• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.365-374
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• 2012

Due to the wide use of feed additives on pig farms, large content of heavy metals and antibiotics have been found in piggery wastes. More than 90 % of piggery wastes were applied to crop field in Korea. The metals and antibiotics originated from piggery waste in the soil may affect plant growth and human health. To examine the adsorption capacity and residual ratio of heavy metals and antibiotics to the soil, a couple of jar test and leaching tests were conducted. While 86.4 % of zinc and 68% of copper applied were adsorbed to soil particles, while over than 60% of antibiotics in pig manure liquid fertilizer were leaked out to effluent.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.504-511
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• 2010

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of feeding complex probiotics (Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, Streptomyces griseus, $1.5{\times}10^{10}$ CFU/kg) and antibiotics (oxytetracycline (OTC), 110 ppm) on growth performance and meat quality characteristics of broiler chicks. In the experiment 1, 0.3% complex probiotics feeding level was chosen to be proper addition level due to better average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion (FC) and dressing percent (DP) results among 3 levels (0.1, 0.3 or 0.5%). In the experiment 2, 5 treatments (T1, no probiotics + no antibiotics; T2, probiotics 0.3% + no antibiotics; T3, probiotics 0.3% + antibiotics 50%; T4, probiotics 0.3% + antibiotics 100%; T5, no probiotics + antibiotics 100%) were investigated. In the growth performance of broilers, T5 (antibiotics 100% only) showed the highest (p<0.05) ADG and FC values while T1 (control) showed the worst growth performance. However, T3 (probiotics 0.3% + antibiotics 50%) showed higher ADG (p<0.05), FC (p<0.05) and DP (p>0.05) values compared to control. In the breast and leg meat quality, T3 showed similar pH, proximate composition, cooking loss and meat color values except shear force value compared to T5. Addition of 0.3% probiotics with 50% antibiotics (T3) tended to lower the blood cholesterol levels of broiler chicks and Escherichia coli or Salmonella counts in cecum microflora of broiler chicks compared to T5. In the residual antibiotics analysis, T3 contained 0.04 ppm of residual antibiotics in the breast meat while T4 or T5 contained 0.1 ppm of residual antibiotics and addition of 0.3% probiotics with 50% antibiotics in broiler diets could lower the residual antibiotics level to 40% in the meat. As a result, 0.3% probiotics addition with 50% antibiotics in the broiler diets could be recommended for the production of high quality broiler meat.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.305-316
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• 2002

동물용의약품은 가축질병의 예방 및 치료의 목적으로 이용되어 그동안 우리나라 가축의 질병방제와 사료효율의 증진으로 양축농가의 소득증대와 아울러 축산이 대규모로 발전할 수 있게 하는데 기여한 바가 크다. 그러나 특히 항생제나 합성 항균제의 오남용에 따른 가축의 장내 세균과 병원성 세균의 항생항균제에 대한 내성획득으로 질병치료 효과의 저하, 축산식품을 통하여 이들 제제의 잔류물질이 인체내로 들어가 부작용을 일으키거나 세균의 내성인자가 사람 병원체에 전달되어 사람의 질병치료에 장애요인이 될 수 있는 문제점이 제기되고 있다. 그리고 공중위생전인 측면에서 항생항균제, 호르몬제, 생물학적제제(백신 등), 마취제, 마약류, 등의 요주의동물용의약품을 체계적으로 관리할 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 본 주제에서는 동물용의약품 중 현재 가장 많은 량이 이용되고 있는 항생제를 중심으로 사용실태와 오남용 사례를 살펴보고자 한다.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 1993

I. 서론 : 식생활은 인간의 가장 원초적인 욕구이며 생존을 위한 기본조건입니다. 그러므로 식생활의 기본이 되는 식품은 사람에게 가식성, 영양성, 안전성을 충족시켜야 하며 여기에 생산자의 입장에서는 높은 생산성이 요구되고 있습니다. 이러한 식품의 구비조건은 과거 자급자족의 농경시대에는 생산자가 바로 소비자로서 커다란 문제를 제기하지 않았으나 도시화, 산업화된 현대사회에서는 생산자와 소비자가 다르며 식품은 상품으로서 판매되므로 소비자는 고품질의 안전한 식품을 요구하고 생산자는 수익성이 높은 고생산성의 식품을 상품으로서 생산하기에 이르렀습니다. 축산식품이 상품으로 생산되면서 생산자들은 더 높은 생산성을 요구하게 되었고 이러한 요구에 따라 축산분야에서는 가축 품종의 육종 개량과 함께 생산성을 저해하는 각종 질병의 예방과 치료약제 및 성장촉진과 사료효율을 개산할 수 있는 물질들을 사료첨가제로 개발하여 사용하게 되었습니다. 그러나 이러나 의도적으로 사용한 물질들은 대부분 항생제물질이나 화학적 합성품들로서 가축자체는 물론 생산물에 잔류되어 그 축산물을 이용하는 사람에게 유해작용의 우려를 갖게 하였습니다(의도적 오염). 또한 농작물의 생산성을 높이기 위하여 사용되는 농약들은 경우에 따라서는 샤료곡물에 잔류되어 사료를 통한 오염원ㅇ니이 될 수도 있고 목초지에 산포한 잔류성 농약이 목초를 오염시켜 뜻하지 않게 가축과 축산물을 오염시킬 수도 있습니다. 축산분야에서 잘 알려진 아플라톡신 같은 곰팡이 독소류는 오염된 사료원료에 의하여 가축에 피해를 일으킬 수 있으며 또 우유나 축산물을 통하여 사람에 피해를 줄 수 있습니다. 과학기술의 발달은 많은 공해요인들을 유발시켰으며 산업체에서 요구하는 고순도의 중금속류(수은, 납, 카드뮴 등)는 각종의 과학기계를 제작하는데 필수소재로써 우리의 생활을 윤택하게 하였지만 그 폐기물들은 우리의 생활주변을 오염시켜 그 환경에서 자라는 식물과 동물을 오염시키고 사람의 생활환경도 위태롭게 하고 있습니다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.266-273
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• 2009

This study was conducted to develop more convenient simultaneous determination method by matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) and HPLC for sulfonamides such as sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfamethazine (SMT), sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfaquinoxaline (SQX), and tetracyclines including oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC) chlortetracycline (CTC) in prok and flatfish. The limits of detection were 0.047 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ for OTC, TC, SMR, SMT and SMM, and 0.033 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ for CTC, SDM, and SQX, respectively. So it is sufficiently possible to detect the eight tetracyclines and sulfonamides under their MRLs ($0.1{\sim}0.2mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$). The average percentage recoveries of sulfonamides and tetracyclines from pig muscle and flatfish spiked standard solution were approximately $80.25{\sim}101.25%$ and $85.77{\sim}121.42%$, respectively. Therefore this method was efficient for simultaneous analysis of eight tetracyclines and sulfonamides.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2019

A method was developed for the simultaneous detection of an antibiotic fungicide, streptomycin, and its metabolite (dihydrostreptomycin) in agricultural products using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted using methanol adjusted to pH 3 using formic acid, and purified with a HLB (Hydrophilic lipophilic balance) cartridge. The matrix-matched calibration curves were constructed using seven concentration levels, from 0.001 to 0.1 mg/kg, and linearity of five agricultural products (hulled rice, potato, soybean, mandarin, green pepper), with coefficients of determination $(R^2){\geq}0.9906$, for streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin. The mean recoveries at three fortification levels (LOQ, $LOQ{\times}10$, $LOQ{\times}50$, n = 5) were from 72.0~116.5% and from 72.1~116.0%, and relative standard deviations were less than 12.3% and 12.5%, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.01 mg/kg, which are satisfactory for quantification levels corresponding with the Positive List System. All optimized results satisfied the criteria ranges requested in the Codex guidelines and the Food Safety Evaluation Department guidelines. The present study could serve as a reference for the establishment of maximum residue limits and be used as basic data for detection of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in food.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: The current study was to monitor of 9 veterinary antibiotics (ceftiofur, clopidol, florfenicol, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfathiazole, tetracycline, tiamulin, and tylosin) in manure using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in positive and negative electrospray ionization mode. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sample preparation was carried out using Mcllvaine buffer and citrate salts to adjust the pH of the sample followed by purification with dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE). Separation of analytes during LC-MS/MS analysis was conducted using an Eclipse Plus $C_{18}$ column and the mobile phase was in gradient mode with, 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate in methanol (A) and 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate in distilled water (B). The linearity of the matrix-matched calibrations of all tested antibiotics was good, with $R^2$ determination coefficients ${\geq}0.9920$. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantifications (LOQ) were $0.1-67.0{\mu}g/kg$ and $0.4-200.0{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. Analysis of 13 solid and liquid manure samples taken from the Republic of Korea revealed concentrations less than $0.7{\mu}g/kg$ for tiamulin, $1497.6{\mu}g/kg$ for sulfamethazine. CONCLUSION: To monitor 9 veterinary antibiotics from manure samples in 13 provincial areas throughout the Republic of Korea, an analytical method was developed. The developed method was fully validated and successfully applied for monitoring various veterinary antibiotics in manure samples.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 2023

In order to control the fire blight disease, all plants within the radius of the diseased orchard were removed in the early stage of the outbreak, or antibiotics control was performed for prevention. Since the beginning of antibiotics use on plants, the potential for development of resistance to antibiotics by the plant pathogen and unintended detrimental effects on the fruit trees and environment has become a problem. The purpose of this study is to determine the degree of phytotoxicity to fruit trees caused by excessive spraying of the fire blight disease disinfectant and to establish basic data for safe disinfectant guide. We analyzed whether damage to the fruit tree and the maximum residual limit of fruit was exceeded when three kinds of the fire blight disease disinfectants were continuously sprayed in excess of the number of safe use during the growing season. There was no phytotoxicity in apple 'Fuji' and pear 'Niitaka', and oxolinic acid was detected beyond the limit of quantitation in 'Fuji' grown without a bag, and the other disinfectants were detected below the maximum residue limit. When these disinfectants are continuously sprayed in excess of the number of safe, phytotoxicity may remain on the fruit. Therefore, it is necessary to observe the prescribed dilution factor and observe the safe frequency and the timing of use.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.611-620
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• 2007

The current study was designed to define whether a blend of prunus mume extract(25%) containing lactic acid(75%) and grape seed extract(10ppm) could affect in vitro antimicrobial activity and growth performance, intestinal microflora, plasma biochemical profiles and digestive enzymes activities in broiler chickens. In paper disc agar diffusion test, we clearly observed antimicrobial activity against E. coli in response to prunus mume extract or a blend of prunus mume extract. For in vivo test, a total of ninety six 3-d-old male broiler chicks were assigned to basal diet(CON), basal diet supplemented with antibiotics (ANTI) and 0.5% a blend of prunus mume extract(PRNUS) until 35 days of age. Throughout the entire experimental period(3-35 days), there were no differences in BW and FCR between the birds fed the basal diet with antibiotics and the diet supplemented with a blend of prunus mume. However, ANTI group showed a significant increase in BW and total gain compared to CON group. The weights of digestive organs such as the pancreas and mucosal tissues were not affected by dietary treatments. There was no difference in plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, AST and ALT activity. However, triglyceride in plasma increased(P<0.05) in the birds fed the diet supplemented with 0.5% a blend of prunus mume extract compared to those fed antibiotics supplemented diet. The activities of pancreatic trypsin and amylase, and intestinal hydrolase including disaccharidase were not affected by dietary treatment. The colony forming units(CFU) of lactobacillus in the lower ileal-cecum of the birds fed the diet supplemented with a blend of prunus mume extract was significantly(P<0.05) higher than that of birds fed antibiotic supplemented diet without affecting the CFU of E. coli. In conclusion, the birds fed the diet supplemented a blend of prunus mume as an alternative to antibiotics showed a similar growth performance and an significant increase in lactobacillus population compared with the birds fed basal and antibiotics supplemented diets.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.310-325
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• 2009

Veterinary drugs have been used to prevent livestock diseases for many years. In spite of having advantages, sometimes indiscriminate application, overdose and abuse may cause risk for human. Therefore, management and risk assessment of veterinary drugs become essential to ensure food safety. So the National Veterinary Research & Quarantine Service (NVRQS) impose on registration for use of veterinary drugs also Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) fixed the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for veterinary drugs in food. Basically, KFDA set MRLs based on the veterinary drugs residual data. Moreover, KFDA estimates the theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI) with food consumption data and population mean body weight. Recently, 116 veterinary drug MRLs including banned veterinary drugs have been established and other 32 veterinary drugs MRLs will be established within 2009. In 2010, MRLs among antibiotics and synthetic antibacterial agents in livestock fishery products (including milk and eggs) and honey (including royal jelly and propolis) which have not been set in Korea Food Code and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) will be regulated as uniform limit (0.03 mg/kg). In future, veterinary drugs will be controlled strictly to strengthen public health by improving analytical method.