• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2011

The concept of double-bundle ACL reconstruction was introduced recently to restore the anatomical and biomechanical functions of the native ACL. According to anatomical and biomechanical studies, the separate reconstruction of anteromedial and posterolateral bundle expect to increase the overall postoperative stability and clinical results compared to single-bundle ACL reconstruction. But there is still a lack of available clinical outcome studies with sufficient follow-up to demonstrate the real advantages of double-bundle ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence to support double-bundle technique and to address controversies existing over the usefulness of this technique.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 1995

This study was to investigate the anatomical evidence of anxiety. MRI was used to study 11 patients with panic disorder and 15 patients with complex partial seizure, and 21 controls. The regions of interest in the MRI were measured with computer-assisted planimetry using the AutoCad and digitizer. The following results were obtained ; 1) The mean age was 49.7(12.4) years in patients with panic disorder and 30.1(7.5) years in patients with complex partial seizure. 2) There were na signi ficant differences between 3 groups in the values of cerebral area, temporal lobe, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, parahippocampus, amygdala, third ventricle and VBR. The right parahippocampal region which attracted most attention in neurobiological studies regarding anxiety, tended to be larger in both study groups compared to the control group, but with no statistical significance. 3) There was lett-right reversal of temporal lobes in both study groups. And these are mainly due to asymmetrical increase in area of the temporal lobe on right side. These results suggest that temporal lobe, especially right temporal, is the anatomical correspondence of anxiety and functional activation of temporo-limbic system may be accompanied by the structural change of temporal lobe.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2008

Ideal rotator cuff repair is to maintain high fixation strength and minimize gap formation for optimizing the environment of biologic healing of tendon to bone. Among the current repair techniques, the suture bridge technique is superior to single- or double-row repair in ultimate load to failure, gap formation, restoring anatomical footprint and achieving pressurized contact area. The suture bridge technique also minimizes gap formation and has rotational and torsional resistances allowing early rehabilitation. However, despite superior biomechanical characteristics of the suture bridge technique, there is no evidence that these mechanical advantages result in better clinical outcomes. Furthermore, there is no difference in failure rates between the double-row repair and suture bridge techniques. An appropriate repair technique should be determined based on tear size and pattern and tendon quality.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2000.06a
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• pp.405-410
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 기능적 자기공명영상을 이용하여 한글 문장의 의미와 통사 처리에 관한 뇌의 활성화 양상을 비교함으로써 한글문장 이해의 과정에 대한 신경해부학적 증거를 찾고자하였다. 6명의 자원자를 대상으로 문장진위판다과제를 이용하여 활성화를 유도하였다. 1.5T 초전도 자기공명영상 장치에서 EPI로 BOLD 기법을 이용하여 기능적 영상을 얻었으며, 영상 후 처리는 SPM99 분석 프로그램을 이용하였다. 의미관련·통사관련 문장 모두 좌·우 전두회(frontal gyrus) 영역에서 활성화되었다. 의미와 통사처리 영역을 구분하기 위하여 감산법을 적용한 결과, 의미처리는 좌반구의 중측두회(middle temporal gyrus) 영역에서, 통사처리는 우반구의 하전두회(BA44) 부위에서 더 많이 활성화되었다. 의미처리에서 더 우세한 성향을 띠는 부위로 밝혀진 중측두회 영역은 의미처리시에 활성화되는 영역으로 보고하는 기존의 연구와 일치하는 결과이다. 의미와 통사 문장처리시의 뇌 활성화 양상은 뇌의 여러 영역에서 중첩되어 있기는 하지만, 특정영역에서의 차이를 보이고 있으므로, 의미와 통사처리기는 다른 기전(mechanism)에 의해서 일어남을 시사해 준다.

• The Korean Journal of Blood Transfusion
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.229-239
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• 2018

The circulatory system is closely related to the inter-relationship between the anatomy of the heart and blood vessels, and the fluid dynamic properties of blood. The physical properties of blood, which affect blood flow, are called hemorheologic factors. Hemorheologic factors, such as blood viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation, are influenced mainly by hematocrit. A higher hematocrit level results in an increase in blood viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation, which impedes the circulation itself, and tissue oxygenation. An excess of serum ferritin causes injury to vascular endothelial cells and erythrocytes via oxygen free radicals. In addition, an excess of blood can aggravatee the adverse effects of the hemorheologic parameters and induce atherogenesis, microcirculatory disturbances, and major cardiovascular events. A preventive and therapeutic approach with a phlebotomy or blood donation has been stimulated by the knowledge that blood loss, such as regular donations, is associated with significant decreases in key hemorheologic variables, including blood viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation, hematocrit, and fibrinogen. Major cardiovascular events have been improved in regular blood donors by improving blood flow and microcirculation by decreasing the level of oxidative stress, improving the hemorheologic parameters, and reducing the serum ferritin level. Confirmation of the positive preventive and therapeutic effects of blood donations on cardiovascular disease by a well-designed and well-controlled Cohort study may be good news to patients with cardiovascular disease or at risk of these diseases, as well as patients who require a transfusion.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.5-48
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• 2014

Introduction : One of the important domains in OT is performance skills which include sensory perceptual skills, motor and praxis skills, emotional regulation skills, cognitive skills, and communication/social skills. All of these skills are support ed by integrated neurological processes. Body : Stereology robust tool when employed to investigate morphological changes in neurons, cortex area, and specific parts of brain involved in special brain function. Stereology is an interdisciplinary field focused or analyzing biological tissue with the three-dimensional interpretation of planer sections by using estimating method and mathematically unbiased sampling. With the unbiased stereological method based on probability theory, researchers can estimate morphological and anatomical changes in biological reference areas accurately and efficiently. Changes in anatomical and cytoarchitectural parameters, such as volume, number, and length, affect specific brain function related to the brain area. Occupational therapists provide treatment to improve functions for participation of occupation in neurological disorder. The functional improvements in neurological disorder reflect neurobiological changes because functional difficulties, such as motor cognitive disorder, are due to neurological disturbances. Thus, combination of two kinds of evidence, neurological changes and functional improvement, provide fundamental evidence for OT intervention in neurological disorder. Even though most of stereological studies are in animal model and in postmortem human because of practical and ethical issues, stereology provides fundamental knowledge to support OT theory and practice. Conclusion : Therefore, stereology informs translation from neuroscience to OT based on structure-function relationship in performance skills and experience-dependent neural plasticity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

Pollen morphology of 20 species of Euphorbioideae and one from Crotonoideae was examined with light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The pollen morphology presented here did not support the monophyly of Euphorbioideae, and the unique characters of tribe Stomatocalyceae such as absence of aperture margins, and thick and continuous endexine suggest the exclusion of Stomatocalyceae from Euphorbioideae which is in accordance with previous phylogenetic studies and wood anatomical data. Aforementioned pollen features in this tribe support that it is closely related to Acalyphoideae. Two subtribes of Stomatocalyceae were well recognized in terms of pollen morphology: Hamilcoinae includes species with reticulate or microreticulate exine patterns, and Stomatocalycinae includes those with perforate patterns with small supratectal elements. Three subtribes of Euphorbieae, classified in terms of pollen morphology, were further divided into three different types including perforate in Euphorbiinae, microreticulate in Neoguillauminiinae and reticulate in Anthosteminae, strongly supporting the Webster's subtribal system. Hureae and Hippomaneae, having perforate sculpturing pattern with smooth margo, were similar in pollen morphology. Especially, the presence of small supratectal elements in Hura crepitans pollen suggests the close relationships with Excoecaria species of tribe Hippomaneae. According to the previous studies, unique intine thickness along the aperture margin in Euphorbieae was not reported elsewhere in Euphorbiaceae. However, in this study we found the same intine thickness along the aperture margin in Maprounea brasiliensis and Hura crepitans. We hypothesize that the similar intine thicknesses found in Euphorbieae and above two species are the evidence of close relationships among them.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.9 s.254
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• pp.609-615
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• 2005

Background: Some controversy still exists concerning the operative indications of coronary fistulas. Nevertheless, a short-term and long-term outcomes are excellent with surgical interventions. In this study, we assessed our surgical results on this disease entity during the last 20 years. Anatomic diversity was described as well. Material and Method: From April 1986 to March 2005, 20 patients with coronary fistulas underwent surgical correction in Seoul National University Children's Hospital. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Result: Twelve patients ($60\%$) were asymptomatic prior to surgery. All had electrocardiogram and echocardiogram and all but 3 had coro-nary angiogram preoperatively. Anatomically, none of them had two or more coronary fistulas. The sites of origin were left coronary system in 11 patients and right in 9. The draining sites were right ventricle in 11, right atrium in 3, left ventricle in 3, main pulmonary artery in 2, and superior vena cavae in 1. All of the involved, the coro-nary arteries were dilated or aneurismal. In 1 case, there was atherosclerotic change but no ischemic evidence in preoperative electrocardiogram. Operative techniques included external obliteration (13), internal obliteration (5), and both (2). External obliteration was done by ligation of the fistulous tract only in T patients, by fstula ligation plus plication in 3 and by plication or patch closure via fistulotomy in 3. There was no operative mortality. All of postoperative morbidities including transient sinus arrhythmia (2), complete atrioventricular block (1), decreased left ventricular function (2), ventricular tachycardia (1), pericarditis (1), and seizure (1) improved on discharge. The mean follow-up was 55.1$\pm$50.2 months (4.0 months${\~}$18.0 years) and there were no recurrences of fistula. There was 1 second operation for aortic root aneurysm, which developed after external patch closure of right coronary fistula. Conclusion: We demonstrated here that coronary fistulas can be cured with excellent clinical outcome and low operative risk under precise diagnosis. Understanding the anatomic diversity will help to construct surgical plans.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.261-276
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• 2000

본 실험은 pseudorabies 바이러스 (PRV) 의 Bartha strain 을 안면신경의 측두지, 하지를 지배하는 신경 (좌골신경) 및 상지를 지배하는 신경 (요골, 척골, 정중신경) 에 주입한 후 4 일간의 생존시간이 경과한 후 척수와 뇌를 적출하여 동결절편을 제작한 후 면역조직화학적 염색기법과 X-gal 조직화학 염색법을 시행하여 염색된 신경세포체를 척수와 뇌에 투사된 공통영역을 관찰하고 두침의 영역중 하나인 운동구와 사지와의 관계에 대한 실험적 증거를 제시하고자 시행하였다. 위의 실험에서 얻어진 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 안면신경의 측두지, 하지를 지배하는 신경 (좌골신경) 및 상지를 지배하는 신경 (요골, 측골, 정중신경) 에서 투사된 공통된 영역은 척수에서 경수의 층판 1-IV, 흉수의 intermediolateral nucleus(IML), dorsal nucleus(D) 및 층판 X, 요수의 층판 IV, V, 천수의 층판 IV, V, IX, X 등의 영역에서 관찰되었고, 뇌줄기에서는 caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus(CVL), nucleus solitary tract(Sol), rostroventrolateral nucleus(RVL), area postrema(AP), raphe nuclei(raphe pallidus, raphe obscurus, raphe magnus), inferior olivary nucleus 의 등쪽부분 (gigantocellular reticular nucleus, Gi), Kolliker-Fuse nucleus(KF), central gray(CG), dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and A5 영역에 표지된다. 또한 paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus(PRV) 와 lateral hypothalamic reticular nucleus(LH)에서도 관찰되고 locus coeruleus(LC) 와 subcoeruleus nuc!eus(SubCA) 에서도 관찰된다.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2000.10d
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• pp.405-410
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 기능적 자기공명영상을 이용하여 한글 문장의 의미와 통사 처리에 관한 뇌의 활성화 양상을 비교함으로써 한글문장 이해의 과정에 대한 신경해부학적 증거를 찾고자 하였다. 6명의 자원자를 대상으로 문장진위판단과제를 이용하여 활성화를 유도하였다. 1.5T 초전도 자기공명영상 장치에서 EPI로 BOLD 기법을 이용하여 기능적 영상을 얻었으며 영상 후 처리는 SPM99 분석 프로그램을 이용하였다. 의미관련 통사관련 문장 모두에서 좌 우 전두회(frontal gyrus) 영역에서 활성화되었다. 의미와 통사처리 영역을 구분하기 위하여 감산법을 적용한 결과, 의미처리는 좌반구의 중측두회(middle temporal gyrus) 영역에서, 통사처리는 우반구의 하전두회(BA44) 부위에서 더 많이 활성화되었다. 의미처리에서 더 우세한 성향을 띠는 부위로 밝혀진 중측두회 영역은 의미처리시에 활성화되는 영역으로 보고하는 기존의 연구와 일치하는 결과이다. 의미와 통사 문장처리시의 뇌 활성화 양상은 뇌의 여러 영역에서 중첩되어 있기는 하지만, 특정영역에서의 차이를 보이고 있으므로, 의미와 통사처리는 다른 기전(mechanism)에 의해서 일어남을 시사해 준다.