• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 2008

Medical imaging modalities to image either anatomical structure or functional processes have developed along somewhat independent paths. Functional images with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) are playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and staging of malignant disease, image-guided therapy planning, and treatment monitoring. SPECT and PET complement the more conventional anatomic imaging modalities of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. When the functional imaging modality was combined with the anatomic imaging modality, the multimodality can help both identify and localize functional abnormalities. Combining PET with a high-resolution anatomical imaging modality such as CT can resolve the localization issue as long as the images from the two modalities are accurately coregistered. Software-based registration techniques have difficulty accounting for differences in patient positioning and involuntary movement of internal organs, often necessitating labor-intensive nonlinear mapping that may not converge to a satisfactory result. These challenges have recently been addressed by the introduction of the combined PET/CT scanner and SPECT/CT scanner, a hardware-oriented approach to image fusion. Combined PET/CT and SPECT/CT devices are playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and staging of human disease. The paper will review the development of multi modality instrumentations for clinical use from conception to present-day technology and the application software.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.153-158
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• 2015

Biologists are pursuing genetics related researches that can provide the core information to understand a certain cancer or inherent diseases. However, biological experimentations can produce different results by the difference of various elements or environments at the time of experimentation and/or difference of interpretations. Therefore, currently existing research results can possibly provide different information. These inconsistency can be found through integration of gene information. Biologists can save their time and efforts to find certain gene information if the gene information is integrated without inconsistency. An efficient gene integration and augmentation scheme of gene information generated through different researches is introduced in this paper.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.182-188
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• 2003

Background: Although ramicotomy (division of the rami communicantes of the thoracic sympathetic ganglia) is a selective and physiological surgical method for essential hyperhidrosis, it has some problems such as higher recurrence rates and the different surgical results among the patients and between left and right sides in the same individual. As one of the factors that are related to the differences in surgical result and recurrences, we investigated the anatomical variations of the rami communicantes. The purpose of this study is to help develop new surgical methods to decrease surgical differences among the patients or between the left and right sides of the same individual and recurrence rates in the clinical application of ramicotomy. Material and Method: We dissected 118 thoracic sympathetic chains in 59 adult Korean cadavers (male: 33, female: 26) to examine the anatomical variations of the rami communicantes from the second to the fourth thoracic sympathetic ganglia that have major components innervating to the hands. After the dissection of bilateral thoracic sympathetic chains, we compared the anatomy of left and right sides and examined the anatomical variations of rami communicantes. Result: The number and variation of communicating rami connecting the spinal nerves and the second sympathetic thoracic ganglion were much larger than lower levels. There was considerably less variability in the anatomy of the rami communicantes at successive levels. Among the 59 cadavers dissected, only 14.3% (9/59) had similar anatomy of thoracic sympathetic chains at both sides. As the components related to the essential palmar hyperhidrosis, intrathoracic nerve of Kuntz from the second thoracic sympathetic ganglion to the first intercostal nerve or brachial plexus were observed in 55.9% (66/118). The incidence of descending rami communicates from the second thoracic sympathetic ganglion to the third intercostal nerve and from the third thoracic sympathetic ganglion to the fourth intercostal nerve were 49.2% (58/118) and 28.0% (33/118). And the incidence of ascending rami communicates from the third thoracic sympathetic ganglion to the second intercostal nerve and from the fourth thoracic sympathetic ganglion to the third intercostal nerve were 6.8% (8/118) and 3.4% (4/118), respectively. Conclusion: Based on the various anatomical evidences of the rami communicantes from this study, only the ramicotomy at the third sympathetic ganglion level is insufficient for the treatment of the essential palmar hyperhidrosis to decrease the difference of surgical results and recurrences. When one is planning to perform the ramicotomy for the essential palmar hyperhidrosis, it is advantageous to divide the intrathoracic nerve of Kuntz on the second rib and the descending or ascending rami communicantes on the third and the fourth ribs as well as all the communicating rami from the third sympathetic ganglion.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.128-143
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• 1994

At 5 DAS/T, leaf primordia of rice stems that were grown under dry condition in transverse sections were strongly stained while those under water condition had many aerenchyma cells well developed. On the other hand, leaf primordia and large air spaces in stem of transplanted rice were well developed. Rice in leaf anatomy had small and fine epidermal cells, chlorophyllous mesophylls, and bulliform cells but had no chlorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells, while barnyardgrass leaf had large, rough and irregularly arranged epidermal cells, chlorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells, and non-bulliform cells but had no chlorophyllous mesophylls. Epidermal cells of transplanted rice, however, were well developed, differentiated and sclerified. Cross sections of rice root under dry condition showed cell contents, regularly arranged cells, non-intercellular spaces and non-aerenchyma while under water condition had well-developed intercellular spaces, aerenchyma cells, small and densely arranged epidermis, sclerified exodermis and sclerenchyma cells. But root anatomy of transplanted rice consisted of finely, regularly arranged epidermis, well-developed intercellular spaces and nucleous cells.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.79-79
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• 2003

심실의 내부는 유두근이나 trabecular와 같은 해부학적 구조물들로 인해 복잡한 형태를 띄고 있다. 그러한 복잡한 구조는 MR 영상을 이용한 심박출량 측정시 오차를 유발시킬 수 있으며, 만약 오차를 줄이기 위해 수작업을 하게 된다면 많은 수고와 시간이 필요하게 될 것이다. 본 연구에서는 threshold 기법을 이용하여 짧은 시간동안에 정확하게 복잡한 구조를 가진 심실의 심박출량을 측정하고자 하였다. 7 명의 환자에 대해 l.5T 급 MR 장치 (INTERA, Philips, Netherlands)를 이용하여 short-axis cardiac MR 영상을 획득하였다. 한 환자에 대해서 8개에서 10개의 슬라이스 영상을 8-10 mm의 두께로, 하나의 심장주기(cardiac cycle)동안 일정한 시간간격으로 25 개의 영상을 획득하였으며, 펄스시퀀스로는 ECG-gated segmented balanced fast field echo (TR/TE = 3ms/1.56ms)를 사용하였다. 획득된 영상은 PC(threshold 기법)와 workstation (기존의 수동 및 자동 segmentation 기법)로 DICOM 형태로 전송되었다. 측정은 IDL을 이용하여 자체 제작된 소프트웨어와 상용화된 소프트웨어 (MASS 5.0, MEDIS, Netherlands)를 이용하여 분석되었다. MR 영상에서 심내벽 부위를 추출하기 위하여 자체제작된 소프트웨어로는 threshold 기법을, 상용 소프트웨어로는 기존의 수동 및 자동 기법을 이용하였다. 심박출량은 최대수축기와 이완기 사이의 용적 차이로써 계산되었으며, 좌심실 및 우심실 모두에 대해 수행되었다. 또한, 해부학적 구조의 복잡도에 따른 측정방법의 정확도를 확인하기 위해 유두근 및 trabecular의 hypertrophy의 정도를 3 단계로 구분하고 측정된 값들을 통계적으로 분석하였다. Hypertrophy가 약한 그룹에서는 기존의 수동방식과 threshold 기법간의 의미있는 차이가 없었으며 (p=0.372), 기존의 수동 및 자동방식 간에도 큰 차이가 없었다 (p=0.298). 그러나, hypertrophy가 심한 그룹에서는 수동방식 및 자동방식 측정치 사이에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보임을 알 수 있었다 (p=0.044). 그러나, threshold 기법과 수동방식 사이에는 유의한 차이가 없었다 (p=0.l94). 분석시간은 threshold 기법이 기존의 수동방식에 비해서 두배정도 빠르다는 것을 알 수 있었다, Threshold 기법은 심박출량 측정에 있어서 정확하면서도 빠른 결과의 도출이 가능했으며, 특히 심내벽의 구조가 복잡한 경우에 그 효과가 증대됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.50-50
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• 2003

World Wide Web (WWW)에서 Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)를 이용하는 3 차원 (3D) 디스플레이는 사용자에게 직관적인 정보를 더 효과적으로 제공해 준다. 웹을 기반으로 하는 해부학적 영상과 융합되는 기능적 영상의 3D 가시화는 아직까지 체계적인 방식으로 연구가 활발히 진행되지 않았다. 이 연구의 목적은 2D 영상들과 함께 웹에서 VRML을 이용하여 구현되는 3D 해부학적 표면 영상들과 기능적 표면 영상들을 동시적으로 관찰할 수 있게 하고 VRML을 통해 만들어진 거리 측정 도구를 가지고 관심영역의 공간적인 위치 정보를 제공하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 한 명의 간질 환자로부터 Magnetic Resonance (MR) 축면 영상과 발작기 및 발작간기 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomo graphy (SPECT) 축면 영상들을 각각 획득하였다. 발작 진원지의 확인을 향상시키기 위해서 subtraction ictal SPECT co registered to MRI (SISCOM) 을 수행하였다. SISCOM 결과로 나타난 각 2D 영상들은 모든 voxel 들의 평균 값 위로 1 표준편차와 2 표준편차에 해당하는 문턱 이상의 영상 값을 갖도록 하였다. SISCOM으로 나타나는 간질 발작 진원지들과 MRI 영상에서 회색질, 백색질 및 뇌척수액의 경계들을 각각 분할하고 marching cube 알고리즘에 의해 VRML 표면 영상들로 나타내었다. 축면 영상에서 실제 거리를 나타내는 x, y 축의 길이를 측정하고 z 축선의 길이를 계산하였다. VRML을 이용한 거리 측정 도구를 만들어 이전의 VRML 표면 영상들과 융합하였다. MRI 영상을 이용하여 3D 표면 영상들의 단면을 나타내고 3D 표면 영상들의 투명도를 설정하기 위해 Java Script 루틴을 사용자 인터페이스 도구로서 삽입하였다. 웹 페이지에서 구현되는 3D 표면 영상들의 투명도와 관찰 위치를 조절함에 따라 모델들 사이의 공간적인 정보를 직관적으로 알 수 있었다. 간질 발작 진원지에 대응하는 해부학적 구조를 3D 표면 영상들을 가로지르는 MRI 평면 영상들을 통해서 확인하였다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서 제시하는 웹에 근거한 3D 융합 영상의 가시화와 위치 측정은 진단 및 치료 방사선학과 외과학 등의 분야에서 온라인 방식의 연구와 교육에 있어 많은 도움을 줄 것이다.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.25
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• pp.27-34
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• 2021

A Goryeo-era mother-of-pearl-inlaid incense box in the collection of the National Museum of Korea, a major example of Goryeo dynasty cultural heritage, presents a comprehensive view of the production techniques and aesthetic expressions of its time. This study investigated the type of wood and the techniques used to make the framework of the box, knowledge that was necessary for its restoration. It also examined anatomical characteristics of the shell providing the mother-of-pearl. The incense box was found to be made of cedar, which suggests that there was trade in cedar with Japan. A band was attached to the lower portion of the lid by applying what the author describes as a "wrinkle-bending" technique at the corners. Wooden pegs were used to combine the top and side panels, probably for more efficient use of the thin wooden boards. The investigation of the anatomical features of the mother-of-pearl inlay identified a laminated structure of thin plates. These features are observed in certain shellfish, and further study would be required to accurately identify the type of shell.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.13-31
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• 1994

The fine structure of palisade chloroplasts has been studied in the mature leaves of 3 Dubautia species (D. scabra var. leiophylla, D. knudsenii and D. scabra var. leiophylla${\times}$D. knudsenii) to explore variation at the ultrastructural level, since the parental species exhibit quite different morphological and anatomical features. Types of thylakoidal membrane systems, occurrence and distribution of phytoferritin-like structures, lipid droplets, starch grains, mitochondria and microbodies were examined. Four different types of thylakoidal membranes were found in D. scabra var. leiophylla, 2 rather uniform types in D. knudsenii and 3 intermediate types in their hybrid. D. scabra var. leiophylla and the hybrid were marked by statistically significant differences in mean numbers of thylakoids per granum, while no significant difference was found between D. knudsenii and the hybrid. Phytoferritin-like structures which were about $100-120{\AA}$ in diameter as a whole particle each were found in all 3 species. The amount and distribution of particles varied by species. Lipid droplets, plastoglobuli, and starch grains occurred in all 3 species, but the frequency of starch grains also varied with the species. More frequent and larger starch grains were observed in D. knudsenii than in the other two species. Microbodies, or peroxisome, were observed throughout all species. They occurred, either with or without crystalline inclusions, around the chloroplasts.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.4-11
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• 2009

Anatomical features of both leaves and stems of the four mistletoes in Korea (Viscum album var. coloratum, Korthalsella japonica, Loranthus yadoriki, L. tanaka) and of their secondary haustorial structure within several host plants were investigated. Among the four mistletoes, there were diagnostic characters of the anatomy of leaves and stems which enabled us to distinguish the four taxa. Leaves were observed to have three distinct characters including unifacial or bifacial leaves, the number of vascular bundles in the midveins, and the level of development of sclerenchyma cells. There were four diagnostic characters of stems: overall morphology of stems in transverse view, degree of cuticle development, arrangement of vascular bundles, and features of the sclerenchyma and pith. In order to determine secondary haustorial traits, the research focused on the seven host plants of L. yadoriki and on the five host plants of K. japonica. The following features were found to be important: presence or absence of an aerial runner root, the shape of the haustorial strand and flange, the degree of penetration into host tissues, and their development of shaft in transverse view, the development both of secondary haustorial cells and short tracheid in hyphae. Korthalsella japonica and L. yadorki were clearly distinguished by these characters. The secondary haustorial forms in each host were somewhat different, due to varying degrees of development in the strength of the host plants' wood. However, qualitative characters like the final position of the secondary haustorial penetration into host tissues and the development of short tracheid cells were not only affected by the degree of development of the host plants, but also useful for the systematic study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.288-300
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• 1997

Morphology and anatomy of the fruit and seed of eight species of Rhus (Anacardiaceae) were investigated. The inflorescence of R. typhina was an apical and erect thysus, that of R. javanica was panicle. while that of the others were an axillary and pendulous panicle. Anatomical investigation of the pericarp showed that exocarp and mesocarp in R. javanica and R. typhina were integrated, but its in the others were disintegrated and uniform. In all these species, endocarp consisted of distinctly three lignified cell layers (outer, middle and inner endocarp) and crystal layers. The surface sculpturing of mature seed was variable and also contributed to understanding of species delimitation and relationships within the genus. Categorization by cluster analysis with 27 characters obtained from morphological and anatomical features of the fruit and seed resulted in two groups : R. trichocarpa - R. javanica group vs. R. ambigua - R. verniciflua - R. sylvestris - R. succedanea group. Taxonomic significance for the genus by these characters was supported by results of principal component analysis. The keys for the genus Rhus were provided using morphological and anatomical characters of the inflorescence, and fruit and seed.