• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.141-150
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of nutrition education on blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients with low income. There were 50 (27 male and 23 female) study subjects with type 2 diabetes under national medical support, and the monthly income in most of them was less than 500,000 won. Anthropometric measurement, biochemical blood indices, food intake, dietary habits, and nutrition knowledge of the subjects were investigated before nutrition education. Nutrition education was conducted 6 times within 12 weeks. After nutrition education, the glycosylated hemoglobin was significantly decreased (male: $8.4{\pm}1.6%$ to $8.0{\pm}1.7%$, female: $8.3{\pm}1.6%$ to $8.0{\pm}1.3%$) and the total cholesterol was also significantly decreased in both groups. The group of female resulted in a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose ($169.7{\pm}28.2$ mg/dL to $152.8{\pm}22.0$ mg/dL) and triglyceride ($177.8{\pm}56.3$ mg/dL to $162.3{\pm}36.1$ mg/dL), but the group of male did not show a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose and triglyceride. Nutritional knowledge and dietary habit scores of the subjects were significantly improved after nutrition education. The results demonstrate that nutrition education for type 2 diabetic patients with low income are effective in improving their blood glucose.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.5 no.3 s.19
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• pp.174-179
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• 2005

Purpose: The 5-year survival rate is the most useful parameter for evaluating the effect of management on most malignant tumors. Recurrence after a curative resection for gastric cancer occurs mostly within 3 years of the operation, which caused us to evaluate whether a 3-year disease-free survival (3DFS) can be substituted for a 5-year overall survival (5OS). Materials and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 656 consecutive patients who had undergone a curative resection for gastric cancer To assess whether 3DFS represents 5OS, we used a simple linear regression with survival probability calculated by using the survival function. Results: Recurrence was found in 175 cases during the follow-up periods. The accumulative frequencies of recurrence at postoperative 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years were 46% (81 cases), 89% (156 cases), and 97% (170 cases), respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) and the coefficient of determination $(r^2)$ between 3DFS and 5OS were 0.87 and 0.76, respectively, and the regression equation was $5OS=0.18+(0.80{\times}3DFS)$. The r and $R^2$ according to the type of recurrence were 0.89 and 0.80 in peritoneal seeding, 0.88 and 0.78 in hematogeneous metastasis, and 0.86 and 0.73 in local recurrence, respectively. The r (0.77) and $r^2$ (0.60) were relatively lower in low stages (stage I and II) compared to r (0.88) and $r^2(0.77)$ in high stages (stage III and IV). Conclusion: The 3DFS is an excellent predictor of 5OS. Therefore, if we use the former as the treatment evaluating method, 2-year time reduction in assessing and reporting treatment results is expected.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1223-1235
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• 1998

Background and Objective : Although prone positioning has been reported to improve gas exchange, prone positioning alone does not seem to be sufficient to increase systemic oxygen transport in an acute lung injury. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the combined therapy of low dose nitric oxide (NO) inhalation and prone positioning has an additive effect on the oxygenation and hemodynamics in patients with severe ARDS. Patients and Methods : Twelve patients with ARDS were included. Prone positioning alone, later combined with nitric oxide inhalation (5~10 ppm) from the supine position (baseline) were performed with serial measurement of gas exchange, respiratory mechanics and hemodynamic at sequential time points. The patient was regarded as a responder to prone positioning if an increase in $PaO_2/FiO_2$ of more than 20 mm Hg at 30 min or 120 min intervals after prone positioning was observed compared to that of the baseline. The same criterion was applied during nitric oxide inhalation. Results : Eight patients (66.5%) responded to prone positioning and ten patients (83.3%) including the eight just mentioned responded to the addition of NO inhalation. The $AaDO_2$ level also decreased promptly with the combination of prone positioning and NO inhalation compared to that of prone positioning alone ($191{\pm}109$ mm Hg vs. $256{\pm}137$ mm Hg, P<0.05). Hemodynamic parameters and lung compliance did not change significantly during prone positioning only. Following the addition of NO inhalation to prone positioning, the mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure decreased and cardiac output, stroke volume and oxygen delivery increased (P < 0.05) compared to those of prone 120 min. Conclusion : These findings indicate that NO inhalation would provide additional improvement in oxygenation and oxygen transport to mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS who are in a prone position.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.309-320
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• 1997

Background : There are many suggested methods for the indirect determination of anaerobic threshold(AT) using the changes of ventilatory parameters in response to ventilatory load accompanying the increase of blood lactic acid level during exercise and the threshold derived from them is called ventilatory threshold(VT). They include ventilatory equivalent method(VEM), End-tidal $PO_2$ method($PETO_2$). V-slope method(VSM), and respiratory quotient method(RQ). But in the patients with chronic airway obstruction(CAO), the AT determined by ventilatory methods may not reflect true AT because the patients with CAO show inadequate ventilatory response to the increase of blood lactic acid level during excercise. Methods : For the investigation of detection rate and reliability of above four VT determination methods in the patients with CAO, we performed the symptom-limited and maximal incremental exercise test in 17 patients with CAO and 12 normal controls. The incremental workload was 10 W /min in CAO group and 25 W/min in control group. The reliability of VT in each group was investigated by the calculation of Spearman correlation coefficient. Results : The detection rates of VT were 100% by RQ, 91.7% by both VEM and $POETO_2$, and 83.3% by VSM in normal control group, while 94.1% by RQ, 64.7% by VEM and $PETO_2$, and 83.3% by VSM in CAO group. Good correlations were noted among VEM, $POETO_2$, and VSM except RQ in normal control group. But there was no significant correlation except between VEM and $PETO_2$ in CAO group. Conclusions : RQ is very sensitive but crude and VEM is near similar to $PETO_2$. The clinical usefulness of VT determined by ventilatory method might be limited in patients with severe CAO.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.540-549
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• 2001

Background : Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is a progressive fibrous lung disease with occasional fatal outcomes. However, the extent and rate of progression varies markedly from one patient to another. As a result, it is difficult to determine the time of the initial treatment and assess the disease activity and course. Fibroblast foci (FF) is well known to synthesize collagen actively by their myofibroblasts component. However, the prognostic value of the FF have not been evaluated in patients with VIP. Therefore this study was undertaken to determine how the number of fibroblastic foci can reflect the disease activity and progression. Methods: Twenty patients with UIP(M : F=13 : 7), who were diagnosed by a surgical lung biopsy. The number of fibroblastic foci was analyzed in terms of its correlation with the clinical manifostations, pulmonary function test, arterial blood gas analysis, and a bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL). Results : The number of fibroblastic foci did not correlate with the various lung function tests and the other clinical parameters. Interestingly, the percentage of neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid did correlate with the quantity of the normalized Vv of FF(r=0.60, p<0.05). The patients were divided into 2 groups, group I and II, arbitrarily, according to the value of the normalized Vv. The clinical parameters and the PIT results were not different between the two groups. In particular, the survival rate between the two groups according to the Kaplan-Meier analysis were not different. Conclusion : A large number of FF does not imply a bad prognosis in patients with UIP.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.525-532
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• 1999

The parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) is the most common causative peptide of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. In contrast, the serum level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is low to undetectable in the majority of patients with malignancy associated hypercalcemia. Few cases exist in which the production and secretion of PTH by malignant nonparathyroid tumors have been authenticated. To our knowledge, there is very rare case in which a nonparathyroid tumor expressed simultaneously both the PTH and PTHrP. We report a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with hypercalcemia which presented with simultaneous elevation of serum PTH and PTHrP. Severe hypercalcemia (serum calcium, 7.5 mEq/L) was found in a 65-year-old man who had a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung without any bony metastasis and detectable parathyroid abnormalities on isotope scintigraphy. The serum level of intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) con centration was markedly elevated as measured in two site radioimmunoreactive PTH assays (intact PTH 150 pg/mL ; normal 9~55). The serum level of a PTHrP was also increased as measured in C-terminal region specific radioimmunoassay (PTHrP 99.1 pmol/L; normal 13.8~55.3). There are no evidences of coincidental primary hyperparathyroidism in parathyroid MIBI scan and other imaging studies including neck ultrasonography and computed tomography. These results suggest that simultaneous elevation of serum PTH and PTHrP in this patient can be caused by production of both PTHrP and PTH in other nonparathyroid lesions such as squamous cell carcinoma.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.210-214
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• 2008

Chemical pneumonitis is an occupational lung disease that's caused by the inhalation of chemical substances. Its severity depends on the characteristics of the substances, the exposure time and the susceptibility of the patients. Hydrogen sulfide is not only emitted naturally, but it also frequently found in industrial settings where it is either used as a reactant or it is a by-product of manufacturing or industrial processes. Inhalation of hydrogen sulfide causes various respiratory reactions from cough to acute respiratory failure, depending on the severity. Two pharmaceutical factory workers were admitted after being rescued from a waste water disposal site that contained hydrogen sulfide. In spite that they recovered their consciousness, they had excessive cough and mild dyspnea. The simple chest radiographs and high resolution computed tomography showed diffuse interstitial infiltrates, and hypoxemia was present. They were diagnosed as suffering from chemical pneumonitis caused by hydrogen sulfide. After conservative management that included oxygen therapy, their symptoms, hypoxemia and radiographic abnormalities were improved.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.35-39
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• 1987

The present study was attempted to obtain the basic data concerning a reasonable preparing method and the optimum fermentation conditions of Kochujang (Red pepper paste). To establish the standard qualify of Kochujang, changes of the chemical composition and the numbers of bacteria and feasts in Kochujang during fermentation were observed. Moisture, salts and crude ash contents of Kochujang were not changed significantly during fermentation. Titrable acidity and amino nitrogen gradually increased with the time-passed, whereas crude fat gradually decreased with the time-elapsed. And reducing sugar and total nitrogen increased until 40 days, but slightly decreased after this period. The numbers of bacteria and yeasts in the ingrients for the preparation of Kochujang were $3.9{\times}10^7/g$, $1.5{\times}10^3/g$ in red pepper powder, $7.6{\times}10^4/g$, $2.8{\times}10^2/g$ in salts. respectively, but those of sugar and malt were not more than 100/g. Microbial counts in Kochujang during fermentation increased until 40 days, but those are gradually decreased after that.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.501-501
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• 1997

당뇨병성(糖尿病性) 주위신경병변(周圍神經病變)은 당뇨병(糖尿病)에서 가장 많이 볼 수 있는 삼대합병증(三大合倂症) 중(中)의 하나이다. 환자(患者)의 임상표현(臨床表現)은 사고(四股) 및 구간부(軀幹部)가 마목(麻木)하고,동통(疼痛)이 칼로 베는 듯하거나 침(鍼)으로 찌르는 듯하여 참기 힘들며, 환자(患者)로 하여금 작업능력(作業能力)을 상실(喪失)하게 하고 휴식(休息)과 수안(睡眼)에 엄중(嚴重)한 영향(影響)을 준다. 지금까지 국내외(國內外)에서는 아직 효과적(效果的)인 치료방법(治療方法)이 없다. 우리는 임상(臨床)에서 관찰(觀察)해 본 결과(結果), 이 병(病)의 임상표현(臨床表現)인 "사고마목(四股麻木), 자통(刺痛), 야간가중(夜間加重), 통처고정(痛處固定)"의 특징(特徵)이 중의임상(中醫臨床)에서 표현(表現)되는 "혈어형(血瘀型)" 동통(疼痛)과 완전(完全)히 상동(上同)하였다. 우리는 "활혈화어(活血化瘀), 통락지통(通絡止痛), 거어생신(祛瘀生新)"을 치료원칙(治療原則)으로 중약복방(中藥復方) 제제(制劑) "당말녕(糖末寧)"을 제조(製造)하여 이 병(病)을 치료(治療)하는데 만족(滿足)스러운 임상치료효과(臨床治療效果)를 거두었다. 전체(全體)의 병례(病例)는 모두 우리 과(科)의 입원환자(入院患者)로써 모두 45례(例)인데, 병기(病機)에 따라 양조(兩組)로 나누었다. 관찰조(觀察組) 30례(例) 중(中)에는 남성(男性)이 19례(例)이고 여성(女性)이 12례(例)이며, 年齡(연령)은 25세(歲)에서 68세(歲)까지로 평균연령(平均年齡)이 49.8세(歲)이다. I형(型) 당뇨병(糖尿病)이 10례(例)이고 II형(型) 당뇨병(糖尿病)이 20례(例)이며, 당뇨병(糖尿病)의 병정(病程)은 6개월(個月)에서 17년(年)사이로 평균(平均) 7.1 년(年)이다. 주위신경병변(周圍神經病變)의 병정(病程)은 2주(周)에서 3년(年)까지로 평균(平均) 1년(年)이다. 대조조(對照組)는 15례(例)로 남성(男性)이 8례(例)이고 여성(女性)이 7례(例)이며, 연령(年齡)은 20세(歲)에서 65세(歲)까지로 평균(平均) 49세(歲)이다. I형(型) 당뇨병(糖尿病)이 7례(例)이고 II형(型) 당뇨병(糖尿病)이 8례(例)이며, 橋民病의 병정(病程)은 3개월(個月)에서 12년(年)까지로 평균(平均) 7.5년(年)이다. 주위신경병변(周圍神經病變)의 병정(病程)은 1개월(個月)에서 3년(年)까지로 평균병정(平均病程)은 11.6개월(個月)이다. 양조(兩組)사이의 병정(病程)은 현저(顯著)한 차이는 없으나 서로 비교(比較)해 볼만하다. 당말녕(糖末寧)은 주(主)로 삼궁(三芎),원호(元胡), 당귀(當歸), 계혈승 등(等)의 약물(藥物)로 조성(組成)되었고, 약제실(藥劑室)에서 濃縮液(농축액)(매(每) ml당(當) 생약량(生藥量) 2.5g 함유(含有))으로 제조(製造)하였다. 관찰조(觀察組)는 매차례(每次例) 당말녕(糖末寧) 50ml를 하루 세번씩 복용(服用)하였고; 대조조(對照組)는 비타민 $B_1$, 비타민 $B_6$을 각각(各各) 20mg씩 하루 세차례 복용(服用)하였다. 양조(兩組) 모두 사주(四周)를 한번의 치료료정(治療療程)으로 하였다. 우리는 모두 45례(例)의 환자(患者)를 관찰(觀察)하였는데, 그 중(中) 관찰조(觀察組)가 30례(例)이고 대조조(對照組)가 15례(例)이다. 임상표현(臨床表現) 분급(分級)과 신경근전도(神經筋電圖)(운동신경(運動神經)과 감각신경(感覺神經)의 전도(電圖) 속도(速度))를 치료(治療) 전(前)과 후(後)의 대조지표(對照指標)로 하였고. 매(每) 4주(周)를 한개의 료정(療程)으로 총(總) 1-2개(個)의 료정(療程)을 진행(進行)하여 比較硏究(비교연구)하였다. 총유효율(總有效率)은 96.7%이고 총현효율(總顯效率)은 50%로써 대조조(對照組)보다 뚜렷하게 높았다. 치료전(治療前) MNCV와 SNCV를 측정(測定)한 것은 당말녕(糖末寧)이 당뇨병(糖尿病) 주위신경병변(周圍神經病變) 환자(患者)의 신경전도속도(神經電圖速度)를 명확(明確)하게 개선(改善)하였음을 표현(表現)하고 있다. 신경근전도(神經筋電圖)에서 자발전위(自發電位)는 눈에 띄게 감소(減少)되고 소력수축(小力收縮)의 평균시한(平均時限)은 명확(明確)히 연장(延長)되었으며 다상전위(多相電位)는 명확(明確)하게 증가(增加)되었는데, 이는 신경지측(神經支測)이 재생(再生)되고 회복(恢復)하였음을 설명(說明)하고 있다. 중약복방제제(中藥復方制劑) "당말녕(糖末寧)"이 본병(本病)을 치료(治療)하는 기전(機轉)은 여러 방면(方面)일 것이다. 그 중(中) 微循環(미순환)을 개선(改善)하고 적혈구(赤血球)의 변형성(變形性)을 향상(向上)하여 신경세포(神經細胞)에 혈액(血液)과 산소공급(酸素供給) 및 영양공급(營養供給)을 향상(向上)함으로써 神經損傷(신경손상)의 수정(修整)과 회복(恢復)을 촉진(促進)하는 것이 주요(主要)한 일환(一環)이 될 것이다.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2012

This research was performed to investigate the effect of aged Deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata) water extracts on the levels of lipids in the serum of rats fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks. Experimental groups were divided into basal diet only (BDG), high fat diet control (HFDCG), high-fat diet and 10% aged deodeok extract powder (HF10S), and high-fat diet and 20% aged deodeok extract powder (HF20S) groups. The levels of hematological variables were not significantly different among the four groups. Compared with the control group's serum total cholesterol level of $339.38{\pm}4.06mg/dL$, the levels of the HF10S and HF20S groups were significantly lowered to $225.38{\pm}5.44$ and $215.02{\pm}4.77mg/dL$, respectively. Compared with the control group's LDL-cholesterol leve of $64.91{\pm}3.67mg/dL$, the LDL-cholesterol levels of the HF10S and HF20S groups were significantly lowered to $54.16{\pm}3.46$ and $46.14{\pm}1.79mg/dL$, respectively. Also, compared to the control group's serum triglyceride level of $103.07{\pm}13.2mg/dL$, the level of the HF20S group was significantly lowered to $48.25{\pm}11.52mg/dL$. These results suggested that dietary supplementation of aged deodeok extract does not have any adverse effect on the hematological variables, while improving the lipid content and reducing hepatic damage of the high-fat fed rats.