• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2005

To determine the actual hygienic status of domestic chicken meats sold in public markets (conventional markets and department stores), microbial contamination levels (Total cells, Coliforms and Staphylococcal cells) and zoonotic pathogens (Salmonella species, Campylobacter species, Listeria species, and Staphylococcus aureus) isolation tests were conducted. Chicken meats and eggs tested were collected from the conventional markets (Si-Jang) and department-stores located in Seoul and Kyung-gi regions in 1996. In total cells and coliforms contamination tests, chicken meats sold in department stores were much lesser contamination status than those of Si-Jang, but staphylococcal cells level was much more higher than that of conventional markets. Salmonella isolation frequency was investigated as $68.8\%$, but Campylobacter jejuni and Listeria monocytogenes isolation frequency were appeared both $64.0\%\;and\;63.3\%$. In case of eggs sold in public markets, one of S. gallinarum strain $(0.7\%)$ was isolated only on the egg-shell part among the four-hundred and fourty-six. In comparison with foreign imported chicken meats, there were no big differences in microbial contamination status. On the other hand, both Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were isolated only in the chicken wings from Korea and China, but not from U.S.A. This data suggest that more hygienic control system in order to produce the safe and hygienic chicken meats and eggs is need in our country as soon as possible.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2015

Chickens are exposed to the external and internal stressors such as low and high temperature, high stocking density, feed restriction and disease. There have been a few studies on gene expressions through the investigation of chickens under direct exposure to the stress of high stocking density. The objective of the present study was to determine the expressions of genes associated with stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress, lipid and glucose metabolism in two strains of chickens, Korean Native Chicken (KNC) and White Leghorn (WL), raised in high stocking density. A total of 164 chickens aged 40 weeks were randomly allotted to a $540cm^2/bird$ stocking density (control), whereas the chickens in a high density group were assigned in a $311cm^2/bird$ stocking density with feeding ad libitum for 10 weeks. Total RNA was extracted from the live for qRT-PCR. The expression levels of hsp70 and $hsp90{\alpha}$ were higher in WL subjected to stress with high stocking density compared with those genes in control (P<0.05), while the expressions of genes were not affected in KNC. ER stress marker gene XBP1 was also highly expressed in WL with stress (P<0.05), but the stress of high stocking density did not influence to ER stress marker genes in KNC. Lipid metabolism associated genes including FABP4, FATP1 and ACSL1 were highly expressed in WL compared with KNC when subjected to high stocking density stress (P<0.05). The expression of glucose transport gene GLUT2 and GLUT8 were increased in chickens exposured to the stress of high stocking density (P<0.05). The data indicate that WL is more sensitive to the stress of high stocking density compared with KNC and the stress may influence the modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism in the liver of chickens.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

The objective of the present study was to determine the expression of genes associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced stressor in two breeds of chickens: the Korean native chicken (KNC) and the White Leghorn chicken (WLH). Forty chickens per breed, aged 40 weeks, were randomly allotted to the control (CON, administered the saline vehicle) and LPS-injected stress groups. Samples were collected at 0 and 48 h post-LPS injection, and total RNA was extracted from the chicken livers for RNA microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses. In response to LPS, 1,044 and 1,193 genes were upregulated, and 1,000 and 1,072 genes were downregulated in the KNC and WLH, respectively, using a ${\geq}2$-fold cutoff change. A functional network analysis revealed that stress-related genes were downregulated in both KNC and WLH after LPS infection. The results obtained from the qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression of heat shock 90 (HSP90), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) were confirmed by the results of the microarray analysis. There was a significant difference in the expression of stress-associated genes between the control and LPS-injected KNC and WLH groups. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the stress-related $HSP90{\alpha}$ and HMGCR genes were downregulated in both LPS-injected KNC and WLH groups. However, the HSP70 and $HSP90{\beta}$ genes were upregulated only in the LPS-injected KNC group. The results suggest that the mRNA expression of stress-related genes is differentially affected by LPS stimulation, and some of the responses varied with the chicken breed. A better understanding of the LPS-induced infective stressors in chicken using the qRT-PCR and RNA microarray analyses may contribute to improving animal welfare and husbandry practices.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.16-18
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• 2004

This study was carried out to analyze the amount of telomeres and telomerase activity of several chicken cells. Telomere quantity and telomerase activity were analyzed during organ development, growth and aging in embryonic and adults chicken. Analyzed cells were whole embryos and the cells from brain, heart, liver, kidney, lymphocytes and germinal tissues in Korean Native Chicken. The amount of telomeric DNA was analyzed by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q-FISH) techniques using a chicken telomere repeat probe. Telomerase activity was performed by Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) assay. In results, telomerase activity was highly detectable in early embryonic cells, germinal cells and kidney cells. Whereas the cells from brain, heart, and liver had gradually down-regulated pattern of telomerase activity. Analyzing the telomere quantities on chicken cells, the amount of telomeric DNA of most chicken cells gradually decreased as growth. From these results, the amount of telomeric DNA was directly affected by telomerase activity. Consequently the telomere quantity and telomerase activity are closely relate to cell differentiation and tissue specificity during developmental and growing stages.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.335-339
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• 2009

The very low density apolipoprotein-II (apoVLDL-II) gene is closely related with the constitution of the lipoprotein in various tissues. The apoVLDL-II gene have main functions for reducing fat elements from tissues and muscles. Previous results indicated that the polymorphisms in apoVLDL-II gene were positively related with growth and body composition traits in chicken. In this study, we analyzed previously identified apoVLDL-II gene polymorphisms using the PCR-RFLP method and investigated allele and genotype frequencies in three chicken breeds. Data indicated that Korean native chicken and Korean Oge chicken have similar B and F gene frequencies, indicating that this marker can be used for the improvement of growth and body composition traits in those breeds and can be used as marker assisted selection with further verifications.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2014

Tyrosinase (TYR) gene is located on chromosome 1 in chicken and it is composed of five exons and four introns. TYR gene is described as a key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis. Most examples of complete albinism in chicken have been due to defects in the tyrosinase gene. The association of feather color and sequence polymorphism in the Tyrosinase (TYR) gene was investigated using Korean Native chicken H breed (H_PL), Korean Native chicken L/W breed(L/W_PL) and 'Woorimatdag' commercial chickens (Woorimatdag_CC). From L_PL and W_PL breed analyses, 4 synonymous SNPs (locus G33A, G116A, C217T and C247T) and 2 SNPs (G838A and G958A) were detected in 4th exon and 4th intron of TYR gene respectively. The genotype frequencies for 6 SNPs were compared between L_PL and W_PL and W_PL represented homozygous SNP types in all the analyzed SNP positions while L_PL displayed various SNP types.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.85-87
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• 2000

To obtain the genetic information of Korean native livestock, the karyotyping of Korean native chick were performed by high-resolution banding technique. The chromosomes were prepared from lymphocyte culture and early embryos with 200 Korean native chick which have been raised at National Livestock Research Institute. There were no significant difference between Korean native chick and Leghorn in the number of chromosomes and chromosomal morphological pattern. Using high resolution banding technique, the yield of G-bands of prophase is much greater than that can be obtained by International System for Standardzed Avian Karyotypes(ISSAK, 1999). The G-band landmarks of Korean native chick were similar to those of ISSAK and Leghorn except some macrochromosomes. chromosome Z and 3 had C-band variants with heteromorphic patterns on distal and centromeric site. The proportion of constitutive heterochromatin, the heterochromatin ratio of Korean native chick was significantly more than that of Leghorn in all chromosomes.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 1999

The concentration of serum proteins, lipoproteins, leukocytes and lymphocytes in bursectomy and thymectomy Ogol chickens were examined from 5 days to 150 days of age. Concentration of serum proteins and lipoproteins were measured by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The results summarized as follows : 1. The gamma-globulin concentrations in growing Korean native chickens and Ogol chickens were increased 0.41$\pm$0.01~0.85$\pm$0.05 mg/㎗ and 0.50$\pm$0.01~0.98$\pm$0.08 mg/㎗ from 1 day after to 5 days of age and gradually decreased at 10 days of age, and thereafter increased 0.82$\pm$0.06 mg/㎗, 1.09$\pm$0.04 mg/㎗ at 100 days of age. 2. The serum apha-, beta-, gamma-lipoprotein concentrations of growing Ogol chickens were 74.1$\pm$6.8~240.2$\pm$9.7 mg/㎗, 89.7 5.7~225.8$\pm$11.3 mg/㎗ and 87.6$\pm$4.7-220.3$\pm$10 mg/㎗, respectively. The serum -lipoprotein concentrations from 5 days to 150 days of age Ogol chickens were significantly decreased. 3. The leukocyte and lymphocyte counts in bursectomy and thymectomy Ogol chickens slightly increased from 10 to 100 days of age. However the leukocyte and lymphocyte counts in thymectomy chickens were lower than in untreated chickens. 4. The Ig concentrations of 1 day to 50 days(0.30$\pm$0.03~0.58$\pm$0.04 g/㎗) in bursectomy chickens were similar to those found in untreated chickens and thereafer increased from 50 to 150 days of age(0.58$\pm$0.04~1.21$\pm$0.05 g/㎗). The Ig concentrations in thymectomy chickens increased significantly.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.70-72
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• 1998

1. 서론 : 최근에 폐수나 지하수 및 음용수에 존재하는 휘발성 유기화합물(Volatile Prganic Compound, VOC)는 심각한 환경오염이 주범이 되고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하는 방법으로 흡착, 증류, air stripping 등의 여러 가지 분리기술이 제시되어 왔다. 그러나 전통적인 방법들은 분리된 오염물질이 제2의 상으로 전이된다는 점에서 또 다른 분리공정을 필요로 하는 단점을 지니고 있다. 이에 반해 투과증발공정은 추가적인 분리과정이 없이 효율적으로 오염된 물속의 유기용매를 제거한다는 점에서 많은 관심을 모으고 있다. 이미 알려진 이러한 VOC 제거에는 소수성이면서 고무상인 고분자가 우수한 특성을 가지는 것으로 밝혀졌고 그 중에서 실록산계 고분자가 아주 효과적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 이러한 실록산계 고분자는 기계적 강도가 약하여 필름의 박막형성능력이 떨어지는 것으로 알려져 있어 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 가교구조의 도입이나 공중합체의 구조를 도입하는 연구가 많이 수행되어 왔다. 이러한 연구의 한 방법으로 실록산-아미드공중합체를 이용하여 투과증발에 적용한 연구는 수행되어 왔다. 이들의 제막방법으로 주로 실록산다이아민/방향족다이아민의 비를 달리하거나 실록산다이아민의 분자량의 변화를 달리하면서 실록산-이미드 블록 또는 그래프트중합체를 제조하는 방법을 사용하였다. 이 실험에서는 주로 실록산-이미드의 비율이 낮아지면 유기용매의 선택성에서 물의 선택성으로 바뀌는 percolation point가 관찰되며 이것은 실록산-이미드의 비율이 낮을수록 물속의 유기용매의 제거에 유리하다는 것을 보여준다. 이에 따라 실록산다이아민과 다이안하이드라이드만을 사용한 실록산이미드막이 추천되나 여기에 대한 투과특성연구는 전혀 이루어지지 않았다.정육점이었고 백화점과 재래닭 사육장에서 직접구입도 하고 있었다. 구입 동기는 가족들이 좋아하고 영양가를 생각한다가 62%였으며 구입정보는 주위사람의 권유로 구입하고 있었다. $\bigcirc$ 구입할 때 중점적으로 살펴보는 사항은 신선도와 순수재래종 여부, 위생상태였다. 한편 소비자가 언제나 구입할 수 없다는 의견이 85.2%나 되어 원활한 공급과 시장조성이 아직 정착되지 않고 있었다. $\bigcirc$ 현재 유통되고 있는 재래종닭은 소비자 대부분이 잡종으로 인식하고 있었으며, 재래종과 일반육계와의 구별은 깃털색, 피부색, 정강이색등 외관상으로 구별하고 있었다. 체중에 대한 반응은 너무 작다는 의견이었고, 식품으로의 인식도는 비교적 고급식품으로 인식하고 있다. $\bigcirc$ 재래종닭고기의 브랜드화에 대한 견해는 젊고 소득이 높은 계층에서 브랜드화의 필요성을 강조하고 있다. $\bigcirc$ 재래종달걀의 소비형태는 대부분의 소비자가 좋아하였으나 아직 먹어보지 못한 응답자가 많았다. 재래종달걀의 맛에 대해서는 고소하고 독특하여 차별성을 느끼고 있었다. $\bigcirc$ 재래종달걀의 구입장소는 계란판매점(축협.농협), 슈퍼, 백화점, 재래닭 사육 농장등 다양하였으며 포장단위는 10개를 가장 선호하였고, 포장재료는 종이, 플라스틱, 짚의 순으로 좋아하였다. $\bigcirc$ 달걀의 가격은 200원정도를 적정하다고 하였으며, 크기는 (평균 52g)는 가장 적당하다고 인식하고 있으며, 난각색은 대부분의 응답자가 갈색을 선호하였다. $\bigcirc$ 재래종달걀의 구입시 애로사항은 믿을수 없고, 구입장소를 몰라서, 값

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.103-111
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• 1998

This study was carried out to estirnate the heritabilities and genetic correlations on egg shape index and internal egg qualities ; shell thickness, alburnin heights and Haugh units for breeding plan and selection in Korean native chicken. Data analyzed were the records of 46,908 eggs from 43() layers from April, 1994 to September, 1995. The egg shape index at the first egg, 300 days and 500 days of ages were 74.771, 74.468 and 73.702; the shell thickness were 0.345, 0.344 and 0. 334mm; the alburnen heights were 6.579, 6.130 and 5.318mm; the Haugh units were 86.859, 81.014 and 73.565 respectively. The heritability estimates of egg shape index and internal egg qualities based on the variance of sire, dam and combined components at 300 days of age were 0.136, 0.954 and 0.545 for egg shape index; 0.201, 0.622 and 0.421 for shell thickness; 0.410, 0.961 and 0.633 for albumen height ; 0.353, 0.962 and': 0.608 for Haugh units. The genetic correlation coefficient between shell thickness and albumen height was -0.044~0.824; 0.016~0.949 between Haugh units and shell thickness 0.313~0.941 between albumen height and Haugh units, respectively.