids from tangerine peel.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1051-1056
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• 2006

Response surface methodology was used to investigate the quality of clarified mixed apple and carrot juices using ultrafitration. Apple and carrot juices were blended at the ratio of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1. A three-variable, three-level central composite design was employed where the independent variables were the blend ratio, temperature and average transmembrane pressure (ATP). With increasing temperature and pressure, flux linearly increased regardless of blending ratio. Blend juice with 75% apple showed the highest soluble sugar and total sugar content in apple and carrot blend juices. Soluble solid contents were more affected by blending ratio than temperature and ATP. Total sugar contents were greatly affected by temperature; increasing temperature led to higher total sugar content up to $25^{\circ}C$. Higher carrot ratio led to higher vitamin C content. In general, higher acidity was achieved by higher apple content and acidity was increased with increasing temperature. Turbidity increased for all samples as APT increased, with the blending ratio of 1:1 (apple:carrot) showing the highest turbidity. Viscosity was greatly changed in the blending ratio of 3:1 (apple:carrot) juice. The polynomial models developed by RSM were satisfactory to describe the relationships between the studied factors and the responses. Analytical optimization gave $flux=0.216\;L/m^2.h$, soluble $solids=10.39^{\circ}Brix$, total sugar=71.32 mg/mL, vitamin C=315.18 mg%, acidity=7.78 mL, turbidity=0.017, and viscosity=1.44 cp, when using a $temperature=44.97^{\circ}C$, ATP=113.57 kPa, and blend ratio=28.50%.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2007

To develop the composting system to reduce the use of bulking agent, continuous composting was performed with farmer scale facility, The plant comprises a horizontal pit reactor closed inside a greenhouse and equipped with a turning machine moving on rails. The pit was 9m wide and 50m long and the maximum height of loaded materials was $1.8m^2$. The materials remained in the reactor for 5 months. During the composting process, temperature and water content measured and water balance was evaluated. The reaction temperature of composting was changed $30{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ and high in the middle and low in under composting piles. The moisture contents of the compost were approximately 70% during the experiment. The amount of effluent was 10.6% and $3.16m^3$ of pig slurry per $1m^3$ of bulking agent was treated during continuous composting process. BOD and SS reduction of the effluent in continuous composting was 86.5% and 92.2%, respectively. Indoor relative humidity in night time was changed between 80 and 100%.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2001

A methodology for enhancing the bond strength of a coating layer with a support has been established in preparing low-pressure reverse osmosis mO) hollow fiber which would experience shear badly in flowing feed un it. Prior to coating process, the support membrane, ultrafiltratiun polysulfone(PS) hollow fibers was pretreated with a reaction solution containing glutaraldehyde (GAl which has a good affinity to the suppurt membrane material as well as a reactivity to some of the cunstituents of cuating layer subsequently formed on the support by interfacial polymerization. Therefore, the reactant GA distributed unifonnly over the support layer through the pretreatment could provide a strong adhesive bond between the coating layer and the support, sticking fast to the support membrane through physical bond and, at the same time, connecting its functional group with the coating laycr by chemical bonding. Due to the strong adhesive bond, the resulting hollow fiber membrane showed an excellent long-tcnn stability in pcnneation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.14-19
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• 2019

In this study, the possibility of using marine life for cosmetic materials was assessed by establishing a fermentation process of seaweed, such as Ecklonia cava, Enteromorpha prolifera, Chondria crassicaulis, Eiseniabicyclis, Codium fragile, Seaweed furcata, Gloiopeltis tenax, Grateloupia elliptica, Undaria pinnatifida, and Saccharina japonica. Lactobacillus sakei isolated from Kimchi was used for effective fermentation and whole milk powder was used as an additive. 2.0 % of crushed seaweed and 1.0 % of whole milk powder were added and afterwards, 1.0 % Lactobacillus sakei was added after cooling to $40^{\circ}C$. After cooling and filtering the fermented product, butylene glycol, glycerine, and 1,2-hexandiol, which have the effect of a preservative, were added to mix and complete the final product. Among the ten kinds of seaweeds, the process was found to be highly effective in the fermentation of Ecklonia cava, Codium fragile, Undaria pinnatifida, and Saccharina japonica. The amount of fermentable substances in cosmetics was determined and the safety of the raw material was verified using the HET-CAM (The Hen's egg test-Chorioallantoic membrane) test.