• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2008

Animal welfare advocates, claim that the induced molting by fasting be avoided. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of molting induced by various feeding methods on productivity and egg quality in laying hens. We used 400 flocks of 60-week-old leghorn laying hens in four treatments(five replicates of 20 hens each): fasting method (C), feeding single corn grain diet (T1), feeding single wheat bran diet (T2) and feeding single alfalfa meal diet (T3). As the result of the experiment, egg production and daily egg mass significantly decreased only in T1 compared with the control during the $1{\sim}4th$ week after the secondary egg laying (P<0.05). Although the amount of feed intake was significantly less in T1 group during the $1{\sim}4th$ week compared to the control, no significant difference was detected during the total period (P>0.05). In addition, no significant difference of feed conversion was observed between treatment groups. In terms of egg quality, the egg shell thickness was significantly improved in T1 group than the control group by feeding only corn at the 10th and 14th week after the secondary egg laying (P<0.05), but the significant decrease was observed at the corn (T1) and wheat bran (T2) fed treatment groups than the control group at the 26th week of the experiment (P<0.05). The eggshell strength and haugh unit did not show any difference by the molting methods. Egg yolk color was significantly decreased in T1 and T2 group than the control group at the 6th week (P<0.05). However, T1 and T2 group resulted to show significantly high egg yolk color at the 18th week of the experiment (P<0.05). As the result of the experiment, no large difference was observed in the productivity by the feeding molting method and by the fasting induced molting method. In addition, the single diet fed feeding induced molting method by using alfalfa revealed to show more satisfactory trend than the corn or wheat bran single diet fed feeding induced molting methods even if no statistically significant difference was found in terms of egg productivity.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2004

Purpose: The ability to noninvasively track the migration of neural progenitor cells would have significant clinical and research implications. We generated stably transfected F3 human neural progenitor cells with human sodium/iodide symporter (hNIS) for noninvasively tracking F3. In this study, the expression patterns of hNIS gene in F3-NIS were examined according to the cultured time and the epigenetic modulation. Materials and Methods: F3 human neural stem cells had been obtained from Dr. Seung U. Kim (Ajou University, Suwon, Korea). hNIS and hygromycin resistance gene were linked with IRES (Internal Ribosome Entry Site) under control of CMV promoter. This construct was transfected to F3 with Liposome. To investigate the restoration of hNIS gene expression in F3-NIS, cells were treated with demethylating agent (5-Azacytidine) and Histone deacetylase inhibitor (Trichostatin A: TSA). The expression of hNIS was measured by I-125 uptake assay and RT-PCR analysis. Results: The iodide uptake of the F3-NIS was higher 12.86 times than F3 cell line. According to the cell passage number, hNIS expression in F3-NIS gradually diminished. After treatment of 5-Azacytidine and TSA with serial doses (up to $20{\mu}M$, up to 62.5nM, respectively) for 24 hours, I-125 uptake and mRNA of hNIS in F3-NIS were increased. Conclusion: These results suggest that hNIS transfected F3 might undergo a change in its biological characters by cell passage. Therefore, the gene ex[ressopm of exogenous gene transferred human stem cell might be affected to the epigenetic modulation such as promoter methylation and Histone deacetylation and to the cell culture conditions.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop barley or rye as winter forage crops was grown on different applying sources (chemical fertilizer, cattle or organic fertilizer) and mixed sowing combination with hairy vetch or forage pea during the period of 2008~2010. The experimental plots within whole crop barley or rye were consisted of 7 treatments, which were non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (P+K), chemical fertilizer (N+P+K), organic fertilizer, cattle slurry, cattle slurry with hairy vetch, and cattle slurry with forage pea. Each plot was triplicates and experimental treatments were allocated in the randomized complete block design. For whole crop barley, annual mean dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields were the highest in N+P+K plots, but there were no significant differences among organic fertilizer, cattle slurry and mixed sowing with legumes. The TDN and RFV were the highest in mixed sowing plots of forage pea plus cattle slurry application. As 450 kg Hanwoo heifers were fed diets included 70% whole crop barley, organic fertilizer, cattle slurry application and mixed sowing with legumes plots is capable of raising average 2.5 to 2.9 heads/ha a year. For whole crop rye, annual DM, crude protein, and TDN yields of application groups and mixed sowing treatment with legumes showed 6.69~7.13, 0.46~0.51 and 3.95~4.18 ton/ha, respectively. In case of 450 kg Hanwoo heifers fed diets included 70% forage rye, it is estimated that cattle slurry application (mixed sowing with legumes) plots can rear average 3.1~3.3 heads/ha a year. It can be concluded that, on the basis of DM yield, not only mixed sowing with legumes by applying cattle slurry rather than single sowing of whole crop barley or whole crop rye enhanced production yield and feed values, but also it could be a substitute for imported grains as dietary protein sources in the case of feeding Hanwoo.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.335-345
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• 2015

This study was conducted to compare carcass yield and meat quality among four lines of Korean native chickens (Yeonsan Ogye, Hyunin Black, Hoengseong Yakdak and Hwangbong) and White Leghorn as control. Chickens (N=23, male) were grown under same conditions and slaughtered at 56 weeks old to observe the physicochemical differences in breast and leg meats. The live and carcass weights of Hwangbong were significantly higher than other chickens (p<0.05). Four lines of Korean native chickens, regardless of the part, had higher shear force value than White Leghorn (p<0.05). In addition, the breast meat of Korean native chickens had higher cooking loss and lower water holding capacity than that of White Leghorn. The cooked meat of Hwangbong particularly were more chewy, gummy and cohesive with lower tenderness than other chickens (p<0.05). Oleic acid content which is related to meat flavor was significantly higher in the breast meat of Hoengseong Yakdak (39.6%). The meat of Korean native chickens had lower n6/n3 ratio, in which the breast and leg meat of Hoengseong Yakdak contained the lowest ratio (p<0.05). The meat of Hwangbong and Hoengseong Yakdak were more acceptable than the others according to sensory test (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2011

To investigate a comparison of rice yield and quality by a utilization of green crops using barley and hairyvetch, this study was carried out in rice (Oryza sativa L.) organic cultivation field. Convention barley harvest (CBH), Green barley crop (GBC), Green barley+Green Hairyvetch crop (GB+HVC), and Non-Green crop (NGC) were treated in rice cultivation field. The results obtained as following: 1) Culm length and pancile length in Convention barley harvest (CBH) cultivation were longer than organic cultivation but were not significant difference in all treatments. Yields of milled rice in Green barley crop (GBC) and Green barley+Green Hairyvetch crop (GB+HVC) were by 90.3% and 95.9%, respectively. 2) Protein contents in Green barley crop (GBC) and Green barley+Green Hairyvetch crop (GB+HVC) were by 5.7% lower than 6.6% in Convention barley harvest (CBH) cultivation. Amylose contents in all treatment were similar as range 18.8% to 19.1%. Whiteness contents in Green barley crop (GBC) and Green barley+Green Hairyvetch crop (GB+HVC) were slightly higher by 38.9% and 39.1%, respectively, than 37.7% in Convention barley harvest (CBH) cultivation. 3) Palatability values in Barley harvest (BH) and Non-Green crop (NGC) were slightly higher by 82.0 and 83.8, respectively, than 77.6 in Convention barley harvest (CBH) cultivation. 4) Head rice in Non-Green crop (NGC) was 95.5%, while that of Convention barley harvest (CBH), Green barley crop (GBC), and Green barley+Green Hairy-vetch crop (GB+HVC) were slightly low as range 93.8% to 94.2%. White core and belly rice in Convention barley harvest (CBH) cultivation was the highest level by 1.7%. 5) Leaf blast, neck blast, sheath blight, rice stem maggot, rice leaf roller, rice leaf-tier, and green rice leafhopper were occurred lightly in rice field.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.247-263
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cattle manure application on productivity, feed value, and stock carrying capacity of forage crops in upland and paddy fields at Gang-Wondo area. In the result, dry matter yield of sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrids obtained was 15.12 ton/ha at the level of 150kg N/ha of composted cattle manure. Significantly highest values of crude protein and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields obtained were 0.59 and 5.35 ton/ha at the level of 150kg N/ha of composted cattle manure in the first cutting, and 0.44 and 3.70 ton/ha at the level of 150kg N/ha of organic raw cattle manure in the second cutting, respectively. The values of $K_{CP}+K_{TDN}/2$ and $K_{ME}$ of sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrids obtained was 7.76 and 4.46 head/ha at the level of 150kg N/ha of composted cattle manure. The dry matter yield, crude protein and TDN yields of rice straw were 4.95, 0.16 and 2.75 ton/ha at the level of 100kg N/ha of organic raw cattle manure, and the values of $K_{CP}+K_{TDN}/2$ and $K_{ME}$ of rice straw were 1.89 and 3.43 head/ha. The dry matter yield of winter crops, rye+red clover was 4.36 ton/ha in upland field, and rye+hairy vetch was 4.19 ton/ha in paddy field at the level of 100kg N/ha of composted cattle manure. Crude protein and TDN yields of rye+red clover was 0.29 and 2.38 ton/ha at the level of 100kg N/ha of composted cattle manure in upland field, and rye+hairy vetch was 0.30 and 2.48 ton/ha at the level of 80kg N/ha of composted cattle manure in paddy field. The values of $K_{CP}+K_{TDN}/2$ and $K_{ME}$ of rye+red clover was 2.34 and 2.15 head/ha in upland field, and rye+hairy vetch were 2.27 and 2.11 head/ha in paddy field, respectively. As the result, the productivity, feed value, and stock carrying capacity of sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrids showed higher values with composted cattle manure than organic raw cattle manure. rye+red clover in upland field and rye+hairy vetch in paddy field were most adaptable mixed combinations for roughage production at Gang-wondo area, it may due to their highly productivity, feed value, and stock carrying capacity.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 1988

Recent studios have shown that narcotic drags produce an unusually intense, prolonged and segmental analgesic action in man whoa injected into the spinal subarachnoid or epidural space (Wang et al, 1979; Behar et al, 1979; Cousins et al, 1979; Magora et a., 1980, Johnston and McCaughey, 1980). Since 1960, many investigators claimed that low molecular weight(LMW) dextran increased the clinical duration of lidocaine(Loder, 1960; Loder, 1962), tetracaine (Chinn and Wirjoatmadja, 1967) and bupivacaine(Kaplan et al, 1975) in man but the mechanism of the action of dextran was unclear. But Curtiss and Scurlock(1979), and Buckled and Fink(1979) claimed that LMW dextran has no effect on the duration of action of bupivacaine in animal studies. The present study was performed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of analgesia by the thoracic epidural injection of morphine and bupivacaine mixture for the relief of pain due to fractured or contused ribs, to evaluate the duration of analgesic effect by the use of the above mixture in a hypertonic solution(dextran 70 or 50% dextrose in water) and to observe the possibility of improvement in the lung function after the pain block. The complications following the pain block were also observed. The 50 single thoracic epidural injections of the mixture were divided into three groups : Group 1(n=15) served as a control group and drags used for the relief of pain were as follows(Mean$\pm$S.D.): morphine($2.13{\pm}1.64\;mg$), 0.5% bupivacaine($3.10{\pm}1.04\;ml$) and 0.9% saline($3.64{\pm}1.11\;ml$). Group 2(n=16) serves as an experimental group and drugs were as follows(Mean$\pm$S.D.): morphine($2.13{\pm}0.72\;mg$), 0.5% bupivacaine($3.06{\pm}0.77\;ml$) and dextran 70($3.75{\pm}1.29\;ml$). Group 3 (n=19) served as an experimental group and drags were as follows(Mean$\pm$S.D.) : morphine($2.42{\pm}0.51\;mg$), 0.5% bupivacaine($3.21{\pm}0.71\;ml$) and 50% dextrose in water($3.58{\pm}1.11\;ml$). The results are were follows: 1) The Dumber of patients who obtained excellent and good analgesic effects following the block were greater in the experimental Croup 2(94%) and Group 3 (90%) than theme of the control Group 1 (80%). 2) The duration of pain relief which lasted more than 3 days after the epidural block was longer in the experimental Group 2 (81%) and Group 3 (75%) than those of the control Croup 1(67%). 3) The pulmonary reserve(FVC%+FEV 1.0%) of 27 cases who were treated by the pain block between 1 and 31 drys following the chest injury was increased to about 13% than those before the block, and that of 13 cases between 32 and 82 days following the chest injury was decreased to about 4% than those before the block. 4) Of the complications following the pain block, there were 5 cased(10%) of nausea within 2 hours following the block, 4 cases(8%) of vomiting after 2 hours following the block, 10 cases(20%) of pruritus after 3~4 hours following the block, 17 cases(34%) of transient urinary retention which tasted 8 to 19 hours, 3 cases(6%) of headache within 2 hoers following the block and 2 cases(4%) of dural puncture. In conclusion, it is suggested that the clinical duration of analgesic effect produced by morphine and bupivacaine mixture can be prolonged by addition of the hypertonic solution to the mixture.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.257-266
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• 2017

Batch experiments were performed to develop the method for the pH reduction of recycled aggregate by using $scCO_2$ (supercritical $CO_2$), maintaining the pH of extraction water below 9.8. Three different aggregate types from a domestic company were used for the $scCO_2$-water-recycled aggregate reaction to investigate the low pH maintenance of aggregate during the reaction. Thirty five gram of recycled aggregate sample was mixed with 70 mL of distilled water in a Teflon beaker, which was fixed in a high pressurized stainless steel cell (150 mL of capacity). The inside of the cell was pressurized to 100 bar and each cell was located in an oven at $50^{\circ}C$ for 50 days and the pH and ion concentrations of water in the cell were measured at a different reaction time interval. The XRD and SEM-EDS analyses for the aggregate before and after the reaction were performed to identify the mineralogical change during the reaction. The extraction experiment for the aggregate was also conducted to investigate the pH change of extracted water by the $scCO_2$ treatment. The pH of the recycled aggregate without the $scCO_2$ treatment maintained over 12, but its pH dramatically decreased to below 7 after 1 hour reaction and maintained below 8 for 50 day reaction. Concentration of $Ca^{2+}$, $Si^{4+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ increased in water due to the $scCO_2$-water-recycled aggregate reaction and lots of secondary precipitates such as calcite, amorphous silicate, and hydroxide minerals were found by XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. The pH of extracted water from the recycled aggregates without the $scCO_2$ treatment maintained over 12, but the pH of extracted water with the $scCO_2$ treatment kept below 9 of pH for both of 50 day and 1 day treatment, suggesting that the recycled aggregate with the $scCO_2$ treatment can be reused in real construction sites.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.185-194
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• 2013

Microsatellite markers have been a useful genetic tool in determining diversity, relationships and individual discrimination studies of livestock. The level of genetic diversity, relationships among two Korean indigenous chicken brand populations (Woorimatdag: WR, Hanhyup3: HH) as well as two pure populations (White Leghorn: WL, Rhode Island Red: RIR) were analyzed, based on 26 MS markers. A total of 191 distinct alleles were observed across the four chicken populations, and 47 (24.6%) of these alleles were unique to only one population. The mean $H_{Exp}$ and PIC were estimated as 0.667 and 0.630. Nei's $D_A$ genetic distance and factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) showed that the four populations represented four distinct groups. However, the genetic distance between each Korean indigenous chicken brand (WR, HH) and the pure population (WL, RIR) were threefold that among the WR and HH. For the STRUCTURE analyses, the most appropriate number of clusters for modeling the data was determined to be three. The expected probabilities of identity among genotypes of random individuals (PI) were calculated as $1.17{\times}10^{-49}$ (All 26 markers) and $1.14{\times}10^{-15}$, $7.33{\times}10^{-20}$ (9, 12 with the highest PI value, respectively). The results indicated that the brand chicken breed traceability system employing the own highest PI value 9 to 12 markers, and might be applicable to individual identification of Korean indigenous chicken brand.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2004

The objective of this experiment was to suggest the optimum cutting height for turf type mixtures{Kentucky bluegrass(Newport) 40％ + tall fescue(Rebell Jr) 20％ + perennial ryegrass (Palmer Ⅱ) 10% + redtop(Barricuda) 10％ + red fescue(Salem) 10% + creeping bentgrass(Crenshaw) IO%}. The fields trials were conducted from 1998 to 2001 at Chungnam National University in order to evaluate the dry matter yield and quality on the cutting heights(3, 4, and 5cm). With increasing the cutting height, the average DM yields of turf type mixtures over 3-year significantly increased, therefore the average total DM yields were obtained 11,158, 12,143 and 13,181㎏/ha at cutting height 3, 4 and 5cm(p<0.05), respectively. The CP content and OMO decreased(p<0.05), whereas the fiber contents slightly increased with increasing the cutting height. The average CPDM and DDM yields were obtained 2,012 and 8,621㎏, 2,097 and 9,461㎏, and 2,298 and 9,951㎏ at cutting height 3, 4, and 5㎝(p<0.05), respectively. The botanical compositions of Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue were maintained high as 30 ∼ 36％, but that of perennial ryegrass was maintained low as 10-15%. Most of other species were low, but redtop and creeping bentgrass among the other species made up 8∼10％ and 7 ∼ 8% of botanical composition at the last 6th cutting time in 2001, respectively. In general, the level of cutting height of turf type mixtures was not more closely associated with botanical composition. The results of this experiment indicated that a 5㎝ of cutting height of turf type mixtures sown by extensive method would seemed adequate.