• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.980-984
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• 2010

Research regarding respiration rate, off-flavor related material and freshness maintenance effect of active MA mini-packaging on perilla leaves has been carried in this study. Respiration rate was highly maintained at high oxygen treatments ($CO_2:O_2:N_2$=0:30:70 and 0:50:50), higher than non-treatment and low oxygen treatments (6:2:92, 0:10:90) during the storage period, and ethylene production was relatively higher. However, off-flavor related materials, acetaldehyde and ethanol production was noticeably low. Weight losses of non-treatment and low-oxygen treatment were about 1.8 and 1.4%, respectively. At the fifth day of storage there was no weight loss. Ascorbic acid content was 13.3 mg/100 g F.W. at the first day of storage. At the third day of storage non-treatment showed the lowest value of ascorbic acid, 8.8 mg/100 g F.W. Ascorbic acid content of active MA treatment gradually decreased without a striking difference as the storage day extended. Chlorophyll content was the lowest at the fifth day of storage with non-treatment, 47.5 (SPAD-502 unit) while the active MA treatment maintained high level of chlorophyll content, 53.0. Sensory evaluation (vision) showed that marketability gradually decreased but was maintained in high oxygen treatments (0:30:70 and 0:50:50), even at the fifth day of storage. Occurrence of off-flavor in non-treatment at the fifth day of storage was extremely low, 2.6; whereas high in high oxygen treatment, 3.4. Active MA packaging maintained freshness two more days at room temperature (about $27^{\circ}C$).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.666-672
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• 2014

The effect of nitric oxide (NO) treatment on the quality of kiwifruit, cv. Hayward, was studied at room temperature after cold storage for one or three months at $0^{\circ}C$. Kiwifruits cold-stored for one month were treated with $200{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO and subsequently transferred to room temperature to monitor quality changes over the course of their shelf life. Weight loss was high in fruits not treated with NO. Ethylene production was delayed for two days by NO treatment, and respiration rate was reduced to less half than that of the control. The kiwifruits stored for three months were treated with $N_2$ and 100, 200, or $500{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO, or air alone. The highest weight loss was observed in kiwifruit treated with $100{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO. While ethylene production was high in fruits treated with $100{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO and without the treatment, it was relatively low in the kiwifruit treated with 200 and $500{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO. Firmness was abruptly decreased in fruits not treated with NO, while the kiwifruit exposed to $200{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO maintained the s ame level of f irmness for 9 days a t room t emp erature. In addition, growth o f Botrytis cinerea was inhibited by NO as compared with the air and $N_2$ treatments. Our findings indicate that NO can be used effectively for prolonging shelf life and maintaining fruit quality during distribution after cold storage. The optimum NO concentration for cold-stored kiwifruits was found to be $200{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.430-438
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• 2002

It is known that low birth weight is a risk factor for poor outcome in cardiac surgery for many cardiac defects. We reviewed our recent surgical experiences on congenital heart defect (other than patent ductus arteriosus) in low birth weight babies. Material and Method: From September 1994 to February 2001, 31 consecutive infants weighing 2500 g or less underwent cardiac surgery with (OHS group n=12) or without cardiopulmonary bypass (CHS group n=19). A retrospective study was carried out to evaluate short-and intermediate-term outcome. Mean gestational age and age at operation were 36.9 weeks(range, 32.3-42weeks) and 32.1days (range, 0-87days) respectively. Mean body weight at birth and operation were 1972g (range, 1100-2500g) and 2105g (range, 1450-2500 g) respectively. There was no difference between the two groups in age and body weight. Defects included ventricular septal defect (VSD) (n=3), VSD with arch anomaly (n=2), total anomalous pulmonary venous return (n=2), transposition of the great arteries (TGA) (n=2), truncus arteriosus (n=2), and univentricular heart with cor triatriatum (n=1) in OHS group, and coarctation of aorta (n=7), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) (n=3), TOF with pulmonary atresia (n=3), multiple muscular VSDs (n=1), double outlet right ventricle (n=1), pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (n=2), tricuspid atresia (n=1), and TGA with multiple VSD (n=1) in CHS group. 13 patients (41.9%) were intubated pre-operatively. Result: There were 4 early deaths(＜30 days); 1 (8.3%) in OHS group and 3 (15.8%) in non-OHS group. All these early deaths were related to the pulmonary artery banding(PAB). There was no operative mortality in infants undergoing complete repair and palliative operations other than PAB. Delayed sternal closure was required in 3 patients. Prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation (>7 days) was required in 7 patients(58.3%) in OHS and 7(38.8%) in CHS group. Late mortality occurred in 3 patients, two of which were non-cardiac. A patient in OHS group was documented to have neurologic sequelae. All the survivors except two are in NYHA class 1. Conclusion: Complete repair and palliative operations other than PAB can be performed in low birth weight infants with low operative mortality and an acceptable intermediate-term result. However, about a half of the patients required long-term postoperative mechanical ventilation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.424-431
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• 1995

This study was conducted to evaluate resistance and physiological responses of Zelkova serrata Makino seedlings to ozone in open-top chamber. One-year-old seedlings of Zelkova serrata were planted in pots in April and grown in greenhouse until August. The plants were transferred into two out-door open-top chambers with a dimension of 2.0 m in diameter and 2.0 m in height. First chamber served as a control and was supplied with ambient air. Ozone was added to the second chamber for 5 hours per day(10.00 AM-15.00 PM) for 23 consecutive days at 0.1 ppm. Each chamber housed 70 pots. Every two, three or five days after initiation of exposure, ten pots were randomly removed from the chamber and determined for the contents of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and ${\beta}$-carotene in the leaves. Photosynthesis and dark respiration were estimated by measuring $CO_2$ absorption in a gas exchange chamber and oxygen absorption by oxygen monitoring system, respectively. Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity in the leaves was assayed by a xanthine oxidase method. First visible injury of translucent(water-soaked looking) spots appeared on the leaves 14 days after the initial exposure, and ozone accelerated senescence of old leaves. Contents of chlorophyll a and b decreased by 17%, and 31%, respectively, in ozone treatment two days after exposure. The decrease in chlorophyll b was greater than that of chlorophyll a. Content of ${\beta}$-carotene in ozone treatment decreased by 25% two days after initiation of exposure, but the reduction was recovered with time. Photosynthesis decreased by 45%, and the respiration increased by 28% in the ozone treatment. SOD activity started to increase 4 days after beginning of exposure and increased by 285% 7 days after exposure, and decreased to the level below the control treatment with the advancement of the visible injury.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 2018

Purpose: End-of-life (EoL) decisions are challenging and multifaceted for patients and physicians. This study was aimed to explore how EoL care is practiced for patients with a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed medical records of patients who died after agreeing to a DNR order in 2016 at a university hospital. Characteristics including cause of death, intensity of EoL care, and other factors were reviewed and statistically analyzed. Results: Of total 375 patients, 170 patients (45.3%) died with malignancies, and 205 patients (54.6%) with other causes involving the central nervous system (19.2%), pulmonary (14.7%), cardiologic (6.7%) and infectious (6.4%) conditions. Both the cancer and non-cancer patient groups showed a short duration from DNR to death (median 3 days vs 2 days, P=0.629). An intensive care group comprising patients who received one or more intensive treatments such as ventilator (n=205) showed a higher number of non-cancer patients and a shorter duration from DNR to death than a group that withheld treatment before DNR (P<0.05). Conclusion: EoL decisions were made very late by both cancer and non-cancer patients. About half of the patients did not have cancer, and two-thirds of them decided DNR during intensive treatment. To make a good EoL decision, a shared decision making with patients should be done at an earlier stage.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 1988

This study was conducted to find out the effect of herbicides on soil micro-organism and soil enzyme in loam soil, and on pathogenic microorganism in continuous pepper cropping soil. The result was summarized as follows: When herbicides were treated, the number of soil microorganism generally decreased at the early stage of incubation, and gradually increased at 30 days incubation. The number of fungi was significantly decreased seven times comparison with control plot. The number of actinomycetes was increased at 20 days incubation and that of pytium was increased for all days incubation in Linuron treatment plot. Although the activity of soil enzyme tended to decrease when herbicides were treated, the activities of urease and phosphatase were higher than that of control plot at the early stage of incubation in MO, Linuron and Simetryne treatment plot. In Simetryne treatment plot, the activity of protease was increased at the early stage, and suddenly decreased after 30 days incubation. There was no significant effect of herbicides on the activities of ${\beta}$-glucosidase and polygalacturonase. The activity of cellulase was inhibited at the early stage of incubation, but that of cellulase was higher than that of control plot after 20 days incubation. High significance was showed the correlation coefficient between soil microorganisms except fungi and soil respiration as herbicides were treated, and the total microorganism and soil respiration in Linuron plot. when Dicamba and Simetryne were treated, the correlation coefficient between the total microorganism and the activities of protease and urease were considerably significant.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.112-120
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• 2004

Purpose : Methicillin Resistant-Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus(MR-CNS) infection has become an increasingly important cause of morbidity in NICU infants. We investigated the c linical characteristics of MR-CNS sepsis. Methods : This study included 40 neonates with MR-CNS sepsis who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University from January 1998 to July 2002. MR-CNS sepsis was defined as MR-CNS recovery from blood with clinical symptoms and signs of infection. Retrospective analyses of the medical records of patients with MR-CNS sepsis were performed. The analyses included demographic findings, clinical features, hospital courses, risk factors for infection including invasive procedures and mortality. Results : From 1998 to 2002, there were 40 cases of MR-CNS sepsis, comprising 17.7% of late onset infections in NICU of Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital. The male/female ratio was 1.5 : 1. The mean gestational age of infected babies was $32.4{\pm}4.3$ weeks at birth. And the first positive MR-CNS culture was done in the day $10.6{\pm}9.3$ after birth. Clinical symptoms such as fever, dyspnea, cyanosis, grunting, bradycardia, vomiting and diarrhea were frequent in MR-CNS. Mechanical ventilation was applied in 12 cases and catheter was inserted in 11 cases. The mortality(12.5%) directly attributable to MR-CNS sepsis was similar to other late onset infections. Conclusion : MR-CNS is a pathogen responsible for most late onset and nosocomial infections. And it will be life-threatening in high-risk neonate. Awareness of increasing infections due to MR-CNS in NICU is important not only for infection control but also placing a great limit in use of antibiotics and invasive procedures, especially in premature infants.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2003.05b
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• pp.247-248
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• 2003

우리 나라의 도시ㆍ산업단지 지역의 대기오염은 심각한 수준으로, 특히 미세먼지로 인한 대기오염은 스모그 등 심미적인 문제뿐만 아니라 호흡성 분진으로 인한 건강 위해성 측면에서 철저한 오염원 관리가 필요하다. 현재 우리 나라의 먼지 배출량을 보면 비산먼지의 배출량이 연소과정에서 발생되는 미세먼지보다도 큰 것으로 추정되며, 특히 이 중에서 자동차의 도로주행시 발생되는 먼지가 비산먼지 발생량 중 90 %이상을 차지하고 있는 것으로 추정된다(국립환경연구원, 2002). 차량운행으로 인하여 포장도로에서 발생하는 비산먼지 배출량은 도로 표면의 단위면적 당 silt(75$\mu\textrm{m}$이하의 입자)량, 즉 silt loading에 의해 좌우되는데 silt loading은 도시ㆍ산업단지의 체계적인 개발계획 및 대기질 관리정책을 수립에 없어서는 안 될 중요한 자료이다. (중략)

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.344-347
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• 2009

Four sheep and five Korean native goats became intoxicated after eating Rhododendron schlippenbachii clippings that a ranchman threw into the animal barn. The clinical signs included loss of appetite, lethargy, nausea, salivation, vomiting, dyspnea, staggering gait, and bradycardia. The animals were treated with atropine and carbo-pulbit. One goat died 8 hours later, and a field postmortem revealed a considerable quantity of rhododendron leaves in the rumen. The other sheep and goats recovered within 3 days after treatment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.1261-1265
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• 2007

Extrarenal manifestations of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) have increasingly been recognized and may be major determinants of mortality and morbidity. Although microthrombi are often found in the pulmonary and coronary circulation, apparent lung and cardiac involvement are clinically infrequent. We describe here a 10-month-old boy with HUS who developed pulmonary hemorrhage, acute respiratory distress syndrome and dilated cardiomyopathy. Complete renal as well as clinical recovery from these very uncommon complications was achieved by optimum supportive care.